Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
Propagation measurements and models for wireless channelsNguyen Minh Thu
This document discusses wireless propagation measurements and channel models. It begins by describing the importance of understanding propagation for wireless communication systems and outlines different modeling approaches. It then discusses key propagation parameters like path loss, multipath delay spread, and measurements used to characterize wireless channels. Specific propagation mechanisms like reflection, diffraction and scattering are also covered. The document concludes by examining outdoor and indoor propagation environments and considerations for modeling different scenarios.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
This document summarizes research on channel modeling for millimeter wave MIMO communications. It discusses two scenarios: 1) An outdoor deployment using lampposts, where reflections from walls and the ground can cause fading that MIMO techniques can help mitigate. 2) An indoor link where spatial multiplexing is possible even in line-of-sight environments due to the compact sizes of antennas at millimeter wavelengths, though blockages significantly impact performance. The key differences in millimeter wave propagation compared to lower frequencies include higher path losses mitigated by high antenna directivity, sparser multipath environments, and greater sensitivity to blockages.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
This document presents a comparison between two wireless propagation prediction models and empirical measurement results collected in a university lecture building. Empirical measurements of signal strength were collected in the building using a wireless router and laptop. These results were used to estimate parameters for the prediction models and compare the predicted versus measured path losses. The accuracy of the prediction models was assessed by comparing the empirical measurements to the model predictions using least squares fitting. One of the models presented was a log-distance path loss model, which the author develops further to propose their own prediction model for indoor wireless propagation at 2.4GHz by estimating path losses based on the environment of the building.
Repeated Plus Shape Slot Fractal Antenna For WiMAX/WLAN Applicationijsrd.com
This paper describes a repeated plus shaped slot fractal antenna .This antenna show multiband behavior due to self similarity in their structure. Proposed Antenna achieves wide bandwidth ranging from 2.20 GHz to 3.51 GHz. This antenna utilized dielectric substrate which has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm. Proposed antenna show percentages bandwidth 45 and it offer gain 3.05dBi, directivity 3.32dBi and antenna efficiency 93.98% at resonant frequency 2.41 GHz. So this plus shape slot fractal antenna shows various applications for WiMAX/WLAN.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
Propagation measurements and models for wireless channelsNguyen Minh Thu
This document discusses wireless propagation measurements and channel models. It begins by describing the importance of understanding propagation for wireless communication systems and outlines different modeling approaches. It then discusses key propagation parameters like path loss, multipath delay spread, and measurements used to characterize wireless channels. Specific propagation mechanisms like reflection, diffraction and scattering are also covered. The document concludes by examining outdoor and indoor propagation environments and considerations for modeling different scenarios.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
This document summarizes research on channel modeling for millimeter wave MIMO communications. It discusses two scenarios: 1) An outdoor deployment using lampposts, where reflections from walls and the ground can cause fading that MIMO techniques can help mitigate. 2) An indoor link where spatial multiplexing is possible even in line-of-sight environments due to the compact sizes of antennas at millimeter wavelengths, though blockages significantly impact performance. The key differences in millimeter wave propagation compared to lower frequencies include higher path losses mitigated by high antenna directivity, sparser multipath environments, and greater sensitivity to blockages.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
This document presents a comparison between two wireless propagation prediction models and empirical measurement results collected in a university lecture building. Empirical measurements of signal strength were collected in the building using a wireless router and laptop. These results were used to estimate parameters for the prediction models and compare the predicted versus measured path losses. The accuracy of the prediction models was assessed by comparing the empirical measurements to the model predictions using least squares fitting. One of the models presented was a log-distance path loss model, which the author develops further to propose their own prediction model for indoor wireless propagation at 2.4GHz by estimating path losses based on the environment of the building.
Repeated Plus Shape Slot Fractal Antenna For WiMAX/WLAN Applicationijsrd.com
This paper describes a repeated plus shaped slot fractal antenna .This antenna show multiband behavior due to self similarity in their structure. Proposed Antenna achieves wide bandwidth ranging from 2.20 GHz to 3.51 GHz. This antenna utilized dielectric substrate which has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm. Proposed antenna show percentages bandwidth 45 and it offer gain 3.05dBi, directivity 3.32dBi and antenna efficiency 93.98% at resonant frequency 2.41 GHz. So this plus shape slot fractal antenna shows various applications for WiMAX/WLAN.
Ppt on smart small cell with hybrid beamforming for 5 gBhaskar Gurana
This document proposes a smart small cell concept using hybrid beamforming to enhance network capacity for 5G. It discusses requirements for 5G including high data rates and connections. Hybrid beamforming combines analog and digital beamforming to reduce complexity. The document describes a testbed using SDR and antenna array to implement 3D hybrid beamforming in small cells. System simulations using a 3D ray tracing tool show gains over LTE networks. Evaluation results examined link and system performances, and the conclusion is the smart small cell can support 5G networks based on SDR testbed and simulation results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET- Hybrid Beamforming Based mmWave for Future Generation CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on hybrid beamforming for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems. Hybrid beamforming combines analog and digital beamforming to address issues with using large antenna arrays for mmWave massive MIMO. It reduces hardware costs and complexity compared to all-digital approaches by using fewer radio frequency chains. The document discusses how hybrid beamforming exploits the sparse nature of mmWave channels to focus antenna gains on key propagation paths. It also reviews codebook-based and spatially sparse precoding techniques for hybrid beamforming mmWave systems. Overall, the document outlines how hybrid beamforming is a practical solution to implement large-scale antenna systems for 5G networks operating in the mmWave spectrum.
1) The document describes a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a band-notch feature to reject the WiMAX band (3.35-3.8 GHz).
2) The antenna consists of a circular disc truncated at the top with a folded U-slot etched near the edge to produce the band-rejection characteristics.
3) Measurements show the antenna operates from 3.1-12 GHz with rejection of the WiMAX band, and it maintains an omnidirectional radiation pattern and stable gain across the UWB band except at the rejected frequencies.
This document describes the design and implementation of a printed rectangular monopole antenna for wireless networks. It aims to create a broadband antenna for frequencies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX between 2.4-2.4835 GHz. The antenna is printed on a PCB with a rectangular patch and ground plane. It is fed using a microstrip line. The design achieves a bandwidth of 4.1-4.26 GHz through optimization of parameters like patch size and feed length. Both software simulation and hardware implementation are conducted, with the hardware results showing slightly reduced bandwidth compared to simulation. The antenna demonstrates good performance for broadband wireless applications.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
A STRUCTURED DEEP NEURAL NETWORK FOR DATA-DRIVEN LOCALIZATION IN HIGH FREQUEN...IJCNCJournal
Next-generation wireless networks such as 5G and 802.11ad networks will use millimeter waves operating
at 28GHz, 38GHz, or higher frequencies to deliver unprecedentedly high data rates, e.g., 10 gigabits per
second. However, millimeter waves must be used directionally with narrow beams in order to overcome the
large attenuation due to their higher frequency. To achieve high data rates in a mobile setting,
communicating nodes need to align their beams dynamically, quickly, and in high resolution. We propose a
data-driven, deep neural network (DNN) approach to provide robust localization for beam alignment,
using a lower frequency spectrum (e.g., 2.4 GHz). The proposed DNN-based localization methods use the
angle of arrival derived from phase differences in the signal received at multiple antenna arrays to infer the
location of a mobile node. Our methods differ from others that use DNNs as a black box in that the
structure of our neural network model is tailored to address difficulties associated with the domain, such as
collinearity of the mobile node with antenna arrays, fading and multipath. We show that training our
models requires a small number of sample locations, such as 30 or fewer, making the proposed methods
practical. Our specific contributions are: (1) a structured DNN approach where the neural network
topology reflects the placement of antenna arrays, (2) a simulation platform for generating training and
evaluation data sets under multiple noise models, and (3) demonstration that our structured DNN approach
improves localization under noise by up to 25% over traditional off-the-shelf DNNs, and can achieve submeter
accuracy in a real-world experiment.
Realization of Dual-Dipole-Antenna System for Concurrent Dual-Radio Operation...Saou-Wen Su
The document proposes a dual-dipole-antenna system for concurrent dual-radio operation at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. It first studies the mutual coupling between two dipole antennas and finds good isolation when the antennas are orthogonal in polarization. Based on this, the design places a 2.4 GHz dipole perpendicular to a 5 GHz dipole on a two-layer substrate. Simulations show the antennas, stacked just 0.8 mm apart, achieve over 15 dB isolation across bands. Measurements of a prototype confirm bandwidth and radiation pattern specifications for both WiFi standards are met while maintaining low coupling between closely packed antennas.
