This document summarizes a study that examined the implications of stereotypical self-image and public image on the performance of nurses and nursing students. The study involved 120 nurses and 120 nursing students who completed questionnaires measuring their perceptions of nursing image and role performance. Additionally, focus groups were conducted with 39 nursing students. The results found that perceptions of nursing image were generally positive, though self-image was rated higher than public image. More nurses felt they lacked expertise in all tasks compared to students. Nurses also reported feeling like they had little to offer and did not contribute enough to the profession. The focus groups identified themes around image and career choice, the influence of media on public image, and approaches to improve nursing image internally and externally
Emotional Intelligence (EI or EQ) is the ability of an individual to identify, control and manage emotions of oneself and others in order to maintain healthy relationships. Emotional intelligence in healthcare professionals helps in enhancing patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a mental and emotional construct that characterizes a person and is influenced by their experiences. Attitudes can be positive, negative, or neutral and influence thoughts and behaviors. They have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Attitudes are developed through psychological factors like beliefs, as well as social influences from family and society. Theories of attitude change include cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory. Strategies to change attitudes include altering components of attitudes, associating items with admired groups, and resolving conflicting attitudes. Positive attitudes are important for nurses to provide compassionate care and handle stress.
Mrs. N is a 52-year-old housewife who came to mental health services due to her son's substance abuse issues. During a session, she decided to discuss some of her own psychological problems and feelings of being overwhelmed by the demands of her family members. Her upbringing was very conservative and she felt a core belief of incompetence. The agreed treatment goal was to build assertiveness skills to deal with unjustified demands. However, during early sessions she frequently deviated from treatment and began idealizing the therapist, making little progress. These thoughts and feelings interfered with treatment progress. The document discusses how transference may be occurring and how the therapist can address it within a cognitive behavioral framework to preserve the therapeutic alliance
Paplau theory of interpersonal relationshipSagar Masne
Hildegard Peplau developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory, which focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and identifies phases and roles in that relationship. The theory outlines four phases - orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution - and seven nursing roles - stranger, resource, teacher, counselor, surrogate, leader, and colleague. Proper application of the theory helps nurses understand patients' needs, facilitate problem-solving, and ensure the relationship progresses appropriately towards termination.
Hildegard Peplau was an American nursing theorist who developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory. Some key points of the theory are that nursing is an interpersonal process involving interaction between nurse and patient to help patients understand their needs and problems. The theory outlines phases of the nurse-patient relationship (orientation, identification, exploitation, resolution) and roles for nurses. Peplau's theory emphasizes therapeutic communication and is still influential in psychiatric nursing education and practice today.
Hildegard Peplau developed the theory of interpersonal relations, which focuses on the nurse-patient relationship. The theory views nursing as an interpersonal process involving interaction between nurse and patient with a common goal. It outlines 4 phases of the nurse-patient relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. When implemented effectively, the theory aims to help patients learn and grow through improved communication and understanding between nurse and patient.
The history of the Nursing Theory of Interpersonal Relations by Hildegard Peplau was first introduced in 1952. She used theory from multiple psychology basics most notably Sullivanian threory. She used and studied Process Recordings of nurse interactions with patients. This theory was the first to be introduced since Nightingale 100 years before.
Emotional Intelligence (EI or EQ) is the ability of an individual to identify, control and manage emotions of oneself and others in order to maintain healthy relationships. Emotional intelligence in healthcare professionals helps in enhancing patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a mental and emotional construct that characterizes a person and is influenced by their experiences. Attitudes can be positive, negative, or neutral and influence thoughts and behaviors. They have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Attitudes are developed through psychological factors like beliefs, as well as social influences from family and society. Theories of attitude change include cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory. Strategies to change attitudes include altering components of attitudes, associating items with admired groups, and resolving conflicting attitudes. Positive attitudes are important for nurses to provide compassionate care and handle stress.
Mrs. N is a 52-year-old housewife who came to mental health services due to her son's substance abuse issues. During a session, she decided to discuss some of her own psychological problems and feelings of being overwhelmed by the demands of her family members. Her upbringing was very conservative and she felt a core belief of incompetence. The agreed treatment goal was to build assertiveness skills to deal with unjustified demands. However, during early sessions she frequently deviated from treatment and began idealizing the therapist, making little progress. These thoughts and feelings interfered with treatment progress. The document discusses how transference may be occurring and how the therapist can address it within a cognitive behavioral framework to preserve the therapeutic alliance
Paplau theory of interpersonal relationshipSagar Masne
Hildegard Peplau developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory, which focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and identifies phases and roles in that relationship. The theory outlines four phases - orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution - and seven nursing roles - stranger, resource, teacher, counselor, surrogate, leader, and colleague. Proper application of the theory helps nurses understand patients' needs, facilitate problem-solving, and ensure the relationship progresses appropriately towards termination.
Hildegard Peplau was an American nursing theorist who developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory. Some key points of the theory are that nursing is an interpersonal process involving interaction between nurse and patient to help patients understand their needs and problems. The theory outlines phases of the nurse-patient relationship (orientation, identification, exploitation, resolution) and roles for nurses. Peplau's theory emphasizes therapeutic communication and is still influential in psychiatric nursing education and practice today.
Hildegard Peplau developed the theory of interpersonal relations, which focuses on the nurse-patient relationship. The theory views nursing as an interpersonal process involving interaction between nurse and patient with a common goal. It outlines 4 phases of the nurse-patient relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. When implemented effectively, the theory aims to help patients learn and grow through improved communication and understanding between nurse and patient.
The history of the Nursing Theory of Interpersonal Relations by Hildegard Peplau was first introduced in 1952. She used theory from multiple psychology basics most notably Sullivanian threory. She used and studied Process Recordings of nurse interactions with patients. This theory was the first to be introduced since Nightingale 100 years before.
This document discusses self-concept and the nurse-client relationship. It defines self-concept as the set of thoughts, feelings, attitudes and beliefs individuals have about themselves, and identifies four aspects: physical, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual. It also discusses perception, possible selves, reflective appraisals, and different types of self-awareness. The document then examines the nurse-client relationship, defining it as a therapeutic alliance to achieve health goals. It notes the importance of professional boundaries and avoiding violations or crossings, and identifies four phases of the relationship: pre-interaction, orientation, working, and termination.
Transference and countertransference refer to unconscious processes in spiritual direction relationships. Transference occurs when a directee unconsciously redirects feelings from past relationships onto the director. Countertransference is when a director unconsciously reacts to feelings aroused by the directee. Unrecognized transference and countertransference can harm the relationship, but addressing them can provide opportunities for growth. Examples include feelings of attraction, treating the director as a parental figure, or running over time. Directors should notice their own feelings and discuss them in supervision to use transference and countertransference constructively.
Individual psychotherapy involves a one-on-one relationship between a therapist and client to bring about change by exploring feelings, attitudes, thinking, and behavior. It aims to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust. The stages of psychotherapy include an introductory stage where history is taken, a working stage where issues are explored, and a termination stage where behavior is modified or symptoms removed. Types of individual psychotherapy discussed include psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction therapy, reality therapy, and supportive therapy.
This document discusses Sigmund Freud's concept of defence mechanisms, which are unconscious processes that protect a person's ego from anxiety, shame, loss of self-esteem or other uncomfortable feelings. Defence mechanisms operate at an unconscious level to resolve internal conflicts and reduce stress. They are classified as either positive or negative based on their effects. Positive mechanisms include compensation, sublimation and rationalization, while negative ones involve suppression, projection and fantasy. The document provides examples to illustrate common defence mechanisms.
