Biotechnology is said to be used as tool for cleaner production. There has been much discussion regarding potential environmental benefits and hazards associated with biotechnology. Biotechnology is increasingly being viewed as a major weapon against environmental damage. Cleaner production is considered as a part of this strategy and yet there is still widespread ignorance about this emerging technology but there are many areas in biotech industry where application of cleaner production can be beneficial economically as well as environmentally. There are many sectors of biotechnology; each sector has different process and products. By analyzing process of each class of biotechnology, Cleaner production opportunities can be generated specifically. Major processes in this industry where cleaner production can be applied are heat transfer, mass transfer, mechanical operations, separation techniques, etc. cleaner production at smaller level may also leads to benefits in overall economy and waste minimization in process. Cleaner production aims at waste reduction, onsite recovery, product modification and energy conservation. Although there are several barriers to cleaner production but it can be overcome considering the benefits obtained from cleaner production.
Kirsi-Marja Oksman-Caldentey presented VTT's wide and novel expertise in Industrial Biotechnology in the Polish-Finnish Innovation Forum in Helsinki June 8, 2016.
Green Chemistry is about:
1. Waste minimization of source
2. Use of catalysts in place of reagents
3. Using non-toxic reagents
4. Use of renewable resources
5. Improved atom efficiency
Kirsi-Marja Oksman-Caldentey presented VTT's wide and novel expertise in Industrial Biotechnology in the Polish-Finnish Innovation Forum in Helsinki June 8, 2016.
Green Chemistry is about:
1. Waste minimization of source
2. Use of catalysts in place of reagents
3. Using non-toxic reagents
4. Use of renewable resources
5. Improved atom efficiency
Industrial biotechnology, past, present, and future Swedish-African partnershipsSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Antibacterial agents are very important in the textile industry, water disinfection, medicine, and food packaging. Organic compounds used for disinfection have some disadvantages, including toxicity to the human body; therefore, the interest in inorganic disinfectants such as metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing. This review focuses on the Preparation and their potential with good antimicrobial activity of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs against biofilm forming S. aureus. Such improved antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria, without being toxic to the surrounding tissue. We also provide an overview of opportunities and risks of using NPs as antibacterial agents. In particular, we discuss the role of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs materials. Several manufactured nanoparticlesparticles with one dimension less than 100 nm are increasingly used in consumer products. At nano size range, the properties of materials differ substantially from bulk materials of the same composition, mostly due to the increased specific surface area and reactivity, which may lead to increased bioavailability and toxicity. Thus, for the assessment of sustainability of nanotechnologies, methods of manufacturing Nanoparticles, properties have to be studied.
The formation of nanoparticle and physiochemical parameters such as pH, monomer concentration, ionic strength as well as surface charge, particle size and molecular weight are important for drug delivery. Further, these nanoparticles have the capability to reverse
multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Well-established therapies commonly employed in cancer treatment include surgery, Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and
radiotherapy. The silver nanoparticles might be involved in neutralizing these adhesive substances, thus preventing biofilm formation. Selenium is also one of essential trace elements in the human body and has great importance in nourishment and medicine. Medicaldiagnostic field also developed to use the selenium nanoparticles and also studies on the increase efficiency of glutathione peroxidase and thioredosin reductase.
Solar drying is one of the application of solar energy. Drying means moisture removal from the product. Drying is helpful in preserving food product for long time; it prevent product from contamination. Direct solar drying, indirect solar drying, and mixed mode solar drying these are different solar drying methods. Primarily open to the sun or direct sun drying technique is used. However, it has some disadvantages. These disadvantages can be eliminated by indirect type of dryer which is used for drying products as application of solar energy. In this paper, we studied the different technique of drying and various modes of solar drying
Industrial biotechnology, past, present, and future Swedish-African partnershipsSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Antibacterial agents are very important in the textile industry, water disinfection, medicine, and food packaging. Organic compounds used for disinfection have some disadvantages, including toxicity to the human body; therefore, the interest in inorganic disinfectants such as metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing. This review focuses on the Preparation and their potential with good antimicrobial activity of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs against biofilm forming S. aureus. Such improved antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria, without being toxic to the surrounding tissue. We also provide an overview of opportunities and risks of using NPs as antibacterial agents. In particular, we discuss the role of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs materials. Several manufactured nanoparticlesparticles with one dimension less than 100 nm are increasingly used in consumer products. At nano size range, the properties of materials differ substantially from bulk materials of the same composition, mostly due to the increased specific surface area and reactivity, which may lead to increased bioavailability and toxicity. Thus, for the assessment of sustainability of nanotechnologies, methods of manufacturing Nanoparticles, properties have to be studied.
