A. There are three types of immunological disorders
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune disease
3. Immunodeficiency
B. Hypersensitivity reactions to usually harmless substances are often called allergies or allergic reactions
A. There are three types of immunological disorders
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune disease
3. Immunodeficiency
B. Hypersensitivity reactions to usually harmless substances are often called allergies or allergic reactions
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immediate or Type I hypersensitivity is a rapid immunological reaction occurring in a previously sensitized individual that is triggered by the binding of an antigen to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Difference between innate and adaptive immunitykamilKhan63
Adaptive Immunity : it is the immune response against a specific antigen.
Innate Immunity : it is the immediate protective response of the immune system that does not require previous exposure to the antigen.
Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immediate or Type I hypersensitivity is a rapid immunological reaction occurring in a previously sensitized individual that is triggered by the binding of an antigen to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Difference between innate and adaptive immunitykamilKhan63
Adaptive Immunity : it is the immune response against a specific antigen.
Innate Immunity : it is the immediate protective response of the immune system that does not require previous exposure to the antigen.
Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
1. Type I Hypersensitivity:
Type I hypersensitive reactions are the commonest type among all types which is mainly induced by certain type of antigens i.e. allergens. Actually anaphylaxis means “opposite of protection” and is mediated by IgE antibodies through interaction with an allergen
UNIT-5: CONGENITAL MALFORMATION IN PAEDIATRICSANJAY SIR
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT COMMON CONGENITAL PROBLEMS AMONG CHILDRENS. IT IS ALSO HELPFULL TO THE EDUCATORS OF MEDICAL, DENTAL, NURSING AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS.
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATOR FOR THEIR STUDENTS. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG COMMON PEOPLE ABOUT OUR BODY STRUCTURE.
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
PREVENTION OF CORONA VIRUS INFECTION AMONG HEALTH WORKERS & PATIENTSSANJAY SIR
This presentation is for health care workers & patients to limit the transmission of corona virus infections. it also helps educator of medical, nursing & paramedics to teach their students about control & prevention strategies. it also create awareness among HCWs & common people.
this presentation is uploaded specially for the Nursing Faculties and paramedics regarding the Body Mechanics specially in the subject Nursing Foundation , Unit- X. it is also useful to common people about poor body posture in relation to their occupation and adverse effect of poor body mechanics, it is also useful to all nursing officers and para medics.
it is uploaded to create awareness among the common public regarding dimension of health. Specially prepared for students. health care providers and paramedics to learn about it. educators can also use for their students.
This presentation will help the U.G, P,G, students ,scholars and researcher and others to make a research proposal to conduct a research study in any area of their interest.
it will help the general public regarding the basic aspect of the antenatal care. it will also help to nursing and para medical educator to teach their students. it also create awareness about it.
2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health NursingSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to help medics, paramedics and nursing educators to teach their students about dynamic of disease. it also help to create awareness in general people about it.
IT IS UPLOADED TO HELP NURSING AND PARAMEDICS EDUCATOR TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS REGARDING NEW BORN CARE. IT ALSO HELPS TO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG GENERAL PUBLIC ABOUT THE NEW BORN CARE.
This presentation is uploaded to create awareness regarding thalassamia among common people and it also help the tutors of paramedics and nursing to teach their students about it.
it is uploaded to create awareness about congenital abnormality of urinary system. it also help nursing & paramedics educators to teach their students about it.
Job discription(Role & Responsibilities) of Nursing Officer/Nursing staffSANJAY SIR
It is uploaded to help nursing educators to teach their students about job description & role & responsibilities of professional nursing officer. it also create awareness among general public about duties & functions of nursing officers/nursing staff.
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS AMONG CHILDRENS. SANJAY SIR
It is uploaded to create awareness regarding prevention of accidents in children in various age groups among general public. it also helps nursing & paramedics educator to teach their students.
it is uploaded to nurse educator to teach students about unit -2 healthy child in pediatric nursing. it also help the para medics & general public about normal growth & development of child. it also help to identify deviation from normal growth.
it is uploaded for paramedics & nursing faculties to teach their students & also helps & create awareness about breast feeding practices to decrease the infant mortality rate.
Elderly care-in-india-changing-perspectivesSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to create awareness regarding importance of elderly care & changing perspectives about it . It helps paramedics & nursing educator to teach their students about it.