The document discusses several principles for developing therapeutic alliances in couple counseling, including maintaining multiple alliances with each partner and the couple as a unit, adopting frameworks that account for interactions within therapeutic triangles, and creating dialogical space that allows both partners to feel heard while managing tension and conflict in the relationship.
The document discusses the therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients. It defines three types of relationships - social, intimate, and therapeutic. The therapeutic relationship is goal-oriented and focuses on helping the patient. Key aspects of an effective therapeutic relationship include rapport, empathy, warmth, and genuineness. The relationship progresses through pre-interaction, orientation, working, and termination phases. Challenges that can arise include resistance, transference, countertransference, boundary violations, and gift giving. Managing these challenges requires skills like active listening, clarification, and maintaining open communication with supervisors.
This document provides an overview of the existential and psychoanalytical models of conceptualizing human behavior in psychiatric nursing. It defines key terms like theory, concepts, assumptions and phenomena. For the existential model, it describes the philosophical origins, views on behavioral deviations, therapeutic process and roles of therapist and client. For the psychoanalytical model, it outlines Freud's structural theory of mind, psychosexual stages of development, basic concepts like psychic energy and instincts, and roles of patient and psychoanalyst in therapy.
Hildegard Peplau was a pioneering American nurse who developed the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. Some key points about her life and work include: she was born in 1909 in Pennsylvania and witnessed the 1918 flu pandemic as a child, influencing her career in nursing; her theory emphasized the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship and introduced concepts like the orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution phases; she held many leadership roles and was influential in establishing nursing as a scholarly profession.
This document provides an overview of family therapy. It begins by defining family therapy as a therapeutic modality focused on interactions within a nuclear or extended family system with the goal of alleviating problems initially presented by individual members or the family as a whole. It then discusses key aspects of family therapy including that it typically involves 10-20 sessions, can be conducted in various settings, and works to change family interactions and structure. The document also summarizes different types of family therapy models including family systems therapy, structural family therapy, and functional family therapy. It provides details on functional family therapy including its goals, techniques, phases of intervention, and focus on risk and protective factors. Finally, it outlines the key concepts and goals of structural family therapy
Hildegard Peplau was an American nurse who developed the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. She received her BA in interpersonal psychology in 1943 and her MA in psychiatric nursing in 1947. Peplau's conceptual model incorporated concepts from Freud, Maslow, and Miller and integrated psychoanalytical, social learning, human motivational, and personality development theories. Her model included four components: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.
1. The working alliance theory places the therapeutic relationship in historical context and defines it as comprising bonds, goals, tasks, and views between the therapist and client.
2. Building the working alliance requires addressing bonds through core conditions, interpersonal style, and transference/countertransference. It also requires aligning the views of the therapist and client on salient issues.
3. Establishing goals and tasks that both the therapist and client understand and agree upon is important for an effective working alliance. The role of the therapist is to balance expertise with equality, coping with mastery, and use self-disclosure, affect, and encouragement strategically.
Group therapy involves two or more clients interacting with each other and a therapist to address psychological issues. It has roots in the early 1900s for treating tuberculosis patients, and was later used for soldiers in WWII and those seeking personal growth. The main goals are to help clients identify maladaptive behaviors, address emotional difficulties through feedback, and provide a supportive environment. Types include psychoeducational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. Key therapeutic factors include universality, altruism, and developing social skills. Group therapy can benefit those struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, and OCD.
This powerpoint is easy to understand and consist of lots of images for easy understanding .As this topic is little vast and boring for continue studying so the images are used more.
This document discusses strategies for enhancing nurse-physician collaboration. It defines collaboration as nurses and physicians working cooperatively together to solve problems and make care decisions, rather than competing or asserting power over one another. The benefits of collaboration include improved patient and staff outcomes. Key aspects of collaboration include effective communication, managing disruptive behaviors, and developing competence and confidence. Communication tools like SBAR are recommended to structure nurse-physician discussions. Addressing disruptive behaviors respectfully by focusing on facts and impacts is advised. With practice over time using strategies like these, nurses can develop skills to confidently enhance collaboration.
Hildegard Peplau developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory, which focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and its progression through four phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. The theory emphasizes understanding interpersonal processes and developing therapeutic relationships. Peplau identified seven nursing roles to illustrate the dynamic character roles in clinical nursing, and her theory provides a framework for assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation in caring for patients. Research has found the theory useful for educating oncology patients, ensuring understanding, and developing individualized care plans for families.
This document provides an overview of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. It introduces Orem as the theorist and discusses the main concepts of her theory, including self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites, and nursing systems. The theory posits that nursing is needed when there is a deficit between what an individual can do for self-care and what needs to be done. The document then provides an example application of Orem's theory to a case study of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, identifying her self-care deficits, nursing diagnosis, goals, and care plan.
These slides contain detailed description of family therapy including : Introduction, Definition, Aims/Goals, Indication, Contraindication, Functions, Types, Nursing diagnosis and interventions, Nursing responsibilities, Research.
This document provides guidance on how to evaluate internet sources for research. It explains that credible sources are written by authors in their field of study and cite other sources. While older sources on topics like the Civil War can still be reliable, sources less than 10 years old are generally better. Websites without clear authors should be avoided unless they are from universities, governments, or reputable organizations ending in .edu, .gov, or .org, with exceptions like Wikipedia. Scholarly journals are peer-reviewed, have abstracts, and are written by experts in the field, whereas magazines may cite sources but are written by staff. The document provides examples of different types of sources and factors to consider when evaluating sources.
This document discusses the key concepts and domains of nursing. It introduces nursing as a practice discipline focused on four main domains: person, health, environment, and nursing. It explains that nursing theories often conceptualize "person" differently and nursing aims to facilitate health by considering the interaction between a person, their health status, environment, and the practice of nursing. The document provides overview of these four concepts that make up nursing's metaparadigm.
This document discusses self-concept and the nurse-client relationship. It defines self-concept as the set of thoughts, feelings, attitudes and beliefs individuals have about themselves, and identifies four aspects: physical, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual. It also discusses perception, possible selves, reflective appraisals, and different types of self-awareness. The document then examines the nurse-client relationship, defining it as a therapeutic alliance to achieve health goals. It notes the importance of professional boundaries and avoiding violations or crossings, and identifies four phases of the relationship: pre-interaction, orientation, working, and termination.
Transference and countertransference refer to unconscious processes in spiritual direction relationships. Transference occurs when a directee unconsciously redirects feelings from past relationships onto the director. Countertransference is when a director unconsciously reacts to feelings aroused by the directee. Unrecognized transference and countertransference can harm the relationship, but addressing them can provide opportunities for growth. Examples include feelings of attraction, treating the director as a parental figure, or running over time. Directors should notice their own feelings and discuss them in supervision to use transference and countertransference constructively.
Individual psychotherapy involves a one-on-one relationship between a therapist and client to bring about change by exploring feelings, attitudes, thinking, and behavior. It aims to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust. The stages of psychotherapy include an introductory stage where history is taken, a working stage where issues are explored, and a termination stage where behavior is modified or symptoms removed. Types of individual psychotherapy discussed include psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction therapy, reality therapy, and supportive therapy.
This document discusses Sigmund Freud's concept of defence mechanisms, which are unconscious processes that protect a person's ego from anxiety, shame, loss of self-esteem or other uncomfortable feelings. Defence mechanisms operate at an unconscious level to resolve internal conflicts and reduce stress. They are classified as either positive or negative based on their effects. Positive mechanisms include compensation, sublimation and rationalization, while negative ones involve suppression, projection and fantasy. The document provides examples to illustrate common defence mechanisms.