The formation of nanoparticle and physiochemical parameters such as pH, monomer concentration, ionic strength as well as surface charge, particle size and molecular weight are important for drug delivery. Further, these nanoparticles have the capability to reverse
multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Well-established therapies commonly employed in cancer treatment include surgery, Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and
radiotherapy. The silver nanoparticles might be involved in neutralizing these adhesive substances, thus preventing biofilm formation. Selenium is also one of essential trace elements in the human body and has great importance in nourishment and medicine. Medicaldiagnostic field also developed to use the selenium nanoparticles and also studies on the increase efficiency of glutathione peroxidase and thioredosin reductase.
Solar drying is one of the application of solar energy. Drying means moisture removal from the product. Drying is helpful in preserving food product for long time; it prevent product from contamination. Direct solar drying, indirect solar drying, and mixed mode solar drying these are different solar drying methods. Primarily open to the sun or direct sun drying technique is used. However, it has some disadvantages. These disadvantages can be eliminated by indirect type of dryer which is used for drying products as application of solar energy. In this paper, we studied the different technique of drying and various modes of solar drying
Document written by Sabri MOURD, PhD and engineer in Mechanical Sciences and specialist in innovation, R&D and Advanced Technologies. Dr. Mourad has also a master degree in Business Administration and another master degree in project management.
Dr. Sabri MOURAD is Technology Director at Albany International (technical textile specialist) and Associated Professor at the University of Haute Alsace and the Virtual University SVU. He teaches Master Students the management of innovation, the management of emerging technologies and the management of R&D.
This document describes the role of innovation as a key factor for cleaner production. It presents the case of Technical textiles and its role in reducing global pollution. The document was presented to a UN workshop organized in Damascus in Nov 2008
Biological Wastewater Treatment Market Global Trends and Forecast Analysis (2...PriyanshiSingh187645
The global biological wastewater treatment market is projected to grow at a substantial CAGR of 5.5% over the coming years. The global Biological Wastewater Treatment industry was estimated to be worth USD 9465.2 million in 2022 and was expected to be worth USD 13768.8 million by 2028.
Plant Design for bioplastic production from Microalgae in Pakistan.pdfMianHusnainIqbal2
Microalgae is an organism that belongs to the unicellular eukaryotic protists, prokaryotic
cyanobacteria, and blue-green algae. It have withdrawn a great attention of industrialists due to
its remarkable properties. According to the recent searches microalgae have more than 25.000
forms of species among which 15 has major use as a resource of many industrial products. Many
environmental friendly green plant processes have been develope in order to minimize the waste
and for energy saving such as Phytoremediation. Which is an excellent recovery system for
many resources. Via this process the recovery of microalgae species from aquaculture wastes is
done and the microalgae is then used as source of industrial biopolymers having excellent
characteristics.
Ecofriendly green biosynthesized of metallic nanoparticles: Bio-reduction mec...Al Baha University
Biomolecules of live plants, plant extracts and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, actinomycetes, algae and microalgae can be used to reduce metal
ions to nanoparticles. Biosynthesized nanoparticle effectively controlled oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis related changes. Green biosynthesized NPs
is alternative methods, which is hydrophilic, biocompatible, non-toxic, and used for coating many metal NPs with interesting morphologies and varied sizes. The
reducing agents involved include various water-soluble plant metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and
other nutritional compounds) and co-enzymes. The polysaccharides, proteins and lipids present in the algal membranes act as capping agents and thus limit using
of non-biodegradable commercial surfactants. Metallic NPs viz. cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, zirconium, palladium, iron, cadmium and metal oxides such as
titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnetite, etc. have been the particular focus of biosynthesis. Bio-reduction mechanisms, characterization, commercial, pharmacological
and biomedical applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles are reviewed.
