Macro Economics
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Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Tonmoy Halder
Shopna Akter
Bipul Chandra
Mamunur Rahaman
Siam Hossain
Jibon Rahman
Budget line is a graphical representation of all possible combinations of two goods which can be purchased with given income and prices, such that the cost of each of these combinations is equal to the money income of the consumer.
An indifference curve shows combinations of goods and services between which a consumer is indifferent
In other words, each combination on an indifference curve gives the consumer the same total satisfaction
An indifference curve is normally drawn as convex to the origin
This reflects the assumption of the law of diminishing marginal satisfaction / marginal utility
I.e. as we consume extra units of something, the extra utility falls, total utility rises at a diminishing rate
Combinations of products on an indifference curve further from the origin are assumed to give greater total utility
Economics, Law of Demand, Determinants of Demand, increase and Decrease in Demand, Extension and Contraction in Demand, Exception of Demand, Assumptions of Demand
A PowerPoint Presentation about Indifference Curve of Economics. Everyone should know about Indifference Curve. So watch it, download it and make your own from it.
Elasticity of Demand
Law of demand explains the directions of changes in demand. A fall in price leads to an increase in quantity demanded and vice versa.
But it does not tell us the rate at which demand changes to change in price.
The concept of elasticity of demand was introduced by Marshall.
This concept explains the relationship between a change in price and the consequent change in quantity demanded.
Nutshell, it shows the rate at which changes in demand take place.
Budget line is a graphical representation of all possible combinations of two goods which can be purchased with given income and prices, such that the cost of each of these combinations is equal to the money income of the consumer.
An indifference curve shows combinations of goods and services between which a consumer is indifferent
In other words, each combination on an indifference curve gives the consumer the same total satisfaction
An indifference curve is normally drawn as convex to the origin
This reflects the assumption of the law of diminishing marginal satisfaction / marginal utility
I.e. as we consume extra units of something, the extra utility falls, total utility rises at a diminishing rate
Combinations of products on an indifference curve further from the origin are assumed to give greater total utility
Economics, Law of Demand, Determinants of Demand, increase and Decrease in Demand, Extension and Contraction in Demand, Exception of Demand, Assumptions of Demand
A PowerPoint Presentation about Indifference Curve of Economics. Everyone should know about Indifference Curve. So watch it, download it and make your own from it.
Elasticity of Demand
Law of demand explains the directions of changes in demand. A fall in price leads to an increase in quantity demanded and vice versa.
But it does not tell us the rate at which demand changes to change in price.
The concept of elasticity of demand was introduced by Marshall.
This concept explains the relationship between a change in price and the consequent change in quantity demanded.
Nutshell, it shows the rate at which changes in demand take place.
Tnx group 15
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Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: AL AMIN
SAIFUL ISLAM
RUKSANA PARVIN RUPA
SHAMIM MIA
LIMA AKTER
by-group 9
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Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Md. Imran Hossain
Rima Binte Rahamot
F.M. Alimuzzaman
Md.Sultan Mahmud
Md. Al-Amin
Robiul IsLAm
Tamanna Toma
Md. Junayed Hossain
Yousuf Chowdhury
Md. Roxy Hossain
by- g 6 envensebles
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Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Dip Murmu & Md. Abadullah Miah
Neamur Rabbi & Md. Azad Khan
Anik Costa & Tanvir Hasan Plabon
Tarikul Islam Tarif
Md. Jakir Hossain Khan & Dilruba Jahan
Shanjida Afrin & Md. Rajib
by G-10
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Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Rasik Rownak Hossain
Shakib Fardous
Md. Rakibul Islam
Effat Ara Saima
Rafia Sultana
Tanvir Ahmed
Md.Shahidul Islam
SK Shourov Ahemmed
Tamjedul Alam Evan
Romana Haque Saima
Sarkar Muhammad Shohag
Khademul Islam
Jannatul Ferdous
Sheikh Hamim Hasan
Toufique Ul Haque Tuhin
Kerobin Hasda
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Pranto Karmoker Ariful Islam Tonmoy Halder Monir Hossain
1711033122 1710733119 1710833120 1711033205
Ashikur Rahman Mahfuzul Haque Jibon Rahman Sohag Miah
1710133113 1710933297 1711033210 1710933202
Siam Hossain Shammira Parvin Farhana Afrose Anjuman Ara
1710333148 1712033136 1712033209 1712433159
Shakil Hossain
1710833138
presented by Group 2
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Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Shahin Islam
Aslam Hossain
Shahidul Islam
Amy Khatun
Sohanuzzaman Sohan
MD. Rehan
Bikash Kumar
Rahid Hasan
Ali Haider
Uttam Kumar
MD. Abdullah AL Mamun
Mamunur Rahman
presented by Mango squad
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Portfolio Management and it's objectives
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
K.M.Nafiz
Risul Islam Tonu
Saiful Islam
Md Ismail Hossain
Rajib Hossain
Md Mamun Islam
Sadrul amin
Khairul Basar
Md. Faysal Alam
Md. Nazrul Islam
Sadia Afrin
Zannatul Ferdous Labonno
Farhana Akter
NO1 Uk Divorce problem uk all amil baba in karachi,lahore,pakistan talaq ka m...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
4. Two main things of consumer’s
surplus ::
Willingness to pay
Actual payment
5. Consumers Surpluses (CS)
Willingness to pay (WTP):the maximum amount
that a buyer is ready to pay (demand curve
represents WTP)
Consumers surplus = WTP-actual payment
Understand?