The document discusses several principles for developing therapeutic alliances in couple counseling, including maintaining multiple alliances with each partner and the couple as a unit, adopting frameworks that account for interactions within therapeutic triangles, and creating dialogical space that allows both partners to feel heard while managing tension and conflict in the relationship.
The document discusses the therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients. It defines three types of relationships - social, intimate, and therapeutic. The therapeutic relationship is goal-oriented and focuses on helping the patient. Key aspects of an effective therapeutic relationship include rapport, empathy, warmth, and genuineness. The relationship progresses through pre-interaction, orientation, working, and termination phases. Challenges that can arise include resistance, transference, countertransference, boundary violations, and gift giving. Managing these challenges requires skills like active listening, clarification, and maintaining open communication with supervisors.
This document provides an overview of the existential and psychoanalytical models of conceptualizing human behavior in psychiatric nursing. It defines key terms like theory, concepts, assumptions and phenomena. For the existential model, it describes the philosophical origins, views on behavioral deviations, therapeutic process and roles of therapist and client. For the psychoanalytical model, it outlines Freud's structural theory of mind, psychosexual stages of development, basic concepts like psychic energy and instincts, and roles of patient and psychoanalyst in therapy.
Hildegard Peplau was a pioneering American nurse who developed the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. Some key points about her life and work include: she was born in 1909 in Pennsylvania and witnessed the 1918 flu pandemic as a child, influencing her career in nursing; her theory emphasized the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship and introduced concepts like the orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution phases; she held many leadership roles and was influential in establishing nursing as a scholarly profession.
This document provides an overview of family therapy. It begins by defining family therapy as a therapeutic modality focused on interactions within a nuclear or extended family system with the goal of alleviating problems initially presented by individual members or the family as a whole. It then discusses key aspects of family therapy including that it typically involves 10-20 sessions, can be conducted in various settings, and works to change family interactions and structure. The document also summarizes different types of family therapy models including family systems therapy, structural family therapy, and functional family therapy. It provides details on functional family therapy including its goals, techniques, phases of intervention, and focus on risk and protective factors. Finally, it outlines the key concepts and goals of structural family therapy
Hildegard Peplau was an American nurse who developed the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. She received her BA in interpersonal psychology in 1943 and her MA in psychiatric nursing in 1947. Peplau's conceptual model incorporated concepts from Freud, Maslow, and Miller and integrated psychoanalytical, social learning, human motivational, and personality development theories. Her model included four components: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.
1. The working alliance theory places the therapeutic relationship in historical context and defines it as comprising bonds, goals, tasks, and views between the therapist and client.
2. Building the working alliance requires addressing bonds through core conditions, interpersonal style, and transference/countertransference. It also requires aligning the views of the therapist and client on salient issues.
3. Establishing goals and tasks that both the therapist and client understand and agree upon is important for an effective working alliance. The role of the therapist is to balance expertise with equality, coping with mastery, and use self-disclosure, affect, and encouragement strategically.
Group therapy involves two or more clients interacting with each other and a therapist to address psychological issues. It has roots in the early 1900s for treating tuberculosis patients, and was later used for soldiers in WWII and those seeking personal growth. The main goals are to help clients identify maladaptive behaviors, address emotional difficulties through feedback, and provide a supportive environment. Types include psychoeducational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. Key therapeutic factors include universality, altruism, and developing social skills. Group therapy can benefit those struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, and OCD.
This powerpoint is easy to understand and consist of lots of images for easy understanding .As this topic is little vast and boring for continue studying so the images are used more.
This document discusses strategies for enhancing nurse-physician collaboration. It defines collaboration as nurses and physicians working cooperatively together to solve problems and make care decisions, rather than competing or asserting power over one another. The benefits of collaboration include improved patient and staff outcomes. Key aspects of collaboration include effective communication, managing disruptive behaviors, and developing competence and confidence. Communication tools like SBAR are recommended to structure nurse-physician discussions. Addressing disruptive behaviors respectfully by focusing on facts and impacts is advised. With practice over time using strategies like these, nurses can develop skills to confidently enhance collaboration.
Hildegard Peplau developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory, which focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and its progression through four phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. The theory emphasizes understanding interpersonal processes and developing therapeutic relationships. Peplau identified seven nursing roles to illustrate the dynamic character roles in clinical nursing, and her theory provides a framework for assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation in caring for patients. Research has found the theory useful for educating oncology patients, ensuring understanding, and developing individualized care plans for families.
This document provides an overview of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. It introduces Orem as the theorist and discusses the main concepts of her theory, including self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites, and nursing systems. The theory posits that nursing is needed when there is a deficit between what an individual can do for self-care and what needs to be done. The document then provides an example application of Orem's theory to a case study of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, identifying her self-care deficits, nursing diagnosis, goals, and care plan.
These slides contain detailed description of family therapy including : Introduction, Definition, Aims/Goals, Indication, Contraindication, Functions, Types, Nursing diagnosis and interventions, Nursing responsibilities, Research.
This document provides guidance on how to evaluate internet sources for research. It explains that credible sources are written by authors in their field of study and cite other sources. While older sources on topics like the Civil War can still be reliable, sources less than 10 years old are generally better. Websites without clear authors should be avoided unless they are from universities, governments, or reputable organizations ending in .edu, .gov, or .org, with exceptions like Wikipedia. Scholarly journals are peer-reviewed, have abstracts, and are written by experts in the field, whereas magazines may cite sources but are written by staff. The document provides examples of different types of sources and factors to consider when evaluating sources.
This document discusses the key concepts and domains of nursing. It introduces nursing as a practice discipline focused on four main domains: person, health, environment, and nursing. It explains that nursing theories often conceptualize "person" differently and nursing aims to facilitate health by considering the interaction between a person, their health status, environment, and the practice of nursing. The document provides overview of these four concepts that make up nursing's metaparadigm.
Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, which has three related parts:
1. The Theory of Self Care defines self-care, self-care agency, therapeutic self-care demand, and self-care requisites.
2. The Theory of Self Care Deficit outlines when nursing is needed to help individuals who have limitations in meeting self-care demands.
3. The Theory of Nursing Systems describes three systems nurses use to help patients - wholly compensatory, partly compensatory, and supportive-educative.
Trends and scope in advanced nursing practice Tajinder Saini
Nursing practice is defined as an advanced level of clinical nursing that maximizes graduate education and expertise to meet patient needs. Characteristics include autonomous care, leadership, decision-making skills, and influencing health policy. The scope of nursing practice is regulated by each state and varies, but generally involves effective care delivery, research, and standards of practice. Nursing occurs in various settings like hospitals, schools, occupational health, telehealth, space, and more specialized areas like robotics and mobile services. Trends in nursing include total patient care models, evidence-based practice, electronic health records, hospice care, nursing informatics, and standardized terminologies.
Dorothy Johnson proposed the Behavioral Systems Model in 1968 to describe nursing as helping patients maintain equilibrium. The model views individuals as behavioral systems composed of 7 interconnected subsystems. When a subsystem is imbalanced it causes disequilibrium. Nurses help restore balance through external regulation of behaviors. The document provides background on Johnson and an overview of the key concepts of her influential nursing theory.