This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages such as small size, low cost, light weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Measurement results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, satisfying the needs of the target frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
Techniques for Improving BER and SNR in MIMO Antenna for Optimum PerformanceIJMTST Journal
The use of multiple antennas for diversity, including MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is one of the most promising wireless technologies for broadband communication applications. This antenna system is a vital study in today’s wireless communication system especially when the signal propagates through some corrupted environments. In our paper new techniques of improving bit error ratio and signal to noise ratio are discussed. Inter symbol interference is a major limitation of wireless communications. It degrades the performance significantly if the delay spread is comparable or higher than the symbol duration. To remove ISI, equalization needs to be included at the receiver end. This paper discusses the merits of the MIMO system and the techniques used for improving BER performance and SNR. In MIMO wireless communication, an equalizer is used to recover a signal that suffers from Inter symbol Interference (ISI) and the BER characteristics is improved and a good SNR can be obtained. Different equalization techniques are discussed in this paper.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
This document summarizes key propagation models including Okumura, Hata, and COST231 models. It describes the models' parameters and equations. The Okumura model is empirical and based on extensive measurements in Japan. It accounts for factors like frequency, distance, and antenna heights. The Hata and COST231 models extend Okumura's validity to other frequencies and environments through curve-fitting. The document also explains how to extract data from the models' graphs using a web tool and simulate the models in MATLAB.
An Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna for UMTS/WLAN Dual-Mode Mobile PhoneSaou-Wen Su
An internal wideband metal-plate monopole antenna for mobile phone applications is presented. The antenna is easily fabricated by bending a single metal plate and suitable to be embedded within the casing of a mobile phone as an internal antenna. Further, the antenna shows a wide operating bandwidth of about 5 GHz (about 1.8−6.7 GHz), making it easy to cover the UMTS band and the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands for mobile/WLAN dual-mode operation for a mobile phone.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
The document describes a multiband microstrip antenna designed for WLAN applications. The antenna is printed on photographic paper substrate using inkjet printing. It has a rectangular patch with two U-slots that provide three resonant bands between 2.1-2.95 GHz, 3.35-3.54 GHz, and 5.04-6.0 GHz. Two additional parasitic elements are added to improve bandwidth. Simulated and measured results show the antenna meets bandwidth and gain requirements for applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee and WLAN.
Enhancing FSO Link Performance in Turbulent Environment using Fiber Bundle Ba...IRJET Journal
This document describes a simulation study investigating the use of a fiber bundle-based receiver design to improve the performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication links in turbulent atmospheric environments. The fiber bundle receiver consists of a hexagonal array of fibers that allows more optical power to be collected compared to a standard single-fiber receiver, helping to mitigate power fluctuations caused by turbulence. Simulation results showed that the fiber bundle receiver design can provide some reduction in bit error rate and increase in Q-factor for FSO links operating under different turbulence conditions compared to a standard receiver design.
This document presents a term project on 3D beamforming for 5G networks. It outlines the motivation for 3D beamforming to meet 5G goals and reduce interference. The objectives are to analyze narrow beam formation with different array geometries and track user movement. Results show narrow beams formed with linear, planar and cylindrical arrays using windowing. Future work includes incorporating 3D channel models and Coordinated Multi-Point features with 3D beamforming.
Indoor propagation is necessary where outdoor propagation don't work perfectly like house, buildings, sports arena. Different material is used in different types of building then signal doesn't propagate as well as in outdoor. So There are different models for different Scenarios due to different environment, wall, etc.
Sklik - pokročilé optimalizační metody (E-SHOPVÍKEND 2015)Petr Pavelek
Sklik - pokročilé optimalizační metody
31.7.2015
E-SHOPVÍKEND 2015
#esv15
Přemýšlíte, jak z vašich PPC kampaní dostat maximum? Petr Pavelek Vám ukáže jak se vyhnout častým chybám e-shopů v Skliku. Představí vám pokročilé optimalizační metody, práci s retargetingem včetně importéru publik a řeč bude také o novinkách v Skliku.
This document discusses different radio propagation models for both indoor and outdoor environments. It provides examples of common outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model and Hata model. It also discusses indoor propagation models and key factors that influence indoor radio signals, such as building layout and construction materials. Common indoor path loss models include the log-distance path loss model and ITU indoor attenuation model. Radio propagation is influenced by factors like distance, environment, and signal penetration through buildings.
Ppt on smart small cell with hybrid beamforming for 5 gBhaskar Gurana
This document proposes a smart small cell concept using hybrid beamforming to enhance network capacity for 5G. It discusses requirements for 5G including high data rates and connections. Hybrid beamforming combines analog and digital beamforming to reduce complexity. The document describes a testbed using SDR and antenna array to implement 3D hybrid beamforming in small cells. System simulations using a 3D ray tracing tool show gains over LTE networks. Evaluation results examined link and system performances, and the conclusion is the smart small cell can support 5G networks based on SDR testbed and simulation results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET- Hybrid Beamforming Based mmWave for Future Generation CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on hybrid beamforming for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems. Hybrid beamforming combines analog and digital beamforming to address issues with using large antenna arrays for mmWave massive MIMO. It reduces hardware costs and complexity compared to all-digital approaches by using fewer radio frequency chains. The document discusses how hybrid beamforming exploits the sparse nature of mmWave channels to focus antenna gains on key propagation paths. It also reviews codebook-based and spatially sparse precoding techniques for hybrid beamforming mmWave systems. Overall, the document outlines how hybrid beamforming is a practical solution to implement large-scale antenna systems for 5G networks operating in the mmWave spectrum.
1) The document describes a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a band-notch feature to reject the WiMAX band (3.35-3.8 GHz).
2) The antenna consists of a circular disc truncated at the top with a folded U-slot etched near the edge to produce the band-rejection characteristics.
3) Measurements show the antenna operates from 3.1-12 GHz with rejection of the WiMAX band, and it maintains an omnidirectional radiation pattern and stable gain across the UWB band except at the rejected frequencies.
This document describes the design and implementation of a printed rectangular monopole antenna for wireless networks. It aims to create a broadband antenna for frequencies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX between 2.4-2.4835 GHz. The antenna is printed on a PCB with a rectangular patch and ground plane. It is fed using a microstrip line. The design achieves a bandwidth of 4.1-4.26 GHz through optimization of parameters like patch size and feed length. Both software simulation and hardware implementation are conducted, with the hardware results showing slightly reduced bandwidth compared to simulation. The antenna demonstrates good performance for broadband wireless applications.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
A STRUCTURED DEEP NEURAL NETWORK FOR DATA-DRIVEN LOCALIZATION IN HIGH FREQUEN...IJCNCJournal
Next-generation wireless networks such as 5G and 802.11ad networks will use millimeter waves operating
at 28GHz, 38GHz, or higher frequencies to deliver unprecedentedly high data rates, e.g., 10 gigabits per
second. However, millimeter waves must be used directionally with narrow beams in order to overcome the
large attenuation due to their higher frequency. To achieve high data rates in a mobile setting,
communicating nodes need to align their beams dynamically, quickly, and in high resolution. We propose a
data-driven, deep neural network (DNN) approach to provide robust localization for beam alignment,
using a lower frequency spectrum (e.g., 2.4 GHz). The proposed DNN-based localization methods use the
angle of arrival derived from phase differences in the signal received at multiple antenna arrays to infer the
location of a mobile node. Our methods differ from others that use DNNs as a black box in that the
structure of our neural network model is tailored to address difficulties associated with the domain, such as
collinearity of the mobile node with antenna arrays, fading and multipath. We show that training our
models requires a small number of sample locations, such as 30 or fewer, making the proposed methods
practical. Our specific contributions are: (1) a structured DNN approach where the neural network
topology reflects the placement of antenna arrays, (2) a simulation platform for generating training and
evaluation data sets under multiple noise models, and (3) demonstration that our structured DNN approach
improves localization under noise by up to 25% over traditional off-the-shelf DNNs, and can achieve submeter
accuracy in a real-world experiment.
Realization of Dual-Dipole-Antenna System for Concurrent Dual-Radio Operation...Saou-Wen Su
The document proposes a dual-dipole-antenna system for concurrent dual-radio operation at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. It first studies the mutual coupling between two dipole antennas and finds good isolation when the antennas are orthogonal in polarization. Based on this, the design places a 2.4 GHz dipole perpendicular to a 5 GHz dipole on a two-layer substrate. Simulations show the antennas, stacked just 0.8 mm apart, achieve over 15 dB isolation across bands. Measurements of a prototype confirm bandwidth and radiation pattern specifications for both WiFi standards are met while maintaining low coupling between closely packed antennas.