6. Actually, consumer surplus is the amount that a
buyer is ready to pay for a good minus the amount the
buyer actually pays for it.
Example of CS:
Suppose a seller wants to sell a goat during EID festival
Buyer of goat
A
B
C
D
WTP
10000
8000
7000
5000
7. Example (cont..)
For one goat
Buyer “A” will buy at 8000
CS of A = 10000-8000=2000
If there are two goats
Price will set at 7000
CS of A =10000-7000=3000
CS of B = 8000-7000=1000
Total CS =3000+1000=4000
8.
9. Hicksian concept about
c.s:
Hicks has defined consumer’s surplus as the difference
between marginal valuation of a unit and the price which is
actually paid for it.
SO , that’s why hicks distinguished between various
species of consumer’s surplus. One type of consumer’s surplus
is the increment of consumer surplus. It results when
consumption of a commodity is increased consequent on a fall
in price, But income remaining unchanged.
10. This increment is divided into two parts:
1.Increment of surplus on units consumed previously.
2.And new surplus from increase in consumption.
HERE, there is a change in what the consumer does pay
but no change in what he is prepared to pay.
And the second part arises from the difference between
the marginal valuation of the extra units and the price
which is paid for them.
11. PROFESSOR Hicks has developed the
concept of consumer surplus and has
Propounded four kinds of consumer surplus
which are:
1.price compensating variation
2.price equivalent variation
3.quantity compensating variation
4.quantity equivalent variation.
12. LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGNAL
UTILITY:
Utility: It is the capacity of a commodity through which
human wants are satisfied . Utility does not means
happiness and utility does not means joy or any things.
Marginal utility: marginal utility can be defined as the
change in the total utility Resulting from a one-unit
change in the consumption of a commodity per unit of
time .
13. Diagrammatic representation::
D
1 2 3 4 5
20
15
10
5
O D1
MU
Use of
consumpti
on
Marginal
Utility (units
of
satisfaction)
Total
utility
1 20 20
2 15 35
3 10 45
4 5 50
5 00 50
6 -5 45
SatulationpointDisutility
14. Quality of goods or service should not be changed.
Consumption of goods should continuous.
Consumer mental outlook should not change.
Units of goods shouldn’t be few or less.
ALFRED MARSHALL: During the course of consumption as
more and more units of a commodity are used every
successive units uses utility with a diminishing rate provided
others things remain same, although total utility increases.
18. PRACTICAL UTILITY OF
CONSUMER’S SURPLUS :
1.Conjunctural importance
2.Public finance
3.Monopoly value
4.Benefits from international values
5.cost-benefits analysis
Although incapable of precise measurement the
concept of consumer surplus has a great practical
utility and theoretical importance
19. Conjunctural importance: It enables us to
compare the advantage of environment
and opportunities or conjunctural benefits .a person
getting Tk 500 in Dhaka can enjoy better amenities of
life than a person getting tk 1000 in a place more
remote from the centre of civilization.it also make us to
compare the economic conditions Of the people at
different times. The larger the consumer surplus the
better of are the people .
20. Public finance: The finance minister CONSIDERS
WHILE PROPOSING fresh taxation, how much are the people
are willing to pay for a thing and how they will affected by
the rise in price resulting from the imposition of a tax
where the consumer’s are enjoying a surplus there is scope
for taxation, for the people are willing to pay more .the rise
in the price will not affect the demand much.
Imposition of a tax or granting a bounty is
bound to affect consumers surplus. But the effect
will differ according as the industry is subject to
constant return , diminishing return or increasing
return.