IT IS UPLOADED TO CREATE AWARENESS REGARDING STRESS & ITS MANAGEMENT AMONG GENERAL PUBLIC. IT ALSO HELPS PARAMEDICS & NURSING PERSONNEL TO COMBAT WITH STRESS & ALSO HELPS EDUCATOR TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT IT.
Counselling of people living with HIV/AIDSSANJAY SIR
IT HELPS THE PARAMEDICS & NURSING PERSONNEL REGARDING COUNSELING SESSION OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS & ALSO HELPS THE EDUCATOR TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS REGARDING COUNSELING . IT ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG COMMON PEOPLE ABOUT IT.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
1. Immunological Disorders
FROM : SANJAY SIR
LECTURER
GOVT. COLLEGE OF NUIRSING
NEW CIVIL HOSPITAL
SURAT
12/16/2017 princess 1
2. Immunological Disorders
Introduction
A. There are three types of immunological
disorders
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune disease
3. Immunodeficiency
B. Hypersensitivity reactions to usually
harmless substances are often called
allergies or allergic reactions
12/16/2017 2princess
3. Immunological Disorders
1. allergens – antigens that cause allergic
reactions
C. Most allergic reactions fall into one of four
major types:
1. Type I: Immediate IgE-mediated
2. Type II: Cytotoxic
3. Type III: Immune complex-mediated
4. Type IV: Delayed cell-mediated
12/16/2017 3princess
4. Immunological Disorders
Type I Hypersensitivity
A. Also called IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity
B. Mechanism
1. First exposure to antigen induces an
IgE antibody response leading to
sensitization
A) Antigen is taken up by dendritic cells
(APC-antigen presenting cell
(macrophage) and merged with
MHC(major histocompatibility
complex-series of genes located on
chromosome-6 that code for antigens)
molecules12/16/2017 4princess
5. Immunological Disorders
B) APC presents the antigen to T-cells
C) Activated T-cells release cytokines that
stimulate B-cells to produce plasma cells
which secrete large amounts of IgE
D) IgE antibodies bind to mast cell
receptors and the individual is now
“sensitized”
12/16/2017 5princess
6. Immunological Disorders
2. During the subsequent exposures, antigens
activate IgE antibodies on the mast cell
causing it to degranulate
A) Histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins,
and/or cytokines are released
B) These chemicals are the cause of hives,
hay fever, asthma and anaphylactic shock
3. Reactions generally occur within 30 minutes of
exposure
12/16/2017 6princess
7. Immunological Disorders
C. Localized Anaphylaxis
1. Hives – an allergic skin condition
characterized by the formation of a wheal
and flare pattern
A) Frequently the result of seafood allergies
B) These reactions are due to the release
of histamine which causes dilation of tiny
blood vessels and the leaking of plasma
into the area
12/16/2017 7princess
9. Immunological Disorders
2. Hay fever – itchy, teary eyes, sneezing, and
runny nose; occurs when allergic person
inhales an antigen rather than ingests it
A) also mediated by histamine
3. Asthma – inhaled allergen causes chemical
mediators from IgE to stimulate increased
mucus secretions and spasms of the bronchi
A) leukotrienes and prostaglandins are
responsible
12/16/2017 9princess
10. Immunological Disorders
D. Generalized Anaphylaxis
1. Antigen enters the bloodstream and
becomes widespread and the reaction
affects almost the entire body (systemic)
2. Loss of fluid from the blood vessels into
tissues causes swelling and possibly shock
3. Reactions may be fatal within minutes
4. Bee sting, peanut, and penicillin allergies
account for most cases
12/16/2017 10princess
11. Immunological Disorders
5. Can usually be controlled by
epinephrine injections
E. Immunotherapy
1. Desensitization or immunotherapy is
often effective in decreasing the Type I
hypersensitivity state
12/16/2017 11princess
12. Immunological Disorders
A) Repeated injections of very small amounts
of antigen are given over several months
B) This regimen leads to the formation of
specific IgG antibodies
C) The IgG reacts with antigen before it can
bind to IgE and therefore it blocks the IgE
reaction that might result in allergic
reactions
12/16/2017 12princess
13. Immunological Disorders
Type II Hypersensitivity
A. Also called Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
because it utilizes antibodies that can
destroy normal cells by complement lysis or
by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
B. Generally occur within hours after exposure
C. Transfusion Reactions – the ABO blood
groups are the major cause of hemolytic
anemia in blood transfusion patients
12/16/2017 13princess
14. Immunological Disorders
1. Recall that persons with A type blood
possess the A antigen and the natural
antibody anti-B
2. Persons with B type blood possess the B
antigen and the natural antibody anti-A
3. Persons with O type blood lack both the
A and B antigens but possess both the
natural antibodies anti-A and anti-B
12/16/2017 14princess
15. Immunological Disorders
4. Persons with AB type blood possess both the
A and B antigens but posses no natural
antibodies
5. In the case of ABO incompatibility, the
antibodies cause reactions that include fever,
low blood pressure, pain, nausea, and vomiting
6. Cross-matching the bloods and other
techniques are used to ensure compatibility of
donor and recipient
12/16/2017 15princess
16. Immunological Disorders
D. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
1. Also called Erythroblastosis fetalis
2. Results when mother is Rh- and baby
is Rh+
3. Upon delivery, Rh+ antigens are
transferred to the mother’s
bloodstream which causes her to
produce anti-Rh antibodies
12/16/2017 16princess
17. Immunological Disorders
4. If the mother becomes pregnant again with an
Rh+ child, the antibodies cross the placenta,
enter the circulation of the fetus, and cause
extensive fetal erythrocyte damage
5. RhoGAM may be administered to prevent this
reaction
A) contains Rh antibodies and prevents the
mother’s natural production of them
B) widely used at 28 weeks and after delivery
during all susceptible pregnancies
12/16/2017 17princess
18. Immunological Disorders
Type III Hypersensitivity
A. Also called Immune Complex-Mediated
Hypersensitivity
B. Occurs within hours or days after exposure
C. When there is a slight excess of antigen,
the antigen-antibody complexes activate
complements and stimulate neutrophil and
basophil degranulation
12/16/2017 18princess
19. Immunological Disorders
1. Results in vasodilation, increased
vascular permeability, and inflammation
D. Small antigen-antibody complexes are
often deposited in the walls of small blood
vessels in skin, joints and kidneys where
they continue to cause inflammation and
eventually tissue damage
12/16/2017 19princess
20. Immunological Disorders
E. The complexes can also precipitate causing clots to form in
the small blood vessels leading to failure or death of the
organ
1. Known as Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(a
condition resulting from overstimulation of the blood
clotting mechanism in response to disease /injury such
as sever infection, acute leukemia, burns, trauma,
abruptio placenta or intrauterine fetal death. . The
overstimulation result in generalize blood coagulation &
excessive consumption of coagulation factors. The
resulting deficiency of these may lead to spontaneous
bleeding. Transfusion of plasma are given to replace the
depleted clotting factors, & Rx of underlying cause is
essential.
F. Examples of Type III Hypersensitivity are:
1. Arthus reaction – localized tissue death
A) ex. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
2. Serum sickness – seen in individuals immunized/treated
with animal serum
12/16/2017 20princess
21. Immunological Disorders
Type IV Hypersensitivity
A. Also called Delayed Cell-Mediated
Hypersensitivity
1. occurs within days after exposure
B. T-cells rather than antibodies are involved
with this type
C. Examples of delayed hypersensitivity are:
12/16/2017 21princess
22. Immunological Disorders
1. Tuberculin skin test – a positive test results
when circulating antibodies (which are only
present if the person has been exposed)
bind to the protein antigens of the
tuberculosis bacteria introduced under the
skin
A) peaks 2-3 days after exposure
12/16/2017 22princess
23. Immunological Disorders
B) the redness results mainly from sensitized
T-cell reactions, the release of cytokines
and the influx of macrophages to the
injection site
C) false positive tests can result from
exposure to another species of
Mycobacterium or use of the BCG vaccine
12/16/2017 23princess
25. Immunological Disorders
2. Contact hypersensitivity – mediated by T-cells
that release cytokines when they come into
contact with the same antigen
A) the cytokines cause inflammation which
attracts WBC to the site
B) these then release chemicals that result in
allergic dermatitis or contact dermatitis
C) Examples: poison ivy, poison oak, nickel
reactions, and latex reactions
12/16/2017 25princess
27. Immunological Disorders
3. Delayed hypersensitivity to infectious diseases
– as T-cells destroy macrophages and sick
body cells, tissue damage results
A) Examples: leprosy, tuberculosis, and