This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages such as small size, low cost, light weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Measurement results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, satisfying the needs of the target frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
Techniques for Improving BER and SNR in MIMO Antenna for Optimum PerformanceIJMTST Journal
The use of multiple antennas for diversity, including MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is one of the most promising wireless technologies for broadband communication applications. This antenna system is a vital study in today’s wireless communication system especially when the signal propagates through some corrupted environments. In our paper new techniques of improving bit error ratio and signal to noise ratio are discussed. Inter symbol interference is a major limitation of wireless communications. It degrades the performance significantly if the delay spread is comparable or higher than the symbol duration. To remove ISI, equalization needs to be included at the receiver end. This paper discusses the merits of the MIMO system and the techniques used for improving BER performance and SNR. In MIMO wireless communication, an equalizer is used to recover a signal that suffers from Inter symbol Interference (ISI) and the BER characteristics is improved and a good SNR can be obtained. Different equalization techniques are discussed in this paper.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
This document summarizes key propagation models including Okumura, Hata, and COST231 models. It describes the models' parameters and equations. The Okumura model is empirical and based on extensive measurements in Japan. It accounts for factors like frequency, distance, and antenna heights. The Hata and COST231 models extend Okumura's validity to other frequencies and environments through curve-fitting. The document also explains how to extract data from the models' graphs using a web tool and simulate the models in MATLAB.
An Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna for UMTS/WLAN Dual-Mode Mobile PhoneSaou-Wen Su
An internal wideband metal-plate monopole antenna for mobile phone applications is presented. The antenna is easily fabricated by bending a single metal plate and suitable to be embedded within the casing of a mobile phone as an internal antenna. Further, the antenna shows a wide operating bandwidth of about 5 GHz (about 1.8−6.7 GHz), making it easy to cover the UMTS band and the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands for mobile/WLAN dual-mode operation for a mobile phone.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
The document describes a multiband microstrip antenna designed for WLAN applications. The antenna is printed on photographic paper substrate using inkjet printing. It has a rectangular patch with two U-slots that provide three resonant bands between 2.1-2.95 GHz, 3.35-3.54 GHz, and 5.04-6.0 GHz. Two additional parasitic elements are added to improve bandwidth. Simulated and measured results show the antenna meets bandwidth and gain requirements for applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee and WLAN.
Enhancing FSO Link Performance in Turbulent Environment using Fiber Bundle Ba...IRJET Journal
This document describes a simulation study investigating the use of a fiber bundle-based receiver design to improve the performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication links in turbulent atmospheric environments. The fiber bundle receiver consists of a hexagonal array of fibers that allows more optical power to be collected compared to a standard single-fiber receiver, helping to mitigate power fluctuations caused by turbulence. Simulation results showed that the fiber bundle receiver design can provide some reduction in bit error rate and increase in Q-factor for FSO links operating under different turbulence conditions compared to a standard receiver design.
This document presents a term project on 3D beamforming for 5G networks. It outlines the motivation for 3D beamforming to meet 5G goals and reduce interference. The objectives are to analyze narrow beam formation with different array geometries and track user movement. Results show narrow beams formed with linear, planar and cylindrical arrays using windowing. Future work includes incorporating 3D channel models and Coordinated Multi-Point features with 3D beamforming.
Indoor propagation is necessary where outdoor propagation don't work perfectly like house, buildings, sports arena. Different material is used in different types of building then signal doesn't propagate as well as in outdoor. So There are different models for different Scenarios due to different environment, wall, etc.
Sklik - pokročilé optimalizační metody (E-SHOPVÍKEND 2015)Petr Pavelek
Sklik - pokročilé optimalizační metody
31.7.2015
E-SHOPVÍKEND 2015
#esv15
Přemýšlíte, jak z vašich PPC kampaní dostat maximum? Petr Pavelek Vám ukáže jak se vyhnout častým chybám e-shopů v Skliku. Představí vám pokročilé optimalizační metody, práci s retargetingem včetně importéru publik a řeč bude také o novinkách v Skliku.
This document discusses different radio propagation models for both indoor and outdoor environments. It provides examples of common outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model and Hata model. It also discusses indoor propagation models and key factors that influence indoor radio signals, such as building layout and construction materials. Common indoor path loss models include the log-distance path loss model and ITU indoor attenuation model. Radio propagation is influenced by factors like distance, environment, and signal penetration through buildings.
Mobile radio propagation models are derived using empirical and analytical methods to account for all known and unknown propagation factors. Signal strength must be strong enough for quality but not too strong to cause interference. Fading can disrupt signals and cause errors. Path loss models predict received signal level as a function of distance and are used to estimate signal-to-noise ratio. Path loss includes propagation, absorption, diffraction, and other losses. Large-scale models describe mean path loss over hundreds of meters while small-scale models characterize rapid fluctuations over small distances.
There are 3 main propagation mechanisms in mobile communication systems:
1. Reflection occurs when signals bounce off surfaces like buildings and earth.
2. Diffraction is when signals bend around obstacles like hills and buildings.
3. Scattering is when signals are deflected in many directions by small obstacles like trees and signs. These 3 mechanisms impact the received power and must be considered in propagation models.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and propagation models. It begins by introducing how radio channels are random and time-varying. It then covers the free space propagation model and how received power decreases with distance. Reflection, diffraction, and scattering are described as the main propagation mechanisms. The two-ray ground reflection model is presented to model propagation over large distances. Diffraction is explained using the knife-edge diffraction model. Fresnel zones and diffraction gain are also defined.
Dipolar interaction and the Manning formulaIJERA Editor
In this work we want to show that the mathematical model of quantum mechanics, led to its classical approach, is able to reproduce as close macroscopic experimental results captured by the Manning formula, sufficiently verified through their diverse applications in hydraulics. Molecular interaction between the fluid and the wall of the vessel is studied decomposing the Hamiltonian in two parts: free, and interacting. Scaling process is considered from molecular to hydraulic. Participation of the symmetries of Saint-Venant equation in the hydraulic gradient is taken into account. Correlations between different variables are set. The magnitude of scale change is estimated. We conclude that the Compton wavelength induces to the Boussinesq viscosity concept and the characteristic length of the viscous sublayer.
Computational Aerodynamic Prediction for Integration of an Advanced Reconnais...IJERA Editor
In this paper a computational aerodynamic prediction to support the aeromechanical integration of an advanced reconnaissance pod on a 5th generation fighter type aircraft is presented. The aim of the activity was to compare the aerodynamic characteristics of the new pod to a previous one already cleared on the same aircraft fleet, given verified inertial and structural similarity. Verifying the aforementioned aerodynamic similarity without involving extensive flight test activity was a must, to save time and to reduce costs. A two steps approach was required by the Certification Authority to verify, initially, the performance data compatibility in terms of aerodynamic coefficients of the old pod with the new one, in order to allow performance flight manual data interchangeability (a quantitative comparison was required); afterwards, a qualitative assessment was conducted to verify the absence of unsteadiness induced by the introduction in the external structure of the new pod of an auxiliary antenna case. Computational results are presented both for Straight and Level Un-accelerated Flight and Steady-Sideslip flight conditions at different Angles of Attack.
Statistical Optimization of process parameters for SiO2-Nickel nanocomposites...IJERA Editor
The optimum combination of process parameters - temperature, time of reduction under nitrogen atmosphere and amount of NiCl2 was delineated to find the maximum yield of nanocrystallite Ni in the synthesized silica gel matrix. A statistically adequate regression equation, within 95% confidence limit was developed by carrying out a set of experiments within the framework of design of experiment. The regression equation is found to indicate the beneficial role of the temperature and time of reduction.
Study of Performance of Hybrid yarns (Hemp/ Polypropylene/ Glass) Woven Reinf...IJERA Editor
This study examines the performance of reinforcements of 100 tex hemp yarns and hybrid yarns reinforcements with same hemp yarns and glass fibres’ (136 Tex) in warp direction (25 % or 50 %) interwoven with hemp yarns. The industrial loom CTБ-175 and craftsman’s loom, plain weaving technique for production of reinforcements with surface density in range of 91-246 g/m2 were used in the production. Tensile strength of hemp reinforcement on warp direction is 241.7N-279.8N and tensile modulus 218.48MPa-271.24MPa.The measurement of fabric thickness and physical-mechanical properties of reinforcements were carried out according to ISO 5084:1996 and LVS EN ISO 13934-1-2001 standards. One and two layer composites of woven reinforcements of hemp and polypropylene yarns were produced with Laboratory Press LP_S_50/SASTM. The surface density of one layer composite is 311.2 g/m2 and 608.4 g/m2 of two layers composite. The tensile strength of same composites is 303.1N and 599.5N, the tensile stress is 35.66 MPa and 40.65 MPa. The elastic modulus of one layer composites is 908.2 MPa and 1152.5MPa for two layers composite. The mechanical properties of composites were established according to ISO 527-5:2009 standard.