Nursing practice involves the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health problems according to definitions from the American Nurses Association. Advanced nursing practice maximizes graduate education and expertise to meet the health needs of individuals, families, groups, and populations. Nursing practice frameworks emphasize values, competence, and fulfilling missions of quality care through assessing health needs, developing plans, and evaluating responses to interventions. Alternative therapies that may be incorporated into nursing practice include acupuncture, acupressure, yoga, and herbal medicines from traditions like Ayurveda and homeopathy.
Dorothea Orem developed her Theory of Self Care, which has three main concepts: self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. Self-care refers to one's ability to perform activities to maintain health. Self-care deficit occurs when one is unable to meet self-care needs due to limitations. Nursing systems are the nurse's actions to help meet a person's self-care demands based on their level of self-care ability or deficit. Orem's theory is applied in nursing practice through the nursing process, with self-care informing assessment/evaluation, self-care deficit guiding diagnosis, and nursing systems relating to interventions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to nursing theory, including definitions of theory, paradigm, domain, and the components and purposes of nursing theory. It discusses the link between nursing theory and practice/research and how students can begin incorporating theory into their practice. Grand, middle range, and descriptive nursing theories are introduced. The importance of studying both nursing and non-nursing theories is highlighted.
This document discusses the image of nurses and ways to improve their professional image. It covers Florence Nightingale's founding of modern nursing and establishment of the first nursing school. It emphasizes dressing professionally, recognizing the value of nursing work, and believing in oneself and colleagues to redefine nursing's image. The document also mentions the media's influence on nursing's image and the roles of nurses as teachers, advocates, listeners, and supporters. It stresses the importance of mentoring students and improving self-worth to continue enhancing nursing's representation over time.
Dorothea Orem developed her Self-Care Theory between 1949-1957 while working as a nurse in Indiana. Her theory has three related parts: the theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit, and theory of nursing systems. Orem defined nursing as helping individuals maintain or change their health conditions. Her theory specifies that nursing is needed when a person's self-care abilities do not meet their self-care needs.
This document discusses legal issues related to nursing practice. It covers sources of laws at federal, state and local levels. Criminal and civil laws are described as well as tort law, including elements of professional negligence. Strategies to prevent incidents and standards of care are presented. Selected laws around informed consent, controlled substances, and good Samaritan laws are covered. The roles of nurse practice acts, licensing, and regulatory boards are explained. Standards of nursing practice from organizations like ANA are also summarized.
Effect of Clinical Supervision Program for Head Nurses on Quality Nursing Care iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Relationship between nurse unit managers' motivation and theirhalay
This study aimed to assess the relationship between nurse unit managers' motivation and their performance management in three hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A sample of 60 nurse unit managers completed questionnaires assessing their motivation and performance management. The results found a highly statistically significant correlation between motivation and performance management. Motivation was also found to significantly differ between the hospitals. The study concluded that motivation through factors like drive, control, relationships, challenges and rewards can effectively motivate nurse unit managers and positively impact their performance management.
The document discusses a study investigating nursing students' competencies, leadership skills, and workload management for acute and critical care nursing practice. It aims to explore these areas and propose a holistic training model. The study will assess students' competencies and leadership abilities using established frameworks. It will examine relationships between competencies, leadership, and workload management. Surveys of 200 nursing students will be conducted voluntarily with informed consent. Results will help enhance nursing education for acute and critical care.
This study assessed the perception of decision-making among nurse interns at Umm Al Qura University in Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was administered to 30 nursing interns to measure their clinical decision-making skills. The findings showed that clinical quality was perceived as the highest attribute, while management received the lowest score. Most interns agreed that clinical settings caused stress. There was no significant correlation found between decision-making and competence based on gender. The knowledge gained from this study can help nursing staff, interns, administrators, and the university to identify skill gaps and improve internship training programs.
The study assessed the perception of decision-making among nurse interns at Umm Al Qura University in Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was administered to 30 nursing interns to evaluate their decision-making skills across various dimensions. The results found that clinical quality was perceived as the highest attribute, while clinical instructions were the lowest. Most interns agreed they felt stress in clinical settings and there was no significant correlation between decision-making and competence based on gender. The knowledge gained from the study can help nursing staff, interns, administrators, and the university to identify skill gaps and improve internship training programs.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Abstract— If job satisfaction is there in employees, work done by these employees is usually of better quality in comparison where the employees are not satisfied with their jobe. So this study to assess job satisfaction and influence of demographic variables on job satisfaction, this study was carried out on 105 doctors of teaching hospitals. Questionnaire method of data collection was adopted. Job satisfaction was measured by six domains: Organizational functioning, Interpersonal relationship, Financial incentives, Non-financial incentives, Physical facilities and Working conditions. Study observed that over all, doctors were moderately satisfied with their job. Domains such as Interpersonal relationship and Working conditions, doctors were highly satisfied, whereas rest of the domains: Organizational functioning, Financial incentives, Non-financial incentives, and Physical facilities doctors were moderately satisfied. It is important to note that even though overall satisfaction is moderate, there were few components, where doctors were highly satisfied were - Communication system between patients and doctors, Involvement in decision making in the department, Rules and regulations of the institution, relationship between the department colleagues and other department colleagues, Provision for leave encashment, reward given for research work, workload of clinical aspect and workload of teaching aspect. Age and sex both shown significant association on level of satisfaction where as experience, designation and marital status of the doctors have not shown significant association.
Designing and Psychometric Evaluation of Stretching Exercise Influencing Scal...Health Educators Inc
Objective: The Lack of reliable and valid tools for assessing the influencing factors which influence on stretching exercises among Iranian office employees is obvious. This study aimed to design and evaluate psychometric properties of this instrument.
Design: Cross-sectional study- Psychometric properties
Setting: Data were gathered from May to September 2017.
Participants: Participants were 420 office employees who were working in 10 health centres affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS) in Tehran, Iran. Primary outcome measures: The instrument was designed on the basis of the constructs of the Health Promotion Model (HPM) and extant literature. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Cronbach’s alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were employed to check the scale’s psychometric properties.
Results: In total, 420 questionnaires were completed. The mean age of the office employees was 37.1±8.03 years. Among the 86 items, 77 items had significant item-to-total correlations (P <0.05). The results showed good internal consistency and reliability for the whole questionnaire and each domain.EFA results confirmed 53.32% of the total variance of the items yielded in eleven subscales. The (ICC) was acceptable [0.78, 95% CI (0.70, 0.88)].
Conclusions: The SEIS can be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the influencing factors on stretching exercise among office employees.
One of the areas which creates satisfaction in individuals is their work life. Lack of job satisfaction causes negative feelings within an individual. Low job satisfaction can have negative effects such as resigning or absenteeism from work, arriving late at work and working slowly. For this reason, it is important to investigate job satisfaction levels and the factors affecting this in midwives giving health services. This work was carried out with the aim of detemining the relationship between the levels of job satisfaction in midwives and some socio-demographic characteristics of the job satisfaction levels. Within the framework of this descriptive study, 106 midwives who worked within the Sivas province and agreed to participate in this study were studied. Data were collected using ‘Socio-Demographic Questionnaire for Midwives’ and ‘Scale of Job Satifaction in Nursing’. The data collected from the research were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis, Student t and Mann-Whitney U tests within the SPSS 10.0 computer program. The average general job satisfaction points of the midwives was 47.08 ± 15.52. The average job satisfaction levels in midwives who chose the occupation themselves, wanted to be in the profession and found that midwifery suited them were found to be high at a significant level (p<0.05).>0.05). It was established that the organisation they work at, length of working life, whether they had worked continuously or had a break from work, weekly working hours, way of working and amount of individuals to whom care was given did not affect their job satisfaction point averages (p>0.05). It was also determined that the general job satisfaction point average levels were not affected by whether they had children or not, the number of children they had and the age of the youngest child (p>0.05). In contrast, the job satisfaction levels of midwives who worked in hospitals in terms of the possibility of development and working conditions were significantly higher than midwives who worked at health centres (p<0.05). Job satisfaction levels in midwives who chose the occupation themselves, wanted to be in the profession and found that midwifery suited them were high. Midwives who worked in hospitals who had the possibility of development and different working conditions had greater job satisfaction than midwives who worked at health centres. The remaining socio-demographic charateristics did not affect job satisfaction in the midwives.
- Nursing informatics is defined as integrating nursing, information, and technology to support health worldwide. A master's-prepared nurse discussed her role in a military hospital, which involves obtaining patient data from various sources and presenting it to help improve care.
- She advised that nursing informatics is a growing field with many opportunities for self-starters interested in technology. Shadowing her showed her taking on roles like mentoring others and evaluating education programs on any given day.
Job Redesign For Expanded HIM Functions Case Study...Amanda Hengel
The document summarizes several case studies and analyses related to job redesign in health information management fields, implementation of electronic health record systems like Epic, and the role of surveillance in healthcare. Over 28 months, 29 new roles were identified for health information professionals to take on additional tasks and responsibilities related to electronic health records. Careful implementation was needed to avoid workflow issues. Electronic health record systems like Epic provide patient medical history and test results across departments to improve care. Surveillance systems measure quality of care and help ensure standards are met.
This study investigated the influence of hospital safety climate on patient satisfaction and nursing care quality. Data was collected from nurses and patients at an Egyptian emergency hospital using questionnaires on safety climate, patient satisfaction, and quality of nursing care. The results found that 50% of respondents reported a low safety climate score and only 29.5% of patients were highly satisfied. Nurses reported that the quality of care was low for 69% of patients. A significant relationship was found between safety climate and both patient satisfaction and nursing care quality. The study concluded that improving the hospital safety climate can positively influence patient outcomes like satisfaction and quality of care.
This document discusses the definition of nursing. It examines definitions from nursing theorists like Henderson, who defined nursing as caring for individuals to help them attain health and independence. The Royal College of Nursing defined it as using clinical judgment to provide necessary care for optimal life throughout one's lifetime. Nursing aims to promote health, prevent illness, and care for those who are sick, disabled or dying. It also discusses the evolving roles and functions of nurses throughout history.
This document summarizes a study that assessed healthcare workers' perceptions of institutional structure and leadership in two hospitals in Ethiopia. A survey of 204 healthcare workers at the hospitals found:
1) The overall perception of institutional structure was 37.2% positive and the overall perception of leadership was 31.6% positive, indicating low levels of positive perception.
2) About 59.3% perceived their hospital did not emphasize quality of service enough and 69.6% perceived inadequate facilities.
3) Educational status and place of work were associated with perceptions of institutional structure. Position was the only predictor of perceptions of leadership.
4) Given the low overall positive perceptions, the study recommends promoting workers based on performance
The document discusses the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project which aims to empower nurses to apply competencies related to quality, safety, informatics, patient-centered care, and evidence-based practice. It provides an overview of several QSEN competencies including patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, informatics, and safety. The document then describes how these competencies were assessed and applied during a nursing simulation involving different roles such as charge nurse, registered nurse, nursing assistant, and observer. It discusses areas where the competencies guided appropriate nursing interventions and areas for improvement.
Development of self leadership skills training module based on need assessmen...IAEME Publication
The document describes a study that developed and evaluated a self-leadership skills training module for nursing personnel using mobile learning. Researchers conducted a needs assessment among 101 nurses to identify self-leadership as the highest priority training topic. They developed a 24-hour self-leadership video module and uploaded it to mobile devices. Pre- and post-training questionnaires assessed changes in nurses' knowledge and self-leadership skills. Results showed significant increases in knowledge scores and self-leadership dimension scores after training. The study concluded the mobile learning module was effective in improving nurses' self-leadership and recommends disseminating and further evaluating the module over time.
Objective: The aim of the study was to identify level of stress among nurses according to their job status. Background: Stress is highly associated with nursing profession. This stress is caused by several factors both personal and organizational such as educational level, gender, nature of work environment and work overload etc. These factors directly or indirectly expose nurses to a considerable level of stress. If a nurse works at two places, their stress level will predictably be much higher than that of those who work at a single place. Methodology: Quantitative analytical cross-sectional study design was applied in a private tertiary care hospital at Peshawar, Pakistan. Study population included all nurses working in the mentioned hospital. Universal sampling technique was used for double jobber nurses, while convenient sampling technique was used for single jobber nurses. An adopted questionnaire was used for data collection. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the data. Result: Among double jobber nurses, 23.33% had severe, 63.34% had moderate, and 13.33% had mild level of stress. On the other hand, there was no severe level of stress among single jobbers; only 20% had moderate and 80% had mild level of stress. Conclusion: The current study identified that level of stress was higher in double jobber nurses as compared to single jobber nurses. The study would have been more generalizable if more tertiary care hospitals were included for data collection.
Change Evaluation And Sustainability Essay Paper.docx4934bk
The document discusses implementing a change initiative to address compassion fatigue among nursing staff in a hospital's surgical units. It proposes educating nurses on compassion fatigue, identifying signs, and developing constructive coping strategies. An interprofessional team will introduce the change using the John Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model. Nurses will be surveyed before and after using a standardized questionnaire to evaluate the intervention's effectiveness in reducing fatigue and improving coping mechanisms. If shown to be effective, the change could be expanded to other units and facilities to help sustain improved nurse well-being and patient care over the long term.
The study evaluated the effectiveness of a safety simulation program involving a standardized patient for operating room nurses compared to a control group that received a lecture on safety. The simulation program was found to significantly improve nurses' safety attitudes and compliance with safety management procedures, though it did not affect their awareness of the importance of safety management. Correlations were observed between variables such as awareness, compliance, and safety attitudes.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated quality assurance in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in India. The study collected data through questionnaires from 80 patients and 20 healthcare professionals. It found that while most patients were satisfied overall, many reported dissatisfaction with physical facilities like drinking water. Healthcare professionals also expressed dissatisfaction with physical facilities. The highest rated quality area was documentation procedures. The study aims to identify areas of improvement to further enhance emergency care quality and patient satisfaction.
Similar to Implications of stereotypical self and public nursing image on performance (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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1. INTRODUCTION
An image is a picture representative of something real. It refers to the tangible or
visible representations and/or perceptions resulting from a person’s conduct as a professional,
linked to competence and ethical behavior [1].
In nursing, image refers to a person’s
professional qualities and conduct, which represent the nurses’ competence as perceived by
patients and by self [2].
Nurses are not perceived in the manner they wish to be. Their image
appears to be blemished, as witnessed by the many negative messages in the media and the
number of complaints about nurses received by employers. The image of nursing is vital to
the profession, and is an important concept for future nurses to understand. It is also
conveyed by how nursing students present themselves in every setting from classroom, to
clinical, to professional meetings, to the workplace [3].
Self-image is how nurses perceive themselves, whereas the public image reflects the
impression the public has of the nurse. Self-image is usually rated much higher than public
image. Nurses should be aware of the fact that when consulting patients or caring for
someone, patients are observing them and form impressions about their appearance,
competence, character, and commitment. Whether good or bad, these impressions usually
spread quickly around the health facility and community [4].
