Immune electron microscopy is a variation of electron microscopy. It is applied for diagnosis of many viral infections. A difficult procedure, IEM was developed as a diagnostic aid for detecting and identifying transmissible gastroenteritis virus and rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) in fecal and intestinal contents from cases of gastroenteritis in young pigs. IEM is one of the fastest and most sensitive methods for the detection and diagnosis of viruses. This technique is based on formation of immune complexes of the virus with its corresponding antibody.
Immune electron microscopy is a variation of electron microscopy. It is applied for diagnosis of many viral infections. A difficult procedure, IEM was developed as a diagnostic aid for detecting and identifying transmissible gastroenteritis virus and rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) in fecal and intestinal contents from cases of gastroenteritis in young pigs. IEM is one of the fastest and most sensitive methods for the detection and diagnosis of viruses. This technique is based on formation of immune complexes of the virus with its corresponding antibody.
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
1. Bio – MEMS abbreviated form of Bio – Medical ( or Biological ) Micro Electro Mechanical System.
2. Techniques originally developed in Microelectronic Industries. It considers Lab - on – a – chip (LOC) and Micro Total Analysis System (μTAS).
3. More Focused on ( Made suitable for Biological Application )
4. Mechanical Parts Microfabrication Techniques
Bio – MEMS combines
Material Science & Clinical Science
Medicines and Surgery
Electrical Engineering
Optical, Chemical & Biomedical Engineering
5. Applications Includes :
a)Geonomics & Proteomics
b)Molecular & Point of care Diagnostics
c)Tissue Engineering & Implantable Micro Devices
The principle of the immunolocalization technique in plants basically involves fixation and permeabilization of cells, the use of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies attached to a signaling molecule, usually a fluorochrome and detection of the target molecule by using an epifluorescence microscope.
What are microbiological techniques ? what techniques or methods are used to detect microorganism. phase contrast mircroscopy , gel electrophoresis , flow cytometry , cell counter method and other.
its about the microscopes types and there significance in the world for diagnostic purposes .advantages and disadvantages of the types of different microscopes
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Immunoelectron microscopy is a method used in electron microscopy for diagnosis of viral
infections
This technique was first described in the 1940s using tobacco mosaic virus. Later in
1960s, June Almeida used it to identify viruses including rubella virus and in1970s Albert
Kapikian discovered noroviruses using this method
Powerful technique used for identifying viral antigens and determining their structural
localization and organization within vaccines and Tissues
This procedure can be used in every unicellular and multicellular organism to find the
structure-function associations
Immunoelectron microscopy is founded upon the principles of transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). TEM is an imaging technique that relies on a high voltage electron beam
being passed through a specimen, resulting in an image created from the interaction between
the electrons and the sample.
INTRODUCTION
3. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
How does it work?
I. Uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of
illumination.
II. Gives images of high resolution which can be
magnified in nanometres
III. The images are formed by controlled use of
electrons in a vacuum captured on a
phosphorescent screen
IV. Electron microscopy is used in conjunction with a
variety of additional trchniques (like thin sectioning
, immunolabelling)
V. There are two types of Electron Microscopes
I. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
II. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.
5. IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY
• Immunoelectron microscopy is founded upon the principles of transmission electron microscopy
(TEM).
• TEM is an imaging technique that depends upon a high voltage electron beam being passed
through a specimen, resulting in an image created from the interaction between the electrons and
the sample
• Negative staining is a quick and accessible way to identify structural information about a sample of
particles in suspension
• Utilizes negative staining techniques for antigen detection and structural organization of samples
• Samples prepared for immunoelectron microscopy are ultrathin sections of tissue treated for
microscopy applications, but valuable information can also be obtained from immunogold labeling
of liquid samples of viral suspensions.
• Not only can these techniques be applied to studying of live viruses, but they are also useful for
characterizing viral components in vaccines, viral like particles (VLPs), proteins purified from
viruses, and other specimen relevant in modern virology applications
6. The ultrathin specimen needed in TEM requires special protocols producing very hard blocks
that allow cutting of 50-70 nm thick sections.
This can be attained by embedding the sample in special plastic resins that harden after
polymerization, or by rapidly freezing down the specimen in liquid nitrogen and cutting it at
ultracold temperature (cryo-ultramicrotomy).
Three general methods are used, depending on the amount and the intracellular location of
the antigen and on the fixation technique:
i. cryo-ultramicrotomy
ii. pre-embedding
iii. post-embedding
All three methods include fixation, labelling , blocking , sectioning and contrasting in different
order before TEM examination
Sample preparation:
8. Detection
• Immunoelectron microscopy combines the ability of an antibody to specifically bind a protein
with the high spatial resolution of an electron microscope in order to determine the protein’s
location at subcellular level.
• The visualization is performed by TEM, which gives a simple two-dimensional projection of
the ultrathin sample down the optic axis.
• Detection of the antibody’s localization in the sample is possible by conjugating it with
colloidal gold particles of known diameter, which are thus distinctly visible on the transmitted
image of the sample.
• By using the tomography system available on modern electron microscopes, one can go
beyond the two dimensional projection and get accurate 3D information on the location of the
protein and with even higher resolution power
9. Electron micrograph of gold nanoparticles attached to rotaviruses. The
small dark circular objects are gold nanoparticles coated with
a monoclonal antibody specific for rotavirus protein VP6
10. Immuno-gold labelling
Immunogold labeling is a very powerful technique for identifying active sites and the presence of
biomarkers in the cells
It is probably the only technique that can probe the cells ultrastructurally because of the
processes devised to attach gold probes to secondary antibodies and consecutively to primary
antibody to reveal the presence of an antigen
Uses:
Immunogold labeling is being very useful in the localization of target markers in cells and
tissues. The high resolution of the technique could provide excellent insight with regards to
structure–function relationships in the microenvironment of cells and tissues. It can also be used
in the study of protein distribution in cellular and extracellular components
However, success of immunogold labeling techniques is very much dependent on the quality of
protein antigen preservation, antigen-primary antibody specificity, and the antibody’s ability to
infiltrate cells and tissues
Good handling of samples which involves fixation and dehydration as well as an appropriate
selection of embedding media are crucial for immunogold labelling analysis
11. Antigen-Antibody reaction:
The antibody binds with the antigen through a specific site called epitope. Immunogold labeling
relies solely on this antibody-antigen reaction in order to get intended results.
There are two types of antibodies: monoclonal and polyclonal antