This document summarizes several indoor propagation models. It begins with introducing path loss factors like reflection, diffraction, and scattering. It then describes the ITU indoor path loss model, log-distance path loss model, and Ericsson multiple breakpoint model. The ITU model calculates path loss based on frequency, distance, and floor number. The log-distance model uses a path loss exponent to estimate loss over distance. The Ericsson model provides upper and lower loss bounds based on measurements in an office building.

1. SUB MI T T ED TO: MR .TAI MOOR
INDOOR PROPAGATION

2. GROUP MEMBERS
• Hafiz Muneeb Ahmad
• Syed Irtaza Haider
• Ejaz Tabassum
• Hamza

3. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Path loss factor
• Propagation models
• Types
• Difference Between Indoor and Outdoor
• Partition Losses
• Indoor models

4. INTRODUCTION
• The Wireless communication is the transfer of
information between two or more points that are
not connected by an electrical conductor.

5. • A message is transmitted through open space by EM
waves called radio waves.
• Radio waves are radiated from transmitter in open
space through a device called Antenna.
• A receiving antenna intercepted the radio waves at
receiver
INTRODUCTION

6. • During this transmission, some losses occur between
the transmitter and receiver is known as propagation
path loss.
• Path loss is the unwanted reduction in power of the
signal which is transmitted.
• This path loss may be arising by various effects such
as reflection, diffraction, scattering.
INTRODUCTION

7. PATH LOSS FACTORS
• Reflection: occurs when waves encounters a surface
of earth, building and walls.
• Diffraction: occurs when propagating
electromagnetic waves encounters at edges of an
impenetrable body.
• Scattering: occurs when waves encounters by rough
surfaces, small obstacles.

8. PATH LOSS FACTORS

9. • Service area network: Geographical area in which
wireless service providers offer their service or coverage.
• Path loss: The path loss is the difference (in dB) between
the transmitted power and the received power.
• Propagation model: It is an empirical mathematical
formulation to characterize the behavior of the radio
waves as a function of frequency, surrounding
environment and distance.
PROPAGATION MODELS

10. A propagation model describes the average signal
propagation and it provides the maximum cell range
with respect to the maximum propagation loss. It
depends on the following:
• Environments (urban, sea, rural, forest, dense)
• Distance
• Frequency
• Atmospheric conditions
• Indoor/Outdoor
PROPAGATION MODELS

11. These path loss models can be categorized into two
types:
• Outdoor propagation models
• Indoor propagation path loss models.
TYPES

12. OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS
Outdoor radio transmission takes place over an
irregular terrain e.g. trees buildings and hills must be
taken into consideration.
The outdoor propagation models are:
• Longley-RIce Model
• Durkin's Model
• Okumura Model
• Hata Model

13. WHY INDOOR MODELS
 Outdoor Models are not accurate for Indoor scenarios
 Home, Shopping mall, office building, etc.
 Indoor radio channel differs from traditional mobile radio
channel in :
 Distances covered are much smaller.
 Variability of the environment is greater for a much smaller range
or T-R separation distances.

14. INDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS
Indoor propagation models are a radio propagation
model that estimates the path loss inside a room or a
closed area inside a building delimited by walls of any
form.
The indoor propagation models are:
• ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
• Log-Distance Path Loss Model
• Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model

15. The propagation inside a building is influenced by:
 Layout of the building.
 Construction Materials.
 Building type:
 Traditional office building with fixed walls (Hard Partitions)
 Open plan buildings with movable wall panels (Soft Partitions)
 Sports Arena
 Residential Home
 Factory
INDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS

16. OUTDOOR & INDOOR
Similarity
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Difference
Doors/Windows open or not
The mounting place of
antenna
 Desk
 Ceiling
The level of floors

17. ANTENNAS
Ceiling Antenna Desk Antenna

18. PARTITION LOSSES
• Partition Losses (Same Floor)
• Partition Losses between floors
• Signal Penetration into Buildings

19. PARTITION LOSSES (SAME FLOOR)
• Buildings have a wide variety of partitions and
obstacles which form the internal and external
structure.
• Partitions that are formed as part of the building
structure are called hard partitions, and partitions
that may be moved and which do not span to the
ceiling are called soft partitions.

20. PARTITION LOSSES (SAME FLOOR)
• Researchers have formed extensive data bases of
losses for a great number of partitions, as shown in
Table:

21. PARTITION LOSSES BETWEEN FLOORS
The losses between floors of a building are detemined
by:
 External dimensions and materials of the building.
 Type of construction used to create floors.
 External surroundings.
 Number of windows.

22. PARTITION LOSSES BETWEEN FLOORS
Total Floor Attenuation Factor and Standard Deviation a
(dB) are:

23. SIGNAL PENETRATION INTO
BUILDINGS
• RF signals can penetrate from outside transmitter to
the inside of buildings however the signals are
attenuated.
• The path loss during penetration has been found to
be a function of:
1. Frequency of the signal
2. The height of the building

24. • ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
• Log-Distance Path Loss Model
• Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
INDOOR PATH LOSS MODEL

25. ITU INDOOR PATH LOSS MODEL
• This estimates the path loss inside a room or a closed
area inside a building delimited by walls of any form.
• This model is applicable to only the indoor
environments.
• Appliances use the lower microwave bands around
2.4 GHz.

26. ITU INDOOR PATH LOSS MODEL
The average path loss in dB is:
L=20 log ƒ + N log 𝒅 + P ƒ(n) – 28
Where,
• L = the total path loss. Unit: decibel (dB).
• f = Frequency of transmission. Unit: megahertz(MHz).
• d = Distance. Unit: meter (m).
• N = The distance power loss coefficient.
• n = Number of floors between the transmitter and receiver.
• Pf(n) = the floor loss penetration factor.

27. ITU INDOOR PATH LOSS MODEL
Limitations
• Frequency: 900 MHz to 5.2 GHz
• Floors: 1 to 3

28. LOG-DISTANCE PATH LOSS MODEL
• The log-distance path loss model is a radio
propagation model that predicts the path
loss a signal encounter inside a building or densely
populated area over distance
• Log-distance path loss model is formally expressed
as:
PL = PL0 + 10𝛄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎
𝒅
𝒅𝐨

29. LOG-DISTANCE PATH LOSS MODEL
PL = PL0 + 10𝛄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎
𝒅
𝒅𝐨
Where,
• PL= is the total path loss measured in Decibel (dB)
• PLo=is the path loss at the reference distance d0.
Unit: Decibel (dB)
• 𝒅 = is the length of the path.
• 𝒅o= is the reference distance, usually 1 km
• 𝛄 =is the path loss exponent

30. ERICSSON MULTIPLE BREAKPOINT
MODEL
• Obtained by measurements in a multiple floor office building.
• Has four breakpoints and considers both an upper and lower
bound on the path loss.
• The model also assumes that there is 30 dB attenuation 𝑑o =
1m
• which accurate for f = 900 Mhz.

31. ERICSSON MULTIPLE BREAKPOINT
MODEL
Ericsson model provides a deterministic limit on the
range of path loss at a particular distance.