Improving nurses’ public and self-images is quite important. A good image motivates
nursing students to enter the profession out of inspiration and enthusiasm, rather than job
security, and influences the recruitment and retention of nurses. It is associated with more
participation in decision making, high self-esteem and job satisfaction, and creates a sense of
pride in what one is doing. Consequently, nursing practice standards will improve, with
increased patients’ satisfaction [2].
Therefore, the present study aim was to find out
implications of stereotypical self and public nursing image on performance of nurses and
nursing students.
2. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
2.1. Research design and setting
The study was conducted during the period from March 2012 to May 2012 using a
triangulated design with a comparative analytic cross-sectional quantitative part, and a
qualitative part to support it. The study setting was the Faculty of Nursing in Helwan
University, Egypt and the five training hospitals affiliated to it.
2.2. Participants
The study involved 120 nursing staff in all departments in the study setting, and an
equal number of nursing students. The nursing staff sample included two nursing directors,
nine floor supervisors, five head nurses, and 104 staff nurses. Their age ranged between 25
and 56 years (mean ± SD 34.4±7.6), with a female majority (95). Only five were having a
bachelor degree in nursing, and the rest were diploma nurses: school (72), specialty (40), and
Technical Institute (3). The second group included 120 nursing students from the four grades
of the academic year 2011-2012. Their age ranged between 20 and 23 years (mean ± SD
20.6±1.5), with slightly more females (69), and 63 having secondary school certificates,
while 57 had Nursing Technical Institute diploma.
The sample size was calculated to detect any difference in positive image between
staff nurses and students or between self and public of 20% or more, with 80% power and at
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95% confidence level. Using the sample size equation for the difference between two
proportions (Epi-Info 6.04), the required sample size per group is 103. This was increased to
120 to compensate for a dropout rate of about 20%. For the nurses, a convenience sampling
technique was used. For students, a systematic random sampling technique was used, with
proportionate representation of the four grades.
2.3. Data collection tools
A self-administered tool was used for quantitative data collection. It included a
Nursing Image Scale, a Staff Nurse Role scale both guided by literatures [3, 5],
and a socio-
demographic part.
2.3. 1. Nursing Image Scale
This was used to determine participants’ perception of self and public image of
nursing. It includes 34 items grouped into three domains and two roles. The domain of
interpersonal power factors includes 10 items such as confident, leader, intelligent,
independent, scientific, etc. The interpersonal relations factors domain has seven items such
as compassionate, warm, respectful, responsible, etc. The intrapersonal ability factors domain
consists of five items such as organized, rational, controlled, etc. The two roles are decision-
making and patient care each consisting of six items. An example of the decision making
statements is: "participates in taking policy decisions that influence work conditions," and of
patient care: "I feel I should spend most of the time in providing direct patient care." The tool
reliability was assessed through measuring its internal consistency, which proved to be high
with Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.807.
2.3. 2.Staff Nurse Role Scale
This consisted of 13 items grouped into two subscales, namely self-evaluation of task
performance (9 items) and self-esteem (4 items). The tool reliability was assessed through
measuring its internal consistency, which proved to be good (Cronbach alpha coefficient
0.748).
The respondents are asked to rate how they think the public view nurses, how they see
themselves as nurses, and to self-evaluate their performance. The responses to the items were
on a 6-point Likert Scale: strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, somewhat agree,
agree, and strongly agree. These were scored from 1 to 6 respectively, with reversed scoring
for the negative items. The scores of each scale and subscale were summed up and converted
into a percent score. The participant’s perception was considered positive if the percent score
was 60% or higher and negative if less.
The tool was appended by a section for participant’s characteristics as age, sex,
marital status, hospital name, department, grade (for students) and qualification and job for
nurses. The scales were adopted and translated into Arabic, and evaluated through experts’
opinions by five academic staff members of nursing administration departments at Ain-
Shams and Benha Faculties of Nursing, in addition to five nursing leaders from the study
hospitals. The tool was then pilot-tested on groups of four nurses and four nursing students
in the settings to identify ambiguous questions. Accordingly, minor changes were made for a
few unclear words.
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2.4. Procedure
Official permissions were obtained through letters addressed from the Dean of the
Faculty of Nursing at Helwan University to designated hospitals directors. Then, the
researcher met with the directors, explained to them the purpose and procedures of the study
and started to select the samples of nurses and students. Meetings with the recruited samples
were done in small groups. After explanation of the aim and procedures, each person was
asked for consent to participate. Those who agreed were handed the questionnaire form and
asked to fill it. Students were asked to participate in focus group discussions after analysis of
the data obtained from the questionnaires. This was intended to help gain an in-depth
understanding of the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions, and provide a cost-effective way of
deducing homogenous or heterogeneous groups’ opinions through prompting debates and
encouraging disclosure in a supportive environment [6, 7].
After preliminary analysis of the filled forms, points were identified to be discussed in
focus groups. The researcher prepared a schedule for discussion that involved six key topics.
These were self and public image of the nursing profession, role of the nurse, reasons for
selecting the nursing career, effect media on nursing image, causes of low image, and
solutions to change society's perception of the nursing profession.
The researcher posted an announcement of the time, place, objectives and procedures
of the focus group discussion on the Faculty notice board, inviting students from various
faculties or institutes of nursing to participate. Those who agreed were asked to register and
select the suitable time according to the posted schedule. Thirty nine students participated in
five groups. The number of students per group ranged from six to nine. Groups comprised a
mix of males and females, from various grades and different types of secondary education.
The researcher organized the meeting room with a video-camera, but all participants
refused video recording and preferred reporting by one of the participants. The setting was
neutral and comfortable. At the opening, the researcher explained to participants the research
objective and topics of discussion, and played the role of facilitator encouraging group
interactions, and motivating all attendants to participate, clarifying that there are no right or
wrong opinions, and that each student was free to express his/her opinions with no
restrictions. The duration of the session was between 60 and 90 minutes. At the end of the
meeting, the researcher asked the group to summarize the debates, and check for agreements.
Although validity is a relevant concept in both qualitative and quantitative research, it is
conceived of, and arrived at, incompletely different ways [8].
The validity and reliability of qualitative research is different from quantitative
research where there is one reality that is either objective or subjective [9].
In the current
study, construct validity was established by triangulation, using quantitative and qualitative
approaches to collect the same data, providing multiple sources of evidence.
The quantitative survey was achieved during the period from February to April 2012.
The qualitative part, including preparation, actual conduction of focus groups, and analysis
was during May 2012.
2.5. Ethical considerations and human rights
The researcher followed all principles of ethics in research. A written informed
consent was obtained from each participant. Confidentiality of information was assured, and
the forms were anonymous. Participants were informed about the right to refuse to participate
or withdraw at any time with no reason given.
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2.6. Statistical analysis
For the quantitative survey, data entry and statistical analysis were done using SPSS
16.0 statistical software package. Quantitative continuous data were compared using the non-
parametric median test to compare the four categories of self-public image in nurses and
nursing students. Qualitative categorical variables were compared using chi-square test.
Whenever the expected values in one or more of the cells in a 2x2 tables was less than 5,
Fisher exact test was used instead. Pearson correlation analysis was used for assessment of
the inter-relationships among scores. Statistical significance was considered at p-value <0.05.
The first step in qualitative analysis process, according to [10]
, was to organize the data
according to a systematic method of classification and indexing in order to cope with the
chaotic and unconnected masses of raw data. This was followed by a process of comparing
and contrasting descriptions of the phenomena under study, where the transcripts of focus
group discussion were grounded in the participant’s words, screened, filtered, and
conceptually transformed from the pragmatic to the abstract. This would allow identification
of themes repeatedly raised and the relationships among them [11]
, through a process of
guessing and confirmation, modifications, suggestions and arguments [12].
