1. The document discusses several accident theories including the Domino Theory, Energy Theory, and Multiple Factor Theories. It also outlines different approaches to hazard avoidance such as enforcement, psychological, engineering, and analytical. 2. Key accident causes mentioned include unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, human factors like overload and inappropriate responses. Accident costs can be direct such as medical expenses or indirect like lost productivity. 3. Successful hazard avoidance requires considering factors like management, the individual, equipment, and their interactions, with an emphasis on engineering controls and an analytical approach supported by top management.

1. Marine HSSE
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TOPIC: ACCIDENTS, LOSSES AND ACCIDENT
THEORIES
ANNA GROUP
1.KIRA
2.LIU WEI QIAN
3.FARHANAH BEGUM

2. What is an Accident?
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An event that is not expected or intended
Could cause
 injury
 loss
Implies “chance”

3. Types of Losses
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Injury Loss of time, production,
illness sales
disease time to complete forms
death recordkeeping
damage to property, investigations
equipment, materials cleanup
cost of replacement hospitalization, rehab
legal & medical services public image damage

4. Losses: Direct vs. Indirect Costs
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Direct (Obvious)
 medical expenses, repair or
replace damages
Indirect (Not Obvious)
 4:1 Ratio (Iceberg Theory)
 Injured worker’s wages, lost
supervisory time, co-workers’
lost time during emergency,
damaged equipment, ruined
product, overtime for
production to catch back up,
learning curve for replacement
worker, clerical costs,
payments made to injured
under benefits program

5. Fundamental Accident Causes
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Unsafe Acts – failing to use protective equipment,
removing safety devices, using equipment improperly,
performing unauthorized procedures, operating
equipment at unsafe speeds and dressing improperly.
Unsafe Conditions – defective equipment or inadequate
mechanical guards, hazardous process, noise, heat, dust,
or vibration, fumes, chemicals, or toxic materials, poor or
improper ventilation, improper lighting, unsafe floor
surfaces, unsafe pilling, stacking, storing, unsafe work
clothes or PPE and sharp edges.
Both

6. Unsafe Acts vs. Unsafe Conditions
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Heinrich analyzed 75,000 accidents
88 : 10 : 2 ratio
88% unsafe acts
10% unsafe conditions
2% unpreventable causes
Engineers can attack unsafe conditions
Must understand human behavior and management
principles to attack unsafe acts

7. Accident - Injury Relationship
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Heinrich’s 300 : 29 : 1 ratio
For 330 accidents
 300 result in no injury
 29 produce minor injuries
 1 produces major, lost-time injury
Opportunities to improve are great
Many accidents are “rehearsed” many times

8. Accident - Costs Relationship
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Pareto Analysis or Relationship
80% - 20% rule
 80% of the costs are related to 20% of the injuries
 for example, low back lifting injuries represent 20% of all
accidents, but represent 80% of the costs
 if you can manage and control that 20% of accidents, you
can control 80% of the costs

9. Terms
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Safety: being relatively free from harm, danger,
damage, injury
Risk: measure of both frequency and severity of
hazards
Hazard: unsafe condition, the potential for an
activity or condition to produce harm

10. Accident Theories
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Domino Theory
Energy Theory
Human Factor Theories
Multiple Factor Theories

11. Domino Theory (Heinrich)
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1. Injury is caused by Accidents
2. Accidents which are caused by Unsafe Act and
Unsafe Condition
3. Unsafe acts or conditions which are caused by
Undesirable traits
4. Undesirable traits (e.g., recklessness,
nervousness, temper, lack of knowledge, unsafe
practices) which are caused by
5. Social environment

12. Domino Theory Cont.
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Stop the sequence by removing or controlling
contributing factors
Strong emphasis is placed on the middle domino:
unsafe acts or conditions

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14. Energy Theory (Haddon)
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Accidents & Injuries involve the transfer of energy,
e.g., fires, vehicle accidents, projectiles, etc.
Transfer of energy from a “potential” to “kinetic”
Attack problems in parallel rather than serial (as is
presumed in Domino Theory)

15. Energy Theory Cont.
10 Strategies to Prevent or Reduce
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1. Prevent the marshalling of energy
- don’t produce the energy
- don’t let kids climb above floor level
- don’t produce gun powder
2. Reduce the amount of energy marshalled
- keep vehicle speeds down
- reduce chemical concentrations
- don’t let kids climb above 3’

16. 3. Prevent the release of energy
- elevator brakes
4. Modify the rate at which energy is released
from its source or modify the spatial distribution
of the released energy
- reduce the slope on roadways
5. Separate in space or time the energy being
released from the structure that can be damaged
or the human who can be injured
- separate pedestrians from vehicles
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17. 6. Separate the energy being released from a
structure or person that can suffer loss by
interposing a barrier
- safety glasses, highway median barriers
7. Modify the surfaces of structures that come into
contact with people or other structure
- rounded corners, larger surface areas for tool
handles
8. Strengthen the structure or person susceptible to
damage
-fire or earthquake resistant structures, training,
vaccinations 17

18. 9. Detect damage quickly and counter its
continuation or extension
- sprinklers that detect heat
- tire tread wear bands
10. During the period following damage and return
to normal conditions, take measures to restore a
stable condition
- rehab an injured worker
- repair a damaged vehicle
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19. Human Factors Theory
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 This theory is based on the fact that human errors cause accidents.
 The three human factors which can lead to human errors are overload, inappropriate
activities, and inappropriate response.
 Overload can occur when a person must perform excessive number of tasks. Despite
whether this person is qualified or not, it is the overburden situation which creates the
scenario for a mishap.
 An inappropriate activity can occur when a person is not adequately trained to perform
his duties. This is one of the reasons for ensuring that any trainee performing a “real”
task during an on-the-job training is supervised at all times.
 An inappropriate response occurs when a qualified person purposely violates a
procedure for productivity or he fails to correct the problem when it is detected.

20. Multiple Factor Theories
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Accidents are caused by many factors working
together
The theory and the analysis is more complex, but
more realistic than Single Factor Theory
Consider the Four M’s:
 management, man, media, machine
 And their interactions

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23. Concepts of Hazard Avoidance
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 Approaches
1. Enforcement
2. Psychological
3. Engineering
4. Analytical
 To be successful you must have top management
support!

24. 1. Enforcement Approach
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Your approach to hazard avoidance is entirely
predicated upon avoiding regulatory fines.
Many companies establish their safety programs to
meet OSHA requirements thinking that is
adequate.
This is a bare minimum approach. While it may
seem cost effective, it likely is not in the big
picture.

25. 2. Psychological Approach
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Your approach to hazard avoidance is based on a
psychological (or behavior-based) approach.
The behavioral approach has been popular and
widely used.
To be successful, this approach needs to be ever
vigilant, and must be infused with some
engineering and analytical components

26. 3. Engineering Approach
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 The engineering approach to hazard avoidance utilizes
controls measures starting with engineering (then
administrative, then PPE)
 Consideration of
 Safety Factor Concept
 Fail-Safe Concept
 Design Principles – Design for Safety
 Be careful to avoid a false-sense of security from
engineering and technology

27. Engineering Design Principles
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Eliminate Filters
Substitute Exhaust ventilation
Guard Human Interface
Barriers
Warn with alarms
(auditory, visual)
Labels

28. Analytical Approach
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The analytical approach deals with hazards by
studying their mechanisms, analyzing statistical
histories, computing probabilities of accidents,
conducting epidemiological and toxicological
studies, and weighing costs and benefits of hazards
elimination.

29. The Purpose of Identify the Hazards
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Identify hazards
Determine causes
Determine possible effects
Prevention

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