Indoor propagation is necessary where outdoor propagation don't work perfectly like house, buildings, sports arena. Different material is used in different types of building then signal doesn't propagate as well as in outdoor. So There are different models for different Scenarios due to different environment, wall, etc.
For detail report you can send me mail at imhamzasajjad@gamil.com.
This slides consist of the propagation of signal with in the building, how the signals are propagate and effected by the obstacles and give the models of indoor propagation which helps us to find the path loss of the signals.
Kinds of Propagation Models
Models of Different Types of Cells
Web Plot Digitizer Tool
Study of the parameters fc, d, hb, hm and Coverage Environments for each of OKUMURA, HATA and COST231
MATLAB Simulation
For detail report you can send me mail at imhamzasajjad@gamil.com.
This slides consist of the propagation of signal with in the building, how the signals are propagate and effected by the obstacles and give the models of indoor propagation which helps us to find the path loss of the signals.
Kinds of Propagation Models
Models of Different Types of Cells
Web Plot Digitizer Tool
Study of the parameters fc, d, hb, hm and Coverage Environments for each of OKUMURA, HATA and COST231
MATLAB Simulation
Hello everyone. This is a short presentation on path loss and shadowing. I have not covered all the topics but a brief idea is given on path loss and wireless channel propagation models.
Hope you find it useful.
Thanks
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
What is Path loss?
Indoor Propogation Models?
Multi-floor model?
Partition attenuation model?
Empirical path loss model?
ITU Model for Indoor Attenuation/ Wall and floor factor model?
FRIIS MODEL?
Log-distance path loss model?
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
Hello everyone. This is a short presentation on path loss and shadowing. I have not covered all the topics but a brief idea is given on path loss and wireless channel propagation models.
Hope you find it useful.
Thanks
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
What is Path loss?
Indoor Propogation Models?
Multi-floor model?
Partition attenuation model?
Empirical path loss model?
ITU Model for Indoor Attenuation/ Wall and floor factor model?
FRIIS MODEL?
Log-distance path loss model?
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation modelsTempus Telcosys
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Short name for wireless fidelity and is meant to be used generically when referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 network. Whether 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g etc.
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency (ISM Band, 2.4/5 GHz) to transmit data through data through air.
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
EXPONENTIAL HORN - DESIGN,COMPUTER MODELING, CONSTRUCTION, MEASUREMENTS AND D...Bert Chenin
Design, Advanced Computer Modeling, Measurements and Discussion of a high efficiency tri-amplified speaker consisting of a low frequency vented enclosure (Bass Reflex), a hybrid conical/exponential midrange horn and a compression tweeter. The bass enclosure is modeled using BassBox Pro. The horn is 3D modeled using Hornresp. The measurements are made with SoundEasy with a full MLS (minimum length signal) implementation using the Ground Plane method and the Near-Field method.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Descripcion de la tecnologia y sistemas de luz para transmitir señales
Sistemas de transmision por fibra optica, equipos de fibra optica para transmision inalambrica
Now a days, a large number of companies working, social websites, apps are working, which are gathering data in a large large sizes... Hardware is not valuable now a days as much as data... So, think about Big Data...
Equalization is a technique, which is introduced to remove interference after received the signal. This works on receiver side. This is like the extension of simple Transmission system...
It is about the SET that how it was launched and what were the problems which it faced after launched and what was new after it as a solution of the problems as the security experts found.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
6. Indoor Propagation
✖ Outdoor Models are not accurate for Indoor scenarios
Home, Shopping mall, office building, etc.
✖ Indoor radio channel differs from traditional mobile
radio channel in :
Distances covered are much smaller.
Variability of the environment is greater for a much
smaller range or T-R separation distances.
8. Propagation Influencement
✖ The propagation inside a building is influenced by:
Layout of the building.
Construction Materials.
Building type:
Traditional office building with fixed walls (Hard
Partitions)
Open plan buildings with movable wall panels (Soft
Partitions)
Sports Arena
Residential Home
Factory
10. Similarity in Mechanism
Reflection
Scattering
Diffraction
Similarity and Difference between
Indoor and Outdoor Propagation
Difference in Conditions
Doors/Windows open or not
The mounting place of
antenna
Desk
Ceiling
The level of floors
14. Indoor Propagation Events &
Parameters
✖ Temporal fading for fixed and moving terminals
Motion of people inside building causes Ricean fading for
the stationary receivers.