The qualitative data
analysis was started in parallel to data collection. The researcher took notes of the important
points related to nurse image right after the focus group discussions in order not to miss any
details. Then analysis was done through reading and re-reading the transcripts. It was based
on the mixed strategies approach [10, 13]
, which involves data reduction, data display and
conclusion drawing/verification. The data reduction involved re-organization of the collected
data and re-arranging them together in different ways to produce an answer to the research
questions. This was done through careful reading to extract significant and relevant
statements, highlighting the main concepts, and coding them in words, sentences and
paragraphs. Then, the researcher proceeded to copying and moving the bits of data from the
original transcripts to specific categories or themes guided by the purpose of the study to
provide a well-structured analytical framework. The themes and sub-themes were labeled on
computer, and a coding scheme was created.
The researcher clustered the data for each theme, and the content of each theme was
summarized. During this process, the researcher took into consideration the commonalties,
uniqueness, confusion, and contradiction, association the data and linking it to the content.
The data display step involved organizing themes according to research questions and
conceptual framework. The final step of drawing conclusion and verification encompassed
strategies for generating meaning from the data collected such as noting patterns, making
comparisons, noting relations, and making conceptual/theoretical coherence to allow
supporting or contradicting existing theories or understanding on the topic. Linking was done
between quantitative and qualitative data analyses by associating words with numbers to
improve and support the evidence.
3. RESULTS
Generally, the perceptions of stereotypical self-public nursing image among study
participants were high. This was especially evident as regards interpersonal relations factors
and intrapersonal ability factors both among nurses and students (Table 1). On the other hand,
the perception of patient care roles were the lowest in both groups, particularly from the
public viewpoint, 68.3% and 55.8% for the nurses and students, respectively. The self-
perception was always higher than the public perception in all areas, with statistically
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significant difference in the inter- and intra-personal factors. Overall, more than 85% of both
groups had high perception of nurse's public and self-image. Concerning self-evaluation of
task performance, (Table 2) shows that all or almost all of the nurses and nursing students
had a feeling of achieving work objectives, performance standards, carrying tasks as
expected, and according to timetable. Meanwhile, statistically significantly more nurses
viewed that they do not demonstrate expertise (p=0.002) or competency (p<0.001) in all job-
related tasks required. Conversely, more students thought they could manage more
responsibilities than typically assigned, compared to nurses (p=0.004). As regards self-
esteem, the same table shows that all or almost all nurses and students felt themselves worthy
member and cooperative participant of the nursing profession. However, significantly more
nurses had the feeling of not having much to offer (p=0.001), and of not contributing
sufficiently (p=0.002) to the nursing profession, although the percentages were low in both
groups. The comparison of the total scores of self and public perception of nurses and
students (Table 3) indicated statistically significant differences (p=0.016). It is evident the
score of students' perception of public nursing image was the lowest (80.4%), bearing a
significant difference with nurses' (82.8%) and students' (82.6%) self-perception scores.
Nonetheless, no significant difference could be revealed between students' self and public
image. The implications found out self and public nursing image on task performance as
perceived by nurses' staff and nursing students' are presented in (Table 4) that demonstrated a
number of statistically significant positive correlations. The strongest of these correlations
were those between students' perception of self-image with task performance (r=0.75) and
self-esteem (r=0.70), and nurses' perception of self-image with task performance (r=0.76)
self-esteem (r=0.65), and public image (r=0.66). Meanwhile, no significant correlation could
be detected between students' perception of public-image and self-esteem (r=0.18).
Table 1: Perception of Stereotypical Self-Public Nursing Image among Study Participants
Perception of
X2
Test
p-value
Public image
(n=120)
Self-image
(n=120)
No. % No. %
Among nurses staff
Interpersonal power factors 97 80.8 115 95.8 13.10 <0.001*
Interpersonal relations factors 108 90.0 120 100.0 12.63 <0.001*
Intrapersonal ability factors 106 88.3 116 96.7 6.01 0.01*
Decision-making roles 97 80.8 99 82.5 0.11 0.74
Patient care roles 82 68.3 88 73.3 0.73 0.39
Total nursing image:
High (70%+) 104 86.7 115 95.8
Low (<70%) 16 13.3 5 4.2 6.31 0.01*
Among nursing students
Interpersonal power factors 100 83.3 118 98.3 16.21 <0.001*
Interpersonal relations factors 106 88.3 117 97.5 7.66 0.006*
Intrapersonal ability factors 106 88.3 118 98.3 9.64 0.002*
Decision-making roles 96 80.0 105 87.5 2.48 0.12
Patient care roles 67 55.8 74 61.7 0.84 0.36
Total nursing image:
High (70%+) 104 86.7 118 98.3
Low (<70%) 16 13.3 2 1.7 11.77 0.001*
(*) Statistically significant at p<0.05
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Table 2: Self-Evaluation of Task Performance and Self-Esteem among Nurses and Nursing
Students
Category
X2
Test
p-value
Nurses
(n=120)
Nursing
Students
(n=120)
No. % No. %
Task performance: as a nurse I evaluate my
general performance as follows:
I achieve required work objectives 119 99.2 120 100.0 Fisher 1.00
I fulfill the performance standards required 120 100.0 120 100.0 0.00 1.00
I do not demonstrate expertise in all job-
related tasks required
42 35.0 21 17.5 9.49 0.002*
I do not fulfill the job requirements 93 77.5 101 84.2 1.72 0.19
I could manage more responsibility than
typically assigned
102 85.0 115 95.8 8.13 0.004*
I feel my performance fits a higher job role 115 95.8 118 98.3 Fisher 0.45
I am not competent in all areas of the job
and tasks required of me
42 35.0 14 11.7 18.26 <0.001*
I perform well in the overall job by carrying
out tasks as expected.
118 98.3 119 99.2 Fisher 1.00
I plan and organize to achieve my job goals
according to timetable
119 99.2 119 99.2 Fisher 1.00
Self-esteem: as a member in the nursing
profession I evaluate myself as follows:
I am a worthy member of the nursing
profession.
120 100.0 116 96.7 Fisher 0.12
I feel I do not have much to offer to the
nursing profession
42 35.0 20 16.7 10.53 0.001*
I am a cooperative participant in nursing
profession
117 97.5 117 97.5 Fisher 1.00
I often feel I do not contribute sufficiently
to the nursing profession
46 38.3 24 20.0 9.76 0.002*
(*) Statistically significant at p<0.05
Table 3: The Relation between Self-Public Nursing Image Scores among Nurses and Nursing
Students
Nursing image scores N Mean S.D. Min Max
> median
Median test
No. %
Nurse (self) 120 82.8*
4.9 65.4 89.0 58 48.3
Nurse (public) 120 82.2 9.4 45.4 90.1 74 61.7 X2
=10.292
Nursing Student (self) 120 82.6#
4.8 64.6 89.3 50 41.7 P=0.016*
Nursing Student (public) 120 80.4*#
10.1 38.1 89.6 57 47.5
(*) Statistically significant at p<0.05
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Table 4: Implications of Self and Public Nursing Image On Task Performance As Perceived
By Nurses' and Nursing Students'
Pearson correlation coefficients
Nursing Students (n=120) Nurses (n=120)
Task Self
Image
(Public)
Image
(self)
Task Self
Image
(Public.)