Ecofriendly green biosynthesized of metallic nanoparticles:
Bio-reduction mechanism, characterization and
pharmaceutical applications in biotechnology industry
Application and scope of atom economy green chemistryAhmadUmair14
these are slides are made to explain the scope and applications about green chemistry and atom economy and where they both can be utilized. hope you love it
Mr Ashwin Shroff's presentation at CII Biotechnology Committee meeting on 6th...excelind
As the co-chair of CII's Biotechnology Committee, Mr Ashwin Shroff made a very informative and valuable presentation on the very practical uses of Biotechnology in the fields of agriculture, high yielding seeds, bio fertilizers, bio pesticides, solid and liquid waste management
Envirometal project and waste water treatment in pharmacuetcalteklay godefa
waste water treatment in pharmcuetical industry and envirometal impact with soluttion and preventive methods.it is actually linked with practicall and theortical and the problem that cause during waste water treatment with its solutio.it is mainly in pharmacutical industry found in adigrat town .
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Cleaner Production opportunities and its benefits in Biotech Industry
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 08, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 252
Cleaner Production opportunities and its benefits in Biotech Industry
Ghatna Trivedi1
Ast Prof. Minerva Pandya2
1
M.E. [Environmental Management] Student 2
Assitant Professor
1,2
Department of Environmental Engineering
1,2
L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Abstract— Biotechnology is said to be used as tool for
cleaner production. There has been much discussion
regarding potential environmental benefits and hazards
associated with biotechnology. Biotechnology is
increasingly being viewed as a major weapon against
environmental damage. Cleaner production is considered as
a part of this strategy and yet there is still widespread
ignorance about this emerging technology but there are
many areas in biotech industry where application of cleaner
production can be beneficial economically as well as
environmentally. There are many sectors of biotechnology;
each sector has different process and products. By analyzing
process of each class of biotechnology, Cleaner production
opportunities can be generated specifically. Major processes
in this industry where cleaner production can be applied are
heat transfer, mass transfer, mechanical operations,
separation techniques, etc. cleaner production at smaller
level may also leads to benefits in overall economy and
waste minimization in process. Cleaner production aims at
waste reduction, onsite recovery, product modification and
energy conservation. Although there are several barriers to
cleaner production but it can be overcome considering the
benefits obtained from cleaner production.
Keywords: Cleaner production, Biotechnology, waste
minimization
I. INTRODUCTION
Cleaner production is the maximum feasible reduction of all
waste generated at production sites. It involves judicious use
of resources through reuse of material, source reduction,
water conservation; energy efficiency, etc. preventing or
recycling at the source eliminates the need for off-site
treatment and disposal. Elimination of pollutants at source is
typically less expensive than waste collecting, treating and
disposal. Cleaner production facilitates conservation of
energy and raw material, cost reduction, increase in
efficiency, sound environmental process, etc. The concept of
'biotech' or 'biotechnology' encompasses a wide range of
procedures for modifying living organisms according to
human purposes — going back to domestication of animals,
cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through
breeding programs that employ artificial
selection and hybridization. Modern usage also
includes tissue culture technologies as well as cell and
genetic engineering.
II. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is defined by the American Chemical Society
as the application of biological process, biological systems
or organisms by various industries to learning about the
science of life and the improvement of the value of materials
and organisms such as crops, livestock, and
pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology is being used to engineer
and adapt organisms, especially microorganisms, in an effort
to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated
environments.
CLASS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
EXAMPLE
Red
Genetic engineering,
antibiotic production, etc
White/Grey Industrial enzyme production
Green
Transgenic plants, tissue
culture, etc
Blue
Aquatic or Marine
biotechnology
Table 1: Classes of Biotechnology
The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and
wastes from the environment is an absolute requirement to
promote a sustainable development of our society with low
impact on environment. Biological processes play a major
role in the removal of contaminants. Biotechnology makes
use of catabolic versatility of microorganisms and their
ability to degrade/convert compounds. New methodological
breakthroughs in genomics, proteomics, sequencing,
bioinformatics and imaging are producing vast amounts of
information. In the field of Microbiology, genomic studies
opens a new era providing unprecedented in silico views of
metabolic and regulatory networks. Microbiology also offers
clues to the evolution of degradation pathways and to the
molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental
situations.
Generally Biotechnology Classes Below:
Red Biotech: is applied to medical processes. Some
examples are the engineering of genetic cures through
genomic manipulation, and the designing of organisms to
produce antibiotics.
White/Grey Biotech: applied to industrial
processes. An example of it is the organism designed to
produce a useful chemical.
Green Biotech: applied to agricultural processes.
An example is transgenic plants designed in such a way to
grow under specific environmental conditions or in the
presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals.
Blue Biotech: It describe the marine, aquatic
applications of biotechnology.