A Brief Survey on Vertex and Label Anonymization Techniques of Online Social ...IJERA Editor
With more and more people joining different online social networking (OSN) services every day, the archives of the OSN service providers are increasing drastically. This great amount of personal information is then shared by the service providers with different third parties, which raises a serious concern in preserving privacy of the individuals. For the last few years many work have been done to innovate new techniques, called anonyization techniques, to protect privacy in social network data publishing. In this paper we briefly discuss and categorize vertex and label anonymization techniques which prevent disclosure of individual identities and sensitive information about those identities. We also categorize attributes, attacks and privacy breaches in online social networks.
Effect of degumming conditions on the deformation behavior of banana (Musa ac...IJERA Editor
The current work investigates the effects of degumming conditions on the deformation behavior of banana (Musa accuminata) pseudo-stem fiber. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration was varied from 0.75M to 1.5M, treatment temperature from 80°C to 110°C and treatment time from 60 to 180 minutes. The fibers exhibited a continuous strain hardening on loading, the rate of which decreased with increasing NaOH concentration, treatment time and treatment temperature. An increase in NaOH concentration at constant treatment time and temperature had a degrading effect on the fiber’s breaking tenacity and breaking extension. Similarly, an increase in treatment time at a constant NaOH concentration and treatment temperature, reduced fiber’s breaking tenacity and breaking extension. Degumming of banana fibers at a NaOH concentration of 1M at 90°C for 90 minutes gave a good compromise between breaking tenacity and breaking extension.
This document provides an overview of security features in GSM and UMTS mobile networks. It describes the key entities and architecture of GSM, including authentication using a shared secret key stored on the SIM card. It outlines security issues with GSM such as the insecure radio channel. The document then explains the enhanced authentication mechanism used in UMTS known as AKA, which generates authentication vectors to authenticate the user equipment and network. Finally, it provides references used in the research.
Optimization of WEDM parameters using Taguchi method for higher material remo...IJERA Editor
With the increasing demands of high surface finish and machining of complex shape geometries, conventional machining process are now being replaced by non-traditional machining processes. Wire EDM is one of the non-traditional machining processes which is based on Electrical Discharge Machining Process, which is also called electro-erosion machining process. When the gap voltage is sufficiently large (i.e. reaches the breakdown voltage of dielectric fluid), high power spark is produced, which increase the temperature about 10,000 degrees Celsius. By this way the metal is removed from the work piece. The selection of optimum machining parameters in WEDM is an important increasing productivity. As Material Removal Rate (MRR) is most important response in WEDM; various investigations have been carried out by several researchers for improving the MRR . In this paper, the Taguchi method has been extensively adopted in manufacturing to improve processes with single performance characteristic to achieve higher Material Removal Rate.
Effect of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
Metakaolin is a cementitious materials used as an admixture to produce high strength concrete and is used for maintaining the consistency of concrete. In the case where insufficient or poor curing concrete structure like the underground structure which undergo serve loss of compressive strength, use of metakaolin proves to be very useful to modify the properties of concrete. This paper deals with the properties of concrete with varying percentage replacement of metakaolin in M-25 greade of concrete. The mix M1,M2,M3 and M4 were obtained by replacing 0,5,10 and 15 percent mass of cement by Metakaolin. The test results indicated that admixture metakaolin when used at optimum quantity tend to increase the strength of the concrete mix when compared with conventional concrete.
Женское здоровье и лишний вес можно ли найти компромиссМария Идк
Ожирение - эпидемия XXI века.
Чаще всего лишний вес – это не косметическая проблема, ЭТО ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЕ.
Не важно сколько Вам лет – человек может похудеть в любом возрасте! Главное - правильный подход.
Как понять, что вес лишний? С чего начать? К какому специалисту обратиться? И чем опасен лишний вес?
CFD Analysis on the Effect of Injection Timing for Diesel Combustion and Emis...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of injection timing in diesel combustion. Ansys Fluent a computational fluid dynamics tool is used to study the combustion of diesel with three different injection timing. The fuel is injected before TDC, at TDC and after TDC. The parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, density, soot and NOx emission are compared. The specie transport model is used for modelling the combustion. Standard k-e (2 equ) is used for modelling the turbulence. The analysis is carried out by only considering the compression and expansion strokes. The pressure reaches the maximum when the fuel is injected before TDC and the maximum temperature is when injected at TDC. The NOx emission is less when the fuel is injected at TDC and the soot formation is when fuel injected before TDC.
CFD Analysis on the Effect of Injection Timing for Diesel Combustion and Emis...
Similar to Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space Path Loss Measurements and Using Ultra-wideband (UWB) Technology
This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch, dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is 20×30×1.6 mm3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3-3.7 GHz), while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from 5.1-5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum, excluding notch areas.
Empirical Investigation of Indoor/NLOS Propagation at Millimeter Wave Bands F...IJRES Journal
This document summarizes an empirical study that investigated indoor non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation at 24 GHz and 60 GHz millimeter wave bands. Measurements were conducted using 24 GHz Ubiquity AirFiber point-to-point links and 60 GHz phased array transceivers. The results showed that the 24 GHz band performed better than 60 GHz in NLOS propagation within offices. Specifically, the 24 GHz links achieved gigabit throughput over distances of up to 15 meters, while 60 GHz signals were significantly attenuated over similar distances or by obstructions along the transmission path. Therefore, the study concluded that 24 GHz networks could support wireless gigabit connectivity within modern office buildings.
Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) has attracted the researchers as an alternative broadband technology for wireless communication. In OWC optical beams are used to transport data through atmosphere or even vacuum. We have proposed an OWC model and analyze the transmission performance of OW channel for indoor/ outdoor application. The performance has been judged on the basis of key parameters like BER and OSNR. A theoretical model has also been presented and validated by the simulation results. The proposed OWC channel was simulated in Optisystem which is a powerful tool of Optical communication System
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for performing a basic link budget analysis of a wireless communication system. It discusses factors that influence wireless link performance such as available RF power, bandwidth, required reliability, range and the effects of path loss, multipath and fade margin. It also provides context on spread spectrum techniques and describes the PRISM wireless LAN chipset and its use of DPSK modulation. Examples are given to demonstrate how varying range, data rate and modulation impact system requirements.
Improvement of Fading Channel Modeling Performance for Wireless Channel IJECEIAES
Fading channel modeling is generally defined as the variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables. Time, geographical position, and radio frequency which is included. Fading is often modeled as a random process. Thus, a fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In this paper, the proposed system presents a new design and simulate a wireless channel using Rayleigh channels. Rayleigh channels using two approaches (flat and frequency-selective fading channels) in order to calculate some path space loss efforts and analysis the performance of different wireless fading channel modeling. The results show that the bite error rate (BER) performance is dramatically improved in the value of signal to noise ratio (SNR) is equal to 45dB. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the performance of fading channel modeling by reducing the error of BER when the SNR is reduced also. Moreover, the more accurate model is Rayleigh model which can be considered for developing fading channel model.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
Bandwidth Improvement of UWB Microstrip Antenna Using Finite Ground PlaneIJERA Editor
Microstrip antennas play a vital role in communication system. It is required in high performance wireless applications. But due to its resonant nature microstrip antennas have some considerable drawbacks like narrowband performance. Extensive study has been carried out on microstrip patch antennas in the recent past, but it still have large scope for improvement in the near future. To overcome narrow bandwidth problem, number of methods and techniques have been suggested and investigated, keeping in mind that the basic advantages of microstrip antenna should not be altered such as low profile, light weight, low cost and simple printed circuit structure. The area of investigation includes modification in geometrical shape of the antenna, use of resonators, use of dipole, and many other parameters. This paper presents a comparison between conventional microstrip antenna and microstip antenna with finite ground plane at ultra wideband. HFSS simulation tool is used here for antenna simulation. For feeding purpose microstrip feed line is used (50Ω). Optimized result provides impedance bandwidth of 7.2GHz with VSWR<2, operating frequency range is from 6.5GHz to 13.7GHz. Proposed antenna is useful for many ultra wideband applications. =
Design and modification of circular monpole uwb antenna for wpan applicationAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and modification of a circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the return loss is better than -10 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 at the operating frequency of 7 GHz. The proposed antenna geometry was designed and simulated using HFSS11 software. Details of the antenna design, geometry, and measured results are presented.
This document summarizes research on improving the capacity of cellular systems using fractional frequency reuse (FFR). It discusses how frequency reuse is used to increase the number of users that can be served but causes interference, particularly for cell edge users. Fractional frequency reuse is proposed to solve this problem by allocating different frequency sets to cell center and edge users to reduce interference. The document also reviews different types of interference (co-channel and adjacent channel) and how power control can help reduce interference in cellular systems.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
This document describes a dual-band microstrip patch antenna designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna consists of an L-shaped element and an E-shaped element printed on an FR4 substrate to generate two resonant modes at around 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz, covering the lower and higher WLAN bands. A microstrip stub is also introduced for impedance matching, which improves the gain and radiation efficiency. The antenna was simulated using Ansoft HFSS and achieved return losses of -38.08 dB and -40.74 dB at 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz respectively, demonstrating dual-band operation for WLAN systems.
