The document defines indifference curves as graphs showing combinations of two goods that provide equal satisfaction to a consumer. Indifference curves are convex and the marginal rate of substitution diminishes along the curve. The budget line shows affordable combinations given prices and income. At the point where the budget line is tangent to the highest indifference curve is the consumer's equilibrium. Price, income, and substitution effects cause the curve to shift as prices or income change.

1. INDIFFERENCE CURVE

2. DEFINITION
• Indifference Curve (IC) is graph showing
various combinations of two things (usually
consumer goods) that yield equal
satisfaction or utility to an individual. The
curve is drawn to show the indifferent
position of the consumer having the choice
of two products to get maximum
satisfaction.

3. Example
If there are four points in the graph then they all
are satisfying the customer equally.

4. MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION
(MRS)
The gradient of an indifference curve is given by the
Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS). This shows the
amount of product A a consumer would be prepared to
give up for another unit of B and still maintain the same
total utility. The MRS is given by:
Marginal Utility of B = MU B
Marginal Utility of A MU A
i.e. if an additional unit of product B provides twice as
much utility as product A then the consumer would
sacrifice 2A for 1B.

5. CONSUMER’S EQUILIBRIUM and
BUDGET LINE
Above diagram explain the process of consumer’s equilibrium . The
consumer’s preference scale is described by means of indifference mapping.
Then we impose a budget line that reflects our income. Therefore, we can
afford only those combinations that are on or inside the price line GH.

6. FOUR IMPORTANT POINTS TO
REMEMBER
• The Marginal Rate of Substitution is of a
diminishing nature.
• The Indifferent Curve is always convex to the
origin and thus never makes a straight line.
• Any point on the curve shows the same level of
satisfaction obtained by a consumer, but the
different levels of curve represents the different
levels of satisfaction.
• The Indifference Curve can only touch the prize
line.

7. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
INDIFFERENCE CURVE
• Prize Effect: the effect due to the price change
of one commodity.
• Income Effect: the effect due to the change in
income of the consumer.
• Substitution Effect: the effect due only to the
relative price change in the commodities.

8. PRICE EFFECT
• When there is no change in
the income of the consumer,
no change in the price of one
commodity, and there is a
change in the price of another
commodity, there will be a
change in the consumption
made by the consumer. This
change in consumption is
known as the Price Effect.
Though money income does
not increase, the real income
increases, generating more
purchasing power.

9. INCOME EFFECT
• Where there is a change in
the income of the
consumer, but the prices of
the commodities remain
constant, there will be a
change in consumption
made by the consumer. This
change in consumption is
called the Income Effect.
Under the income effect
there will be a change in the
equilibrium position of the
consumer and that can be
shown in the following
diagram.

10. SUBSTITUTIONAL EFFECT
• When there is a change in the
price of one commodity, and
when the price of another
commodity remains unchanged
or constant, the income of the
consumer must be changed in
such a way that the consumer
is neither better off nor worse
off. He remains at the same old
position. Under that
circumstance, if there is a
change in the consumption,
that would be due to the
Substitution Effect.

11. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) The Indifference Curve is a graph between:
a) Two different commodities
b) Price vs. quantity
c) Demand vs. supply
d) Want vs ability to pay
2) If there are four points in the graph then they all
are satisfying the customer ________.
a) In an increasing order
b) In an decreasing order
c) Equally
d) Randomly

12. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
3) Marginal Rate of Substitution is the ________ of the
indifference curve.
a) Mean
b) Slope
c) Peak
d) Inverse
4) MRS=
a) Marginal Utility of B
Marginal Utility of A
b) Marginal Utility of B *Marginal Utility of A
c) Marginal Utility of A
Marginal Utility of B
d) Marginal Utility of B + Marginal Utility of A

13. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
5) Which of the following is not true for the indifference
curve?
a) The Marginal Rate of Substitution is of a diminishing nature.
b) The Indifferent Curve is always convex to the origin and thus
never makes a straight line.
c) The Indifference Curve can only touch the prize line.
d) The points on the curve shows the level of satisfaction
obtained by a consumer.
6) Which of the following is not a factor affecting the
indifference curve?
a) Income of the consumer
b) Demand and supply of the product
c) Price of the product
d) Difference in the relative price of the products

14. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
7) Which of the following is true for Price Effect?
a) When there is no change in the price of one commodity, and
there is a change in the price of another commodity, there will
be a change in the consumption made by the consumer.
b) When there is no change in the price of one commodity, and
there is no change in the price of another commodity, there
will be a change in the consumption made by the consumer.
c) When there is a change in the price of one commodity, and
there is a change in the price of another commodity, there will
be a change in the consumption made by the consumer.
d) When there is a change in the income of the consumer and no
change in the price of one commodities, there will be a change
in the consumption made by the consumer.

15. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
8) The graph due to income effect is?
a) b)
c) d) all of these

16. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
9) “the effect due to only the relative price change
in the commodities.” refers to?
a) Income effect
b) Substitution effect
c) Price effect
d) None of these
10) A consumer will consume the combination of
goods at the point of tangency between the
budget line and the indifference
curve.(True/False).