III. BIOTECHNOLOGY AS TOOL FOR CLEANER PRODUCTION
Research works and industrial data regarding industry, both
say that biotechnology can be used as a tool for cleaner
production. Biotechnology is competitive with and in many
cases complements chemical methods for achieving clean
technologies. Biotechnology is a technology that provides
powerful routes to clean industrial
products and processes and is expected to play a
growing role. Biotechnological operations are now used in
a wide range of major industrial processes. Applications
2. Cleaner Production opportunities and its benefits in Biotech Industry
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All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 253
tend to be industrial-sector specific; the report addresses
chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, textiles and leather, food
and feeds, metals and minerals, pulp and paper, and energy.
Biotechnology-based processes have been successfully
integrated into large-scale operations. Industrial penetration
of biotechnology is increasing as a consequence of advances
in recombinant DNA technologies. Biotechnological
operations have lead to cleaner processes with low waste
generation and in some cases lower energy consumption. In
industrial process such as Ammonium acrylate is the key
intermediate in the manufacture of acrylic polymers, is made
by hydrolyzing acrylonitrile to acrylic acid and reacting this
with ammonia. The reaction is energy-intensive and gives
rise to by-products which are difficult in removal. Process
based on a bacterial enzyme which directly Synthesises
ammonium acrylate of the same quality under less energy-
demanding conditions, has been Operating for several years
at full scale. And In paper making, treating cellulose fibers
in the pulp using cellulase and hemicellulasez enzymes
allows water to drain more quickly from the wet pulp which
reduce processing time and energy used for drying. Trials
have shown that machine speeds can be increased by up to 7
per cent and energy input reduced by as much as 7.5 per
cent. Replacing thermo mechanical pulping by biopulping
has resulted in up to 30 per cent reduction in electrical
energy consumption. Replacement of chemical process by
enzymatic process has been showing huge benefits like high
efficiency, reduced cost and time, minimized and
decomposable waste, etc.
IV. CLEANER PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOTECH
INDUSTRY
Although biotechnology is said to be used as tool for cleaner
production there is a scope for cleaner production in biotech
industry itself. There are few processes which are common
in each industry where there is scope of cleaner production.
Major processes where cleaner production can be applied
are heat transfer, mass transfer, unit operations etc. heat
transfer operations includes conduction, convection,
condensation, etc. use of shell and tube heat exchanger in
case of such operation where heating and cooling required
continuously, lot of energy in separate heating and cooling
can be saved by using single reactor for same purpose. Mass
transfer operations like distillation, evaporation, extraction,
drying, etc where cleaner production opportunities can be
generated. In case of mass transfer operations, by changing
method or composition of processing product, efficiency of
production can be increased. There are Mechanical
operations such as size reduction, sedimentation, and
filtration where in cleaner production opportunities are
there. Several separation techniques are used in biotech
industry such as
Heat transfer Conduction, convection, condensation
Mass transfer Distillation, extraction, drying
Mechanical
operations
Size reduction, sedimentation,
filtration
Separation
techniques
HPLC, GLC and other
chromatographic techniques
Fermentation Lab scale and industry scale.
Table 2: Operations in biotech industry where cleaner
production can be possible.
HPLC, GLC, and other chromatographic
techniques for the separation of pure compound. By
changing concentration and flow of material through system
can result in to efficient and energy saving process.
Fermentation is widely used in industrial biotech companies;
if batch process is used instead of continuous process fewer
raw materials is required comparatively. Likewise adoption
of few basic techniques of cleaner production such as good
housekeeping, use of waste as raw material for other
product, material recovery from waste, product reformation,
change in product composition if possible and energy
conservation may lead to drastic benefits like increased
productivity, high efficiency, lower waste generation,
energy conservation, gaining economical benefits,
improving environmental situations, etc.
V. CONCLUSION
Biotechnology as an emerging field has large scope of new
technologies with cleaner production in order to minimize
waste and conserve energy. Although biotechnology is
repeatedly being viewed as tool for cleaner production there
are numerous chances of cleaner production in process of
biotechnology itself. It is mutual benefit process when
biotech used as tool to cleaner production or cleaner
production used in biotech process. Considering the benefits
obtained from it like waste minimization a reuse, energy
conservation, pollution reduction adoption of cleaner
production in every industry is convincing including
biotechnology. Limitation in biotech industry is there are
certain process where process cannot be altered, parameters
to be strictly followed and reutilization is strictly prohibited.
By developing better attitude towards cleaner production in
this field numerous benefits can surely be achieved.
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