Millimeter-wave frequencies between 30-300 GHz could augment current cellular spectrum bands for 5G wireless communications. Mm-wave spectrum would allow significantly larger bandwidth allocations, translating to higher data rates. Key challenges include mm-wave signals being blocked by buildings and attenuated by rain/foliage more easily than lower frequencies. However, shorter wavelengths allow for beamforming with high antenna gains to overcome propagation losses. A proposed mm-wave mobile broadband system would take advantage of this vast, underutilized spectrum using directional transmissions and a dense network of small cells.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
What is Path loss?
Indoor Propogation Models?
Multi-floor model?
Partition attenuation model?
Empirical path loss model?
ITU Model for Indoor Attenuation/ Wall and floor factor model?
FRIIS MODEL?
Log-distance path loss model?
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a miniaturized printed ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with dual notched bands for X-band and aeronautical radio navigation applications. The antenna is 19x25 mm in size and achieves a bandwidth of 112% from 3-10.6 GHz. It incorporates two window-shaped microstrip closed ring resonators on the ground plane to create dual notch bands. The first notch band from 7-8.1 GHz rejects interference from the X-band downlink of 7.25-7.74 GHz. The second notch band from 8.6-9.4 GHz rejects interference from aeronautical radio navigation systems operating from 8.7-9.2 GHz.
DESIGN OF UWB MONOPOLE BASED FRACTAL BINARY TREE ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNI...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a compact dual microstrip-fed UWB monopole antenna with a parasitic patch. A fractal binary tree structure is introduced to achieve a passband frequency of 2.45 GHz for Bluetooth applications without sacrificing UWB antenna efficiency. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results show the antenna has a reflection coefficient below -10 dB from 3.1-10.6 GHz, a gain of 3.46 dB at 9.2 GHz, and a radiation pattern with low fluctuation. The addition of the fractal binary tree allows the antenna to operate for both Bluetooth and UWB applications with good performance.
iaetsd Design of slotted microstrip patch antenna for wlan applicationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and simulation of a slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications operating at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation in HFSS showed the antenna has a voltage standing wave ratio of 1.88 at the resonant frequency, with omnidirectional radiation patterns. The compact size and simple design make this slotted patch antenna suitable for use in embedded wireless systems.
Similar to Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space Path Loss Measurements and Using Ultra-wideband (UWB) Technology (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
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Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space Path Loss Measurements and Using Ultra-wideband (UWB) Technology
1. Mr. Kartik Ramesh Patel Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 4) June 2015, pp.20-32
www.ijera.com 20 | P a g e
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node
Distance and Free Space Path Loss Measurements and Using
Ultra-wideband (UWB) Technology
Mr. Kartik Ramesh Patel*, Dr. Ramesh Kulkarni**
*(Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.E.S. Institute of Technology, Chembur)
** (Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.E.S. Institute of Technology, Chembur)
ABSTRACT
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
Keywords- FSPL Gaussian, Path loss exponent, LOS, NLOS, ROI, RSS, WPAN
I. INTRODUCTION
The FCC Report and Order (R&O), issued in
February2002 [6], allocated 7,500 MHz of spectrum
for unlicensed use of UWB devices in the 3.1 to 10.6
GHz frequency band. The UWB spectral allocation
is the first step toward a new policy of open spectrum
initiated by the FCC in the past few years. More
spectral allocation for unlicensed use is likely to
follow in the next few years [2]. The FCC defines
UWB as any signal that occupies more than 500
MHz bandwidth in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band and that
meets the spectrum mask shown in Fig 1. [1]
This is by far the largest spectrum allocation for
unlicensed use the FCC has ever granted. It is even
more relevant that the operating frequency is
relatively low.
Fig.1: FCC spectrum mask for UWB [1]
UWB characteristics can be analyzed according
to the Shannon capacity (C) formula. For an AWGN
channel of bandwidth, the maximum data that can be
transmitted can be expressed as, [21]
𝐶 = 𝐵 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅) 𝑏𝑖𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (1)
SNR is representing the signal-to-noise ratio.
From (1) it is clear, if bandwidth of the system is
increased, the capacity of the channel will increase.
In the context of UWB, the bandwidth is very high
and very low power is required for transmission. So
we can gain a very high channel capacity using UWB
with lower power that can make batter life longer and
reduce the interference with existing systems.
Fig. 2 shows the capacity comparison of UWB
technology with IEEE WLAN and Bluetooth
standard. [3]
Fig.2: Spatial capacity comparison of UWB with other
technology [3]
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Mr. Kartik Ramesh Patel Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 4) June 2015, pp.20-32
www.ijera.com 21 | P a g e
This paper analyses the effect of changing Path
Loss based on distance in typical indoor
environment. Path loss is the reduction in power
density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates
through space. In simulator different position of
transmitter and receiver nodes are used to estimate
the free space path loss. In this paper, the free space
path loss of UWB communications is studied. The
Friis’ formula is extended in the complex frequency
transfer function. The ideal and Gaussian filters are
used for filtering the specific frequency bandwidth.
The UWB free space path loss is derived based on
average power and peak power losses. The
simulations of the proposed parameter are done in
visual studio and results are compared and
commented with the help of various graphs and
figures in the entire paper.
The indoor mobile radio channel can be
especially difficult to model because the channel
varies significantly with the environment. The
indoor radio channel depends heavily on factors
which include building structure, layout of rooms,
and the type of construction materials used. In order
to understand the effects of these factors on
electromagnetic wave propagation, it is necessary to
recall the three basic mechanisms of electromagnetic
wave propagation -- reflection, diffraction, and
scattering.
The combined effects of reflection, diffraction,
and scattering cause multipath. Multipath results
when the transmitted signal arrives at the receiver by
more than one path. The multipath signal
components combine at the receiver to form a
distorted version of the transmitted waveform. The
multipath components can combine constructively or
destructively depending on phase variations of the
component signals. The destructive combination of
the multipath components can result in a severely
attenuated received signal.
One goal of our work is to characterize how the
indoor radio channel affects the performance of the
wireless nodes such as PDA, Laptops, and other
devices. In particular, we would like to determine
the amount of attenuation that can be expected from
walls, floors, and doors in a residential environment.
Furthermore, we would like to be able to estimate
the amount of path loss that can be expected for a
given transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation within a
home.
In visual studio the region of interest (ROI) is
defined with in small range of distance up to 30m
and transmitter and receiver nodes are placed in the
defined ROI to calculate FSPL and node distance.
The frequency bandwidth (fb) can be change with the
dial to obtain different value of FSPL in the entire
range of UWB spectrum. Also in visual studio
standard environment is created to analyse the
indoor radio propagation model and for each model
parameters are defined and value of free space pass
loss and receiver signal strength (RSS) is measured.
II. INDOOR RADIO PROPAGATION
MODEL AT UWB FREQUENCY
The performance of the wireless system depends
heavily on the characteristics of the indoor radio
channel. Excessive path loss within the home can
prevent units from communicating with one another.
Thus, it is useful to attempt to predict path loss as a
function of distance within the home [22].
An indoor propagation environment is more
hostile than a typical outdoor propagation
environment [22], [23]. The indoor propagation
model estimates the path loss inside a room or a
closed area inside a building delimited by walls of
any form. Phenomena like lack of line-of-sight
condition, multipath propagation, reflection,
diffraction, shadow fading, heavy signal attenuation,
close proximity of interference sources, and rapid
fluctuations in the wireless channel characteristics
have a significant influence on the received power in
indoor propagation.
Moreover, the ranges involved need to be of the
order of 100 meters or less. Typically, multipath
propagation is very important in indoor
environments. Simple empirical propagation models
are therefore not sufficient. The indoor propagation
models are suitable for wireless devices designed for
indoor application to approximate the total path loss
an indoor wireless link may experience. The indoor
propagation models can be used for picocell in
cellular network planning.
Reflection occurs when a wave impacts an object
having larger dimensions than the wavelength.
During reflection, part of the wave may be
transmitted into the object with which the wave has
collided. The remainder of the wave may be
reflected back into the medium through which the
wave was originally travelling. In an indoor
environment, objects such as walls and floors can
cause reflection [22].
When the path between transmitter and receiver
is obstructed by a surface with sharp irregularities,
the transmitted waves undergo diffraction.
Diffraction allows waves to bend around the
obstacle even when there is no line-of-sight (LOS)
path between the transmitter and receiver. Objects in
an indoor environment which can cause diffraction
include furniture and large appliances.
Since the properties of an indoor radio channel
are particular to a given environment, we have
focused our efforts on deriving large scale
propagation models. Sections 3.1-3.3 summarize
some of the indoor radio propagation models that
have been proposed for use in the home. The
applicability of each of these models to the standard
environment created in visual studio is investigated
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www.ijera.com 22 | P a g e
to decide best model applicable at UWB frequency
from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The created standard
environment is as shown in Fig. below.