Portable receivers experience in general:
Rayleigh fading for OBS propagation paths.
Ricean fading for LOS paths.
15. Indoor Propagation Events &
Parameters
✖ Multipath Delay Spread
Buildings with fewer metals and hard-partitions typically
have small rms delay spread 30-60ns.
Can support data rates excess of several Mbps
without equalization.
Larger buildings with great amount of metal may have
rms delay spreads as large as 300ns.
Can not support data rates more than a few hundred
Kbps without equalization.
17. Path Loss Factors
✖ Partition Losses (Same Floor)
✖ Partition Losses between floors
✖ Signal Penetration into Buildings
18. Partition Losses (Same Floor)
✖ Average signal loss measurements reported by
various researchers for radio paths.
19. Partition Losses between floors
✖ The losses between floors of a building are detemined
by:
External dimensions and materials of the building.
Type of construction used to create floors.
External surroundings.
Number of windows.
20. Signal Penetration into Buildings
✖ RF signals can penetrate from outside transmitter to
the inside of buildings:
However the signals are attenuated?
✖ The path loss during penetration has been found to be
a function of:
Frequency of the signal.
The height of the building.
22. Models for Indoor Propagation
✖ ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
✖ Log-Distance Path Loss Model
23. ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
✖ To Predict propagation path loss inside buildings.
✖ The average path loss in dB is
𝐿 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑𝐵 = 20 lg 𝑓 + 10𝑣 lg 𝑑 + 𝐿 𝑓 𝑛 − 28 Where
f is the frequency in MHz
d is the distance in m; d > 1 m;
v is the path loss exponent (found from
measurements)
𝐿 𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
n is the number of floors (penetrated)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠
900 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 5200 MHz
1 ≤ n ≤ 3
d > 1m
24. Log-Distance Path Loss Model
✖ The log-distance path loss model assumes that path
loss varies exponentially with distance.
✖ The following formula that describes the indoor path loss.
𝑃𝐿 𝑑 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑃𝐿 𝑑0 + 10𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑑
𝑑0
+ 𝑋 𝜎
n and 𝜎 depende on the type of the building.
𝑋 𝜎 represents a normal random variable in dB.
d is the T-R separation in meters.
𝑑0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 − 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
Smaller value for 𝜎 indicates the accuracy of the path
loss model.
a channel is a separate path through which signals can flow.
the distances covered are much smaller, and the variability of theenvironment is much greater for a much smaller range of T-R separation distances.
Reflection involves a change in direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier; refraction of waves
involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another; and diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path
The main difference between indoor and outdoor propagation is that in an outdoor macro-cellular network propagation is fairly predictable. You can use a topographical database and really determine what will be the shape of a cell if you put a base station somewhere. For many reasons that's no longer feasible if you talk about indoor systems.
First of all: the data bases of the propagation environment have to be very accurate. And the models that we have now for indoor propagation do not allow us to predict everything. Signals may propagate through an elevator shaft. They may or may not propagate through the corner inside a building. ....“
a channel is a separate path through which signals can flow.
Line-of-sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line. The rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot travel over the horizon or behind obstacles.
Rician fading or Ricean fading is a stochastic model for radio propagation anomaly caused by partial cancellation of a radio signal by itself — the signal arrives at the receiver by several different paths (hence exhibiting multipath interference), and at least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening).
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices.
RMS : the square of the function that defines the continuous waveform.
The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the EM field to which it corresponds.
The ITU indoor propagation model, also known as ITU model for indoor attenuation, is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss inside a room or a closed area inside a building delimited by walls of any form. Suitable for appliances designed for indoor use, this model approximates the total path loss an indoor link may experience.
This model is applicable to only the indoor environments. Typically, such appliances use the lower microwave bands around 2.4 GHz. However, the model applies to a much wider range.
Coverage
Frequency: 900 MHz to 5.2 GHz
Floors: 1 to 3
where n is the path loss exponent which indicates the rate at which path loss increases with distance d.
where Xσ is a zero-mean Gaussian distributed (In particular, the standard normal distribution has zero mean) random variable with standard deviation σ.