The document discusses indoor propagation models, highlighting the differences between indoor and outdoor environments, factors influencing propagation, and types of indoor channels. It covers key concepts such as path loss factors, temporal fading, and the models used for predicting indoor path loss, including the ITU indoor path loss and log-distance path loss models. It emphasizes the unique characteristics of indoor environments, such as building materials and layout, which impact signal propagation.

1. Indoor
Propagation
Models

2. Hello!
I am Wajid Ali.
Taimoor Hussain
Daniyal Jan

3. Content
 Indoor Propagation Models
 Propagation Influencement
 Similarity and Difference between Indoor and Outdoor Propagation
 Indoor Channels
 Indoor Propagation events and parameters
 Path Loss Factors
 Models for Indoor Propagation
 References

4. Giving connects two people, the giver and
the receiver, and this connection gives
birth to a new sense of belonging.
Deepak Chopra

5. Indoor Propagation

6. Indoor Propagation
✖ Outdoor Models are not accurate for Indoor scenarios
 Home, Shopping mall, office building, etc.
✖ Indoor radio channel differs from traditional mobile
radio channel in :
 Distances covered are much smaller.
 Variability of the environment is greater for a much
smaller range or T-R separation distances.

7. Propagation
Influencement

8. Propagation Influencement
✖ The propagation inside a building is influenced by:
 Layout of the building.
 Construction Materials.
 Building type:
 Traditional office building with fixed walls (Hard
Partitions)
 Open plan buildings with movable wall panels (Soft
Partitions)
 Sports Arena
 Residential Home
 Factory

9. Similarity and Difference
between Indoor and
Outdoor Propagation

10. Similarity in Mechanism
 Reflection
 Scattering
 Diffraction
Similarity and Difference between
Indoor and Outdoor Propagation
Difference in Conditions
 Doors/Windows open or not
 The mounting place of
antenna
 Desk
 Ceiling
 The level of floors

11. Indoor Channels

12. Indoor Channels
✖ Indoor Channels are classified as:
 Line-of-Sight (LOS).
 Obstructed (OBS) with varying degrees of clutter.

13. Indoor Propagation
Events &
Parameters

14. Indoor Propagation Events &
Parameters
✖ Temporal fading for fixed and moving terminals
 Motion of people inside building causes Ricean fading for
the stationary receivers.
 Portable receivers experience in general:
 Rayleigh fading for OBS propagation paths.
 Ricean fading for LOS paths.

15. Indoor Propagation Events &
Parameters
✖ Multipath Delay Spread
 Buildings with fewer metals and hard-partitions typically
have small rms delay spread 30-60ns.
 Can support data rates excess of several Mbps
without equalization.
 Larger buildings with great amount of metal may have
rms delay spreads as large as 300ns.
 Can not support data rates more than a few hundred
Kbps without equalization.

16. Path Loss Factors

17. Path Loss Factors
✖ Partition Losses (Same Floor)
✖ Partition Losses between floors
✖ Signal Penetration into Buildings

18. Partition Losses (Same Floor)
✖ Average signal loss measurements reported by
various researchers for radio paths.

19. Partition Losses between floors
✖ The losses between floors of a building are detemined
by:
 External dimensions and materials of the building.
 Type of construction used to create floors.
 External surroundings.
 Number of windows.

20. Signal Penetration into Buildings
✖ RF signals can penetrate from outside transmitter to
the inside of buildings:
 However the signals are attenuated?
✖ The path loss during penetration has been found to be
a function of:
 Frequency of the signal.
 The height of the building.

21. Models for Indoor
Propagation

22. Models for Indoor Propagation
✖ ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
✖ Log-Distance Path Loss Model

23. ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
✖ To Predict propagation path loss inside buildings.
✖ The average path loss in dB is
 𝐿 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑𝐵 = 20 lg 𝑓 + 10𝑣 lg 𝑑 + 𝐿 𝑓 𝑛 − 28 Where
 f is the frequency in MHz
 d is the distance in m; d > 1 m;
 v is the path loss exponent (found from
measurements)
 𝐿 𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
 n is the number of floors (penetrated)
 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠
 900 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 5200 MHz
 1 ≤ n ≤ 3
 d > 1m

24. Log-Distance Path Loss Model
✖ The log-distance path loss model assumes that path
loss varies exponentially with distance.
✖ The following formula that describes the indoor path loss.
 𝑃𝐿 𝑑 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑃𝐿 𝑑0 + 10𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑑
𝑑0
+ 𝑋 𝜎
 n and 𝜎 depende on the type of the building.
 𝑋 𝜎 represents a normal random variable in dB.
 d is the T-R separation in meters.
 𝑑0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 − 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
 Smaller value for 𝜎 indicates the accuracy of the path
loss model.

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26. References
http://www.neednudge.com/10-powerful-networking-
quotes/
https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-51997-
22830/.../Ch7.pdf
https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~sloyka/elg4179/Lec_4_ELG41
79.pdf
Wireless Communications Principles and Practice By
Theodore S Rapparport