Fig. 3. Indoor wireless standard environment with
obstruction in between to create multipath
In the Fig. 3 above transmitter node is indicated
by green circle and there are three receiver nodes
which are indicated by using red colour circle. To
create multipath effect the black colour lines between
transmitter and receiver nodes indicates the walls and
flooring which has to be accounted when calculating
path loss.
All the large scale path loss models require free
space path loss to be calculated by using friss
transmission equation calculated in section 3.1.1.
2.1 Log- distance propagation model
The log-distance path loss model is a radio
propagation model that predicts the path loss which is
encountered by a signal inside a building or densely
populated areas over distance [22]. The model is
applicable to indoor propagation modeling. Log
distance path loss model is based on distance-power
law, and is expressed as (2) below,
(2)
Where n is the path loss exponent, d is the T-R
separation in meters, and do is the close-in reference
distance in meters. PL (do) is computed using the
free space path loss equation discussed in Section
3.1.1. The value do should be selected such that it is
in the far-field of the transmitting antenna, but still
small relative to any practical distance used in the
mobile communication system.
Path loss in standard environment shown in Fig.
above can be calculated by taking d0 as a close in
reference distance as 1m, values of path loss
exponent n as 1.0, 2.2 and 4.4 and changing
frequency in the UWB range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6
GHz and distance from 1m to 20m for typical indoor
environment.
Table 1: Calculation of path loss by using log
distance path loss model (a) f=3.1 GHz, (b) f=5
GHz, (c) =7.5 GHz
(a)
Frequency of 3.1GHz
Path loss (dB) using Log distance
model
Distance n=1.0 n=2.2 n=4.4
1m 103.31 104.34 106.42
5m 118.27 134.27 166.28
10m 125.28 148.29 194.30
15m 129.37 156.46 210.66
20m 132.23 162.18 222.10
(b)
Frequency of 5 GHz
Path loss (dB) using Log distance
model
Distance n=1.0 n=2.2 n=4.4
1m 106.71 106.92 107.36
5m 122.56 138.62 170.74
10m 129.48 152.48 198.46
15m 133.59 160.69 214.88
20m 136.45 166.41 226.32
(c)
Frequency of 7.5 GHz
Path loss (dB) using Log distance
model
Distance n=1.0 n=2.2 n=4.4
1m 110.20 110.41 110.85
5m 126.06 142.02 174.06
10m 132.97 155.95 201.93
15m 137.07 164.15 218.32
20m 139.94 169.90 229.81
Thus, the log-distance model is a combination of
a modified power-distance law and a log normal
fading model.
2.2 Attenuation factor path loss model
The attenuation factor path loss model is a radio
propagation model that predicts the path loss which
includes the effect of type of the building as well as
the signal variations caused by partitions and
obstacles present inside the building [23]. The
attenuation factor model is expressed as,
(3)
Where, nsf is the path loss exponent for a same floor
measurement and FAF is a floor attenuation factor
based on the number of floors between transmitter
and receiver. If the path loss is required to be
determined for the indoor propagation in the same
floor of the building, then the path loss exponent
value for that floor should be known. Value of nsf
varies from 1.6 to 3.3 in an indoor environment. The
results are simulated with frequency of 3.1 GHz, 5
GHz and 10 GHz with nsf of 3.0 and changing
distance between transmitter and receiver.
4. Mr. Kartik Ramesh Patel Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 4) June 2015, pp.20-32
www.ijera.com 23 | P a g e
Table 2: Calculation of path loss by using
attenuation factor path loss model (a) f=3.1 GHz, (b)
f=5 GHz, (c) =10 GHz
(a)
Frequency of 3.1GHz, nsf=3.0
Path loss (dB) using attenuation factor
path loss model
Distance FAF=0 FAF=12.
9
FAF=1
8.7
FAF=2
4.4
1m 103.38 116.38 122.38 127.38
5m 150.57 163.57 169.57 174.57
10m 171.61 184.61 190.61 195.61
15m 183.54 196.54 202.54 207.54
20m 192.25 205.25 211.25 216.25
(b)
Frequency of 5 GHz, nsf=3.0
Path loss (dB) using attenuation factor
path loss model
Distance FAF=0 FAF=12.
9
FAF=1
8.7
FAF=2
4.4
1m 105.43 118.43 124.43 129.43
5m 154.72 167.72 173.72 178.72
10m 175.63 188.63 194.63 199.63
15m 187.76 200.76 206.76 211.76
20m 196.42 209.42 215.42 220.42
(c)
Frequency of 10 GHz, nsf=3.0
Path loss (dB) using attenuation factor
path loss model
Distance FAF=0 FAF=12.
9
FAF=1
8.7
FAF=2
4.4
1m 111.31 124.31 130.31 135.31
5m 160.67 173.67 179.67 184.67
10m 181.7 194.7 200.7 205.7
15m 193.68 206.68 212.68 217.68
20m 202.31 215.31 221.31 226.31
The attenuation factor path loss model provides 4
dB standard deviation between the measured and
predicted path-loss as compared to 13 dB given by
log-distance model. Thus this model provides
flexibility and excellent accuracy.
2.3 Additional Attenuation factor path loss model
A third model incorporates additional attenuation
factors. This model was developed by Motley and
Keenan [22] and is of the form shown in equation
(4)
Where k is the number of floors between the
transmitter and receiver and F is the individual floor
loss factor.
Table 3: Calculation of path loss by using additional
attenuation factor path loss model (a) f=3.1 GHz, (b)
f=5 GHz, (a)
Frequency of 3.1 GHz, n=2.63
Path loss (dB) using additional
attenuation factor path loss model
Distance kf=0 kf=12.9 kf=27.0
1m 101.79 114.79 128.79
5m 150.83 163.83 177.83
10m 171.45 184.45 198.45
15m 183.50 196.50 210.50
20m 192.21 205.21 219.21
Frequency of 5 GHz, n=2.63
Path loss (dB) using additional
attenuation factor path loss model
Distance kf=0 kf=12.9 kf=27.0
1m 105.95 118.95 132.95
5m 155.06 168.06 182.06
10m 175.55 188.55 202.55
15m 187.72 200.72 214.72
20m 196.37 209.37 223.37
2.4 Log-normal shadowing path loss model
One downfall of the log-distance path loss model
is that it does not account for shadowing effects that
can be caused by varying degrees of clutter between
the transmitter and receiver [22]. The log-normal
shadowing model attempts to compensate for this.
The log-normal shadowing model predicts path
loss as a function of T-R separation using:
(5)
Where, Xσ is a zero-mean Gaussian random
variable with standard deviation s. Both Xσ and σ
are given in dB. The random variable Xσ attempts to
compensate for random shadowing effects that can
result from clutter. The value of n is taken as 1.63
for LOS condition and 2.63 for NLOS condition and
value of Xσ is taken as 3.9 and path loss is
calculated with different distance.
2.4.1 Log-normal shadowing (Line of Sight)
Table 4: Calculation of path loss by using Log-
normal shadowing path loss model (a) f=3.1 GHz,
(b) f=5 GHz,
(a)
Frequency of 3.1 GHz, Xσ=3.9 n=1.63 (LOS)
Distance Path loss (dB) using Log-
normal shadowing model
1m 104.28
5m 136.68
10m 150.33
15m 158.51
20m 164.28
5. Mr. Kartik Ramesh Patel Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 4) June 2015, pp.20-32
www.ijera.com 24 | P a g e
(b)
Frequency of 5 GHz, Xσ=3.9 n=1.63 (LOS)
Distance Path loss (dB) using Log-
normal shadowing model
1m 108.41
5m 140.83
10m 154.63
15m 162.68
20m 168.41
2.4.2 Log-normal shadowing (Non-Line of
Sight)
Table 4: Calculation of path loss by using Log-
normal shadowing path loss model (a) f=3.1
GHz, (b) f=5 GHz,
(a)
Frequency of 3.1 GHz, Xσ=3.9 n=2.63 (NLOS)
Distance Path loss (dB) using Log-
normal shadowing model
1m 107.73
5m 154.37
10m 175.39
15m 187.62
20m 196.23
(b)
Frequency of 5 GHz, Xσ=3.9 n=2.63 (NLOS)
Distance Path loss (dB) using Log-
normal shadowing model
1m 111.88
5m 158.77
10m 179.61
15m 191.78
20m 200.38
2.5 Received Signal Strength (RSS)
RSS ranging is based on the principle that the
greater the distance between two nodes, the weaker
their relative received signals. This technique is
commonly used in low-cost systems such as WSNs
because hardware requirements and costs can be
more favourable compared to time-based techniques.
In RSS-based systems, a receiving node B estimates
the distance to a transmitting node A by measuring
the RSS from A and then using theoretical and/or
empirical path-loss models to translate the RSS into
a distance estimate. These models strongly affect
ranging accuracy [30].