21. In the case of constant return, the consumer’s surplus will
be diminishing by more that the gross receipts of the state
“on that part of the consumption which is maintained , the
consumer looses what the state receives ,and on the part
which is destroyed By the rise in prices, the consumers
surplus is destroyed and there is no payment to the state .”
conversely the gain of consumers surplus in the case of a
bounty is less then the bounty itself .
22. Monopoly value : similarly, businessman,
especially a monopolist, will find That he can easily
raise price of his product if the commodity is yielding
surplus of Satisfaction to the consumers . The
consumers are willing to pay more , if need be.as a
matter Of expediency , however , the businessman will
not raise the price so much as to absorb the whole of
the surplus . He will not drive a hard bargain. He will
like to cultivate and retain the goodwill of his
customers and follow, therefore, a policy of
compromise.
23. Benefits from international trade:
By entering into trade with another country , we
import With certain articles which happen to be
cheaper. Before we import them , we were
Paying more for similar commodities. They yield
a surplus of satisfaction which is measured By
the excess of what we would have paid for
them over what we have actually paid . The
larger this surplus, the more beneficial is
international Trade .
24. Cost-benefit analysis: The concept of
consumers surplus is found useful in working out cost
Benefit analysis of an investment. Cost-benefit
investment is consumed very essential For determining
the desirability or otherwise of an investment
expenditure in a particular Project. The extent of
consumer’s surplus expected form a project is a very
important determining factor in decision –making in such
cases. We have to weigh the costs and the benefits. The
large the consumers surplus more beneficial is considered
the investment thus ,the concept of consumers surplus is
a useful tool for the formulation of important economic
policies.
26. The measurement of consumer's surplus, however,
is not so simple as that. There are numerous
difficulties which stand in the way of the precise
measurement of consumer's surplus :
A complete list of demand prices is not
available: we are aware of a part only of the
demand schedule.As we do not know what prices
we are prepared to pay for everyone of the units,
the whole of the consumer's surplus cannot be
ascertained.
27. Necessaries: Consumer's surplus, in the case of
necessaries of life and conventional necessaries is indefinite
and immeasurable. Incase of necessaries of life as well as
conventional necessaries, however, it is said that there is no
positive satisfaction.
28. Consumer's Circumstance::In economy there
has a large number of rich and poor consumers. The
rich prefer to pay high price and the poor prefer to pay
low price. That's why it's difficult to measure to
consumer surplus.
Consumer's Sensibilities::Every consumer
has his own tastes and sensibilities. Some desire a
commodity more ardently than others and are,
therefore, prepared to offer more.
Note: In case, consumer circumstance and consumer
sensibilities problems can be solved by the idea of
average.
29. Change in Marginal Utility of Money:: As we go
on buying a commodity, less amount of money with us .
Hence, the marginal utility of each unit of money
increases. But when we measure consumer's surplus, we
do not make any allowance for this change in the marginal
utility of money.
Change in Earlier Units:: There is the further
difficulty, that, with every increase in the purchase of a
commodity, the urgency of need for the earlier purchase
is diminished and their utility decreases. This decrease in
the utility of earlier units is not taken into account when
calculating the consumer's surplus.
30. Substitutes:: There is difficulty arising out of the
presence of substitutes. To meet this difficulty, the two
substitutes, say, tea and coffee, can be regarded as one
commodity, as suggested by Marshall.
Conclusion:: We may, therefore, conclude by
saving that the exact measurement of consumer's surplus is
impossible. Even so, the concept of consumer's surplus is
not a useless one. In practical life, whether in business or in
public finance, it is always possible to have a rough and
workable idea about the measurement of consumer's
surplus, and that is what matters.
31. Criticism of consumer
surplus:
Imaginary concept:
Potential price may be less
than actual price:
Utility cant be measured in
numbers:
Constant marginal utility of
money:
Not Applicable to
Necessaries:
32. Imaginary concept:
• According to critics, it is an imaginary concept because a person
can only imagine that he/she is getting more satisfaction than the
payment has made. In reality no body is ready to pay than the
actual price.
Potential price may be less than actual
price:
• If the potential price is less than actual price at that time, there is
no possibility of consumer surplus. This is because there is no
guarantee that there will always be surplus
33. Utility cant be measured in numbers:
•Utility derived from the consumption of commodity cant
be expressed in terms of number.
Constant marginal utility of money:
•In consumer surplus, marginal utility of money is constant
but practically the utility of money depends on the
volume of money.
Not Applicable to Necessaries:
•The idea of consumers surplus does not apply to the
necessaries of life or conventional necessaries. In such
cases the surplus is immeasurable.
EX: What would not a man be prepared to pay for a glass
of water when he is dying of thirst!