herpes simplex infections
12/16/2017 27princess
28. Immunological Disorders
Transplant Immunity
A. 4 types of transplants
1. Autografts – grafts from the same person
2. Isografts – grafts donated by a
genetically identical twin
3. Allografts – grafts between non-identical
humans
4. Xenografts – transplantation of tissue
from a non-human organism
12/16/2017 28princess
29. Immunological Disorders
B. Transplantation rejection of allografts and
xenografts are caused largely by Type IV
cellular reaction
C. Transplant success is dictated by the
similarity of the MHC antigens on the
surface of human cells
12/16/2017 29princess
30. Immunological Disorders
1. MHC tissue typing is done in an effort to
ensure that no major tissue
incompatibilities exist between patient
and donor
D. Often immunosuppressive drugs are taken
to reduce rejection
1. These drug treatments however, make
the patient susceptible to opportunistic
infections
12/16/2017 30princess
31. Immunological Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases
A. Autoimmune diseases occur when the
immune system of the body responds to its
own tissues as if they were foreign
B. May result from normal reactions to
antigens that are similar, though not
identical, to the host’s normal antigens
12/16/2017 31princess
32. Immunological Disorders
C. Autoimmune reactions occur over a spectrum
ranging from organ-specific to widespread
response not limited to any one tissue
1. Grave’s disease (thyroid) and Insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus (pancreas) are
organ specific
2. Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are
considered widespread
12/16/2017 32princess
33. Graves' disease(Toxic diffuse goiter,)
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is
an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It
frequently results in and is the most common cause
of hyperthyroidism. It also often results in an enlarged
thyroid. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may
include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems,
a fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of heat, diarrhea, and
weight loss. Other symptoms may include thickening of
the skin on the shins, known as pretibial myxedema,
and eye bulging, a condition caused by Graves'
ophthalmopathy.. About 25% to 80% of people with the
condition develop eye problems.
12/16/2017 princess 33
34. Graves' disease
The classic finding of exophthalmos and lid retraction in
Graves' disease
Specialty Endocrinology
Symptoms Enlarged thyroid, irritability,
muscle weakness, sleeping
problems, fast heartbeat,
poor tolerance of heat
[1]
Complications Graves' ophthalmopathy
[1]
Causes Unknown
[2]
Risk factors Family history,
other autoimmune diseases
[1]
Diagnostic method Blood
tests, radioiodine uptake
[1][3]
Treatment Radioiodine therapy,
medications, thyroid
surgery
[1]
Frequency 0.5% (males), 3%
(females)
[4]
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35. The classic finding of exophthalmos and lid
retraction in Graves' disease
Complication: Graves Ophthalmopathy
Causes: unknown
Risk factors: family history, other autoimmune
disease
Diagnostic: radioiodine uptake, blood test
Rx : radiation therapy, medication, thyroid
surgery
Frequency: 0.5% male, 3% female12/16/2017 princess 35
36. Lupus(SLE):
An inflammatory disease caused when the immune system
attacks its own tissues.
Lupus (SLE) can affect the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells,
brain, heart and lungs.
Symptoms vary but can include fatigue, joint pain, rash and
fever. These can periodically get worse (flare up) and then
improve.
While there's no cure for lupus, current treatments focus on
improving quality of life through controlling symptoms and
minimizing flare-ups. This begins with lifestyle modifications,
including sun protection and diet. Further disease management
includes medication such as anti-inflammatory and steroids.
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37. Immunological Disorders
D. Treatment of Autoimmune diseases
1. Usually treated with immunosuppressive
drugs that kill dividing T-cells and thus
control the response
2. Also treated with drugs that interfere with T-
cell signaling such as cyclosporin
3. Steroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs
are often used to relieve symptoms
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38. Immunological Disorders
4. Some patients require replacement therapy
(ex. insulin for diabetics)
5. Transplantation of damaged organ is a last
resort
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