A widely used model to characterize the RSS at
node B from node A’s transmission is given by [23]
(6)
Where (dBm) is the received signal power,
is the received power (dBm) at a reference
distance of 1 m (which depends on the radio
characteristics as well as the signal wavelength), d
(meters) is the separation between A and B, and S
(dB) represents the large-scale fading variations (i.e.,
shadowing). It is common to model S (dB) as a
Gaussian random variable (RV) with zero mean and
standard deviation σs. [23].
Table 5: Calculation of Received signal strength
(RSS) with LOS and NLOS condition
Received Signal Strength (RSS)
Distance LOS (dB) NLOS (dB)
1m -15.34 -13.74
5m -66.94 -84.85
10m -88.78 -115.41
15m -101.39 -132.89
20m -110.41 -145.40
III. FREE SPACE PATH LOSS
MEASUREMENTS
3.1 Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) based on free
space model
This model is used to predict the signal strength
when the transmitter and the receiver have a clear,
unobstructed line of sight (LOS) path between them.
It predicts that the received power decays as a
function of Transmitter-Receiver distance raised to
some power – typically to the second power [25].
The Free Space model [25], also known as Friis
propagation model, calculates the average radio
signal attenuation over distance d. When assuming
isotropic propagation of waves this relates to a
quadratic loss of signal power over distance given in
[24]. It basically represents the communication
range as a circle around the transmitter. The angle of
attack (AOA) is calculated as a relative angle
between transmitter and receiver and displayed in
seven segment LED display panel. The typical RF
transmission system for free space model is shown
in figure below.
Fig.4: Typical RF transmission system [25]
In wireless communications, such as shown in
Fig.4, as the distance between source and destination
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www.ijera.com 25 | P a g e
i.e. (d) increases, the minimum energy required to
successfully transmit a data packet between them
also increases. This is due to the fact that the
strength of the received signal decreases as a
function of d. By using the inverse power law (d-n
),
one can model the decrement in the received signal
strength in which n is the path loss exponent. The
average path loss for an arbitrary separation is
expressed as a function of distance by using path
loss exponent ' n’
PL =10 n log (d) (7)
Where d is the distance between the transmitter
and receiver and n is the path loss exponent whose
value ranges between 2 to 4, For free-space
propagation model, n is 2 (d-2
power loss with
distance) and n is 4 for the two-ray ground
propagation model (d-4
power loss) [26].
3.1.1 Free Space Path Loss Calculation
In telecommunication, free-space path
loss (FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of
an electromagnetic wave that would result from
a line-of-sight path through free space (usually air),
with no obstacles nearby to
cause reflection or diffraction. It does not include
factors such as the gain of the antennas used at
the transmitter and receiver, nor any loss associated
with hardware imperfections. Free-space path loss
is proportional to the square of the distance between
the transmitter and receiver, and also proportional to
the square of the frequency of the radio signal.
(8)
(9)
Where, λ is the signal wavelength (in metres), f is
the signal frequency (in hertz), d is the distance from
the transmitter (in metres), c is the speed of light in a
vacuum, 3× 108
metres per second.
For typical radio environment; Frequency is
in MHz; Distance is in Km, hence [23],
(10)
For UWB, WPAN applications; Frequency is
in MHz; Distance is in m, hence,
(11)
The free space path loss, FSPL, is an essential
basic parameter for many RF calculations. It can
often be used as a first approximation for many short
range calculations. Alternatively it can be used as a
first approximation for a number of areas where
there are few obstructions. As such it is a valuable
tool for many people dealing with radio
communications systems.
3.1.1.1 Free Space Path loss formula frequency
dependency
Although the free space loss equation given
above seems to indicate that the loss is frequency
dependent. The attenuation provided by the distance
travelled in space is not dependent upon the
frequency. This is constant. The reason for the
frequency dependence is that the equation contains
two effects:
1. The first results from the spreading out of
the energy as the sphere over which the
energy is spread increases in area. This is
described by the inverse square law.
2. The second effect results from the antenna
aperture change. This affects the way in
which any antenna can pick up signals and
this term is frequency dependent.
As one constituent of the path loss equation is
frequency dependent, this means that there is a
frequency dependency within the complete equation.
3.1.1.2 Free Space Path loss formula distance
dependency
Dependency of the FSPL on distance is caused
by the spreading out of electromagnetic energy in
free space and is described by the inverse square
law, i.e. [23]
(12)
Where,
S is the power per unit area or power spatial density
(in watts per meter-squared) at distance d, Pt is
the equivalent isotropic radiated power (in watts).
3.2 Free Space Path loss of UWB
communication:
For UWB communications, the free space path
loss can be defined in the two meanings. The first is
based on the average power loss of the signal
spectrum in the specific frequency bandwidth. The
second is based on the peak power loss of the signal
waveform in the specific frequency bandwidth.
Conveniently, the ideal filter is used for filtering the
specific frequency bandwidth. Unfortunately, the
ideal filter is not causal. Therefore, in this paper the
Gaussian filter is additionally analyzed and the
frequency bandwidth is considered on positive
frequency axis.
The Friis’ free space path loss is extended in the
complex frequency transfer function for considering
the frequency bandwidth instead of only single
frequency. That is (13)
(13)
The ideal and Gaussian filters are used for
filtering the specific frequency bandwidth. The
frequency transfer functions of ideal and Gaussian
filters are respectively defined as
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(14)
(15)
Where de is the 1/e characteristic decay time and
has the relation on the reference level lr that is used
to consider the frequency bandwidth. The relation
between de and lr is
(16)
3.2.1 Free Space Path loss based on average
power loss
The free space path loss based on average power
loss is considered as the average power loss of the
signal spectrum in the specific frequency bandwidth.
The ideal and Gaussian filters are considered.
3.2.1.1 Ideal filter
The free space path loss based on average power
loss by using ideal filter in dB can be evaluated from
(17)
This equation can be derived in the closed form, that
is
(18)
Where,
(19)
Fig. 5 Simulation environment created with
provision to change frequency bandwidth, node
distance, number of nodes. Parameters displayed
are FSPL, node distance on real time basis
This free space path loss formula corresponds with
that proposed by IEEE 802.15.3a [27].
3.2.1.2 Gaussian filter
The free space path loss based on average power
loss by using Gaussian filter in dB can be evaluated
from
(20)
This equation cannot be directly derived in the
closed form. Therefore, the Gaussian integration
formula [24] is used to estimate this equation. The
closed form formula obtained from 2- and 3-point
Gaussian integration formulas respectively are
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(21)
(22)
Where,
(23)
(24)
Above formulas are implemented at typical UWB
frequency range from 3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz. The ROI
is considered two transmitters and receivers nodes
are taken and frequency and distance are kept
variable to obtain multiple values of path loss. The
environment created is shown in Fig. above.
The values obtained of the free space path loss
are tabulated as below and graph is plotted to have
clear view of FSPL by considering different filters.
UWB free space path loss is studies by setting the
centre frequency fc to be 6:85 GHz. That is the
centre frequency of UWB bandwidth for
communications. The frequency bandwidth fb is
considered from 500 MHz to 7:5 GHz which
corresponds with minimum to maximum UWB
bandwidth. The T-R separation distance d is set to be
1 m.
Table 6: FSPL based on average power loss by using
ideal, -3 dB and -10 dB bandwidth Gaussian filters
Frequency
(GHz)
Free space path loss (dB)
Ideal
Filter
-3 dB
bandwidth
Gaussian
filter
-10 dB
bandwidth
Gaussian
filter
0.5 49.14 49.14 49.16
1 49.12 49.12 49.12
1.5 49.09 49.11 49.15
2 49.05 49.09 49.1
2.5 49 49.05 49.1
3 48.94 49 49.12
3.5 48.86 48.94 49.11
4 48.77 48.86 49.09
4.5 48.67 48.8 49
5 48.56 48.7 48.9
5.5 48.44 48.6 48.8
6 48.3 48.5 48.75
6.5 48.15 48.4 48.65
7 47.99 48.32 48.59
7.5 47.82 48.2 48.49
Fig.6 Free space path losses based on average
power loss with centre frequency is fc = 6.85 GHz
and T-R separation distance is d = 1 m along
frequency bandwidth fb from 500 MHz to 7.5
GHz.
Fig.6 show the free space path losses based on
average power loss. The ideal and Gaussian lters
with lr = -3dB and -10dB are considered. In this
case, the free space path loss obtained from the Friis’
formula is constant about 49.16 dB which almost the
same with each UWB free space path loss at the
frequency bandwidth about 500 MHz.
Each free space path loss is decreased when the
frequency bandwidth is wider. The free space path
loss with ideal filter is lowest and it is higher when
uses the -3dB and -10dB bandwidth Gaussian filters,
respectively.