Image
(self)
Task performance
Self esteem .53** .48**
Image (Public) .21* .18 .68** .34**
Image (self) .75** .70** .32** .76** .65** .66**
(**) Statistically significant at p<0.01
The qualitative data analysis identified three main themes: the self-image along with
career choice, the public image with the negative role of the media, and the remedial
approaches both from inside and outside the profession. The self-image was high in all
groups, with supporting expressions such as: "I am proud of being a nurse", "I have a high
esteem of working in this profession," "I am honored to enter this career as it was my dream
in secondary school." Only one statement was in the opposite direction: "I wished to be a
doctor, but my grades did not allow me." The high self-image was substantiated by the
"humane" character of the profession, as well as the associated compassion that would make
the nurse "closer to God." Added to this is the "very high opportunities to be employed even
during study," along with the "good income." The second theme was that of public image,
which was overall gloomy. This was sometimes attributed to the "non-respectful" behavior of
some nurses, and in other instances to the ambiguity of nurse role, considering the nurse as "a
tool in physician's hands like other pieces of medical equipment," with "powerless nursing
directors," and lack of knowledge of the true role of the nurse limiting it to "giving
injections," and "implementing physicians' orders." However, the negative role of the media
recurred in all groups, derogating the nursing profession and stigmatizing it to the extent that
a participant stated: "I hate the day I chose this career." The opinions about corrective
approaches reiterated the role of the media in improving the nursing image in the society.
However, more importantly the participants addressed remedial from within the profession
itself, starting from "setting selection criteria for career entry." The role of the academia in
"upgrading and improving nursing curricula" has been emphasized. Lastly, the nursing
syndicate (union) was attacked for "not having a leading role in advancing the profession." A
"true professionalism of the new graduates" is the way for this profession to regain its image.
4. DISCUSSION
This study assessed nurses' and nursing students' perception of self and public image
of the nursing profession. The study findings point to a generally high perception in both
groups regarding self and public image, although the self-image was always higher than the
public one. The quantitative part of the study is supported by the qualitative part findings in
the discrepancy between the self and public image. The significant difference revealed
between nurses' and students' perceptions of public image might be explained by the
experience gained by nurses during actual work. In line with [14],
was clarified that the
differences between nursing students and nurses' beliefs may be explained by the fact that
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students' perceptions are usually acquired from the media and their families, which are
gradually replaced by the reality of the profession.
However, the perception of the public image is gloomier in the qualitative findings.
This difference between quantitative and qualitative findings can be attributed to the nature of
data evolving from the two sources, where the approach of focus groups emphasizes an
interpretive approach to answer the questions, rather than just checking an answer on a scale.
Hence, collecting various data by using different methods from multiple sources provides a
wide range of rich data that in turn results in a clear understanding of the phenomena studied.
The quantitative data may reflect a wishful perception, but the interactions and debates in the
focus group certainly encouraged participants to go in more depth to explain the problem.
The current study findings are in line with the low perception of public image of
nursing, which seems to be universal, and most nurses are negatively influenced by the public
view about nursing. In a survey of registered nurses in California, 23% of them perceived that
the public portrayed them as handmaidens to physicians [15]
. This is even more evident in the
Arab world where nursing is still suffering from negative public image [16]
.
Despite the dark public image of nursing as identified in focus groups, the present
study findings indicate that most participants selected this career by their own will, and were
even proud with their selection. This may be explained by the high perception of self-image,
which may be considered by them as more important than the public image. Hence, the
choice of nursing as a career does not depend only on the public image, social prestige,
media, role models, nursing educators, nurse preceptors, and nursing education programs as
reported by [17]
, but also on self-perception of the image.
However, in disagreement with the foregoing, a study in Brazil showed that only
about one third of the nursing students reported that the nursing career was their first choice
and would change professions if possible [18]
. The selection of a wrong career may be one of
the important factors underlying low job satisfaction, which may lead to non-professional
behaviors of some of the nurses, which in turn has a negative impact on nursing public image.
The focus group debates have also demonstrated that male students were more
enthusiastic and showed more pride with their choice of nursing career. This might be
influenced by the financial assets and job security provided in this profession in a society
where the rate of unemployment of university graduates is high. The finding is incongruent
with [19]
, who discussed the factors that continue to attract large numbers of women to
nursing, while men choose other careers. The discrepancy between the two studies might be
explained by the differences in the settings and the job opportunities.
The present study has also identified other factors that may explain the low perception
of public nursing image. Among these factors is the nurse's role ambiguity, which may lead
to misconceptions of the true role of the nurse as an active member of the healthcare team. In
congruence with this, a study in Hong Kong analyzed the perception of secondary students
about nursing; the perceived roles of the nurses were helping patients with hygiene and
medication; helping the doctor; obeying orders; cleaning; and teaching new nurses [20]
.
Although the public image of nurses appears to have been slowly improving, nursing
stereotyping that stresses nurses’ subordinate and powerless position is still prevalent as
revealed in the present study focus groups analyses, which also identified the negative role of
the media. The persistence of this negative nursing stereotyping is produced by public
opinion influencing the media and media portrayal of nursing reinforcing that stereotyping.
Images of nurses as being feminine and subordinate are consistent with a review of
contemporary medical dramas in the UK and US media [21]
, This negative public image
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would affect the role of nursing and as well influence the characteristics of the health care
environment of nurses in terms of the behavior of other team members toward the stereotyped
group [22]
.
The present study found out moderate to strong significant implications between self
and public image on one side and self-evaluation of task role and self-esteem on the other
side, both among nurses and nursing students. This implies that a low nursing image may
have a negative impact on task performance and on self-esteem. The finding is consistent
with that of [23]
, who found that there was a moderate effect between them (r=.54). On the
same line [24]
mentioned that nurses and the nursing students receive the impact of the
negative social appraisal at work and in the community. Therefore, efforts to improve this
image would lead to improvement in role.
An important theme that emanated from the current study qualitative part is the
emphasis on self-correction from students, new graduates, as well as academia and union. In
congruence with the [3]
, confirmed that student nurses can lead the way in changing nursing
public image. On the same line, it has been suggested that nurses should shape their own
media portrayals, identify outstanding nursing role models to address the public in the media,
and practice a positive image [2]
.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study indicates a generally high perception of nurses and nursing students
regarding self and public image with self-image being higher, with significant differences
between them in public image perception. The study demonstrated a number of statistically
significant positive correlations of the implications stereotypical self and public nursing
image on their self-evaluation of task performance and self-esteem nurses and nursing
students' scores. The strongest of these correlations were those between students' perception
of self-image with task performance. Public image would implicate the performance of
nursing and as well influence the characteristics of the health care environment of nurses in
terms of the behavior of other team members toward the stereotyped group; these factor is the
nurse's role ambiguity, which may lead to misconceptions of the true role of the nurse as an
active member of the healthcare team. The quantitative part of the study is supported by the
qualitative part findings in the discrepancy between the self and public image although the
latter is gloomier. Despite the seemingly improving public image of nurses, nursing
stereotyping that stresses powerlessness is still prevalent, and may have a negative impact on
task performance and self-esteem. The study recommended that nurses should be have self-
confidences from inside themselves to reflect it for public and patients which would lead to
change in the public image, improve negative nursing images through the media and
marketing for the genuine nursing roles through the public and stakeholders.
6. Acknowledgements
I would like to express my deep thanks to nursing students Faculty of Nursing,
Helwan University and nursing staff works in affiliated hospitals for your participate in study.
I would like to thank dean of faculty, medical directors and nursing directors in studied
hospitals for facilitate to apply this work. Finally, deep thanks to my dear husband and my
lovely sons for their cooperation, encouragement and sustained moral support at the home
during work study.
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