Fig.7 Free space path losses based on average
power loss with centre frequency is fc = 6.85 GHz
and T-R separation distance is d = 1 m along
frequency bandwidth fb from 500 MHz to 7.5
GHz.
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Fig.8 Free space path losses based on average
power loss with centre frequency is fc = 6.85 GHz
and T-R separation distance is d = 1 m along
frequency bandwidth fb from 500 MHz to 7.5
GHz.
Fig. 7 and 8 shows the free space path losses
based on average power loss. The formula of the -
10dB bandwidth has the error more than that of the -
3dB bandwidth. For the -3dB bandwidth, the
maximum errors of 2- and 3-point Gaussian formula
are about 0.08 dB and 0.01 dB, respectively. For the
-10dB bandwidth, the maximum errors of 2- and 3-
point Gaussian formula are increased to about 0.51
dB and 0.10 dB, respectively.
3.2.2 Free Space Path loss based on peak power
loss
The free space path loss based on peak power
loss is considered as the peak power loss of the
signal waveform in the specific frequency
bandwidth. The ideal and Gaussian filters are
considered.
3.2.2.1 Ideal Filter
The free space path loss based on peak power
loss by using ideal filter in dB can be evaluated from
(25)
This equation can be derived in the closed form, that
is
(26)
Where,
(27)
This free space path loss formula corresponds with
that proposed in [28]-[29].
3.2.2.2 Gaussian Filter
The free space path loss based on peak power
loss by using Gaussian filter in dB can be evaluated
from
(28)
This equation cannot be directly derived in the
closed form. Therefore, the Gaussian integration
formula [24] is used to estimate this equation. The
closed form formula obtained from 2- and 3-point
Gaussian integration formulas respectively are
(29)
(30)
Where,
(31)
(32)
Table 7: FSPL based on peak power loss by using
ideal, -3 dB and -10 dB bandwidth Gaussian filters.
Frequency
(GHz)
Free space path loss (dB)
Ideal
Filter
-3 dB
bandwidth
Gaussian
filter
-10 dB
bandwidth
Gaussian
filter
0.5 49.16 49.16 49.18
1 49.15 49.15 49.18
1.5 49.14 49.14 49.18
2 49.13 49.13 49.18
2.5 49.1 49.12 49.15
3 49.09 49.1 49.14
3.5 49.05 49.09 49.11
4 49 49.05 49.09
4.5 48.9 49 49.08
5 48.8 48.9 49.06
5.5 48.7 48.8 49
6 48.6 48.7 48.9
6.5 48.5 48.6 48.8
7 48.4 48.5 48.7
7.5 48.3 48.4 48.6
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Fig.9 Free space path losses based on peak power
loss with centre frequency is fc = 6.85 GHz and T-
R separation distance is d = 1 m along frequency
bandwidth fb from 500 MHz to 7.5 GHz.
From Fig.9 it is seen that the free space path
losses based on the average power loss are lower
than that based on the peak power loss. The free
space path loss with ideal filter is lowest and it is
higher when uses the -3dB and -10dB bandwidth
Gaussian filters, respectively.
3.3 Wireless Node distance
Distance between wireless nodes in typical
indoor environment is important parameter to be
calculated to estimate the free space path loss in
decibels. In typical wireless environment with ROI
within 30m according to UWB consideration, the
distance between two wireless nodes can be
calculated by using basic formulas of Pythagoras
theorem.
Transmitter and Receiver nodes are separated by
distance. The X-coordinates and Y-coordinates are
measured for transmitter and receiver. The Distance
Formula is a variant of the Pythagorean Theorem that
you used in geometry. Suppose there are two
points (–2, 1) and (1, 5), and to find how far they are:
Fig.10 Wireless node distance calculation
The above geometry Fig.10 and method is
applied in the paper to find distance between
wireless transmitter and receiver at any given points
within ROI. Based on above discussion the formula
for the distance calculation is:
(33)
3.3.1 Free Space Path Loss Variation with
frequency variation for different values of
node distance
Table 8: Variation of FSPL with distance
change at different frequencies (a) f=3.1GHz
(b) f=5GHz (c) f=7GHz (d) =10.6GHz
(a)
Frequency of 3.1GHz
Node distance (m) Free space path loss
(dB)
3 51.92
5 56.36
7 59.28
9 61.47
15 65.9
20 68.4
25 70.34
30 71.9
(b)
Frequency of 5 GHz
Node distance (m) Free space path loss
(dB)
3 56.08
5 60.51
7 63.44
9 65.62
15 70.06
20 72.56
25 74.49
30 76.08
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(c)
Frequency of 7 GHz
Node distance (m) Free space path loss
(dB)
3 59
5 63.44
7 66.36
9 68.54
15 72.98
20 75.48
25 77.42
30 79
(d)
Frequency of 10.6 GHz
Node distance (m) Free space path loss
(dB)
3 62.6
5 67.04
7 69.96
9 72.15
15 76.58
20 79.08
25 81.02
30 82.6
As seen from the above table 8 the variation in
FSPL is obtained with different values of node
distance at a particular UWB frequency range. As
the simulated results shows at a frequency of 5GHz,
by changing node distance between transmitter and
receiver from 3m to 30m and it was found that FSPL
is increasing from 56.08dB to 76.08dB. The
simulation results are plotted in Fig. 11 for various
frequency ranges within UWB range.
Fig. 11: Variation of FSPL at different frequency
range and distances between transmitter and
receiver
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With log distance path model analyzed in section
2.1 we got path loss value of around 103 dB at
frequency of 3.1 GHz. We observed that path loss
value does not change even with increase in path
loss exponent value when distance between
transmitter and receiver is less at 1m. But as the
distance between transmitter and receiver is
increased with change in path loss exponent n there
was a significant change was found in the value of
path loss. This is because as the distance between
transmitter and receiver is increased there is more
reflection obtained from the obstruction present and
because of this path loss values will change
drastically. Also the observations were made at
different frequency of 5 GHz and 7.5 GHz and with
increase in frequency and distance value of path loss
were found to be increased. Also it was observed
that drawback of the log-distance path loss model is
that it does not account for obstacles separating
transmitter and receiver. In Section 2 it was
discussed that obstacles are an important
consideration in predicting path loss within homes.
The next model discussed in section 2.2 considers
the floor attenuation factor (FAF) based on number
of floors between transmitter and receiver. We
observed that with the addition of attenuation factor
FAF the path loss is increased as compared to path
loss measured with log distance model with same
frequency and same path loss exponent value. Hence
it can be commented that within indoor environment
to set up exact number of transmitter and receiver
for creating wireless environment exact values of
floor attenuation factors and number of floors has to
be added to the value of path loss obtained.
In section 2.3 additional attenuation factor path
loss model is discussed. The main difference of this
model with the attenuation factor path loss model is
that these models provide an individual floor loss
factor which is then multiplied by the number of
floors separating transmitter and receiver. Whereas
former model provide a table of floor attenuation
factors which vary based upon the number of floors
separating the transmitter and receiver. Table 3
shows summary of results obtained from this path
loss model.
In section 2.4 another model which considers
effect of shadowing effect that is caused by varying
degrees of clutter between transmitter and receiver.
This model includes addition of random variable Xσ
to account for shadowing effect. The simulation is
done for this model by considering both LOS and
NLOS condition by considering different values of
path loss exponent for each case. It was observed
that for the same frequency value the LOS path loss
is less as compared to NLOS condition. Since NLOS
path is more affected by fading of the signal the
value of path loss is increased as given in table 4.
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In section 2.5 received signal strength (RSS)
based ranging is analyzed for both LOS and NLOS
condition between transmitter and receiver. With
increased in distance between transmitter and
receiver the value of RSS decreases. Also we
observed that in table 5 value of RSS is lower for
NLOS condition since it is indirect path between
transmitter and receiver and signal gets more faded
when reach to receiver.
V. CONCLUSION
Several conclusions can be drawn from the
indoor propagation study. The most obvious is that
indoor propagation within homes appears to be site-
specific. Results of these measurements can provide
a worst-case path loss model within homes. This
information can guide the installation procedure for
the wireless system. Data calculated in this analysis
indicate that the model should be based on the log
distance path loss model with the addition of a
distance-dependent floor loss factor. Furthermore,
doors within the home do not contribute
significantly to path loss. In the later section free
space path loss of UWB communication was
investigated In this paper, the free space path loss of
UWB communications is studies. From the analysis
results, the UWB free space path loss at the
frequency bandwidth about 500 MHz is almost the
same with that obtained from Friss’ formula. When
the frequency bandwidth is increased, the UWB free
space path loss is lower than that obtained from
Friss’ formula. The free space path loss with ideal
filter is lowest and it is higher when uses the -3 dB
and -10 dB bandwidth Gaussian filters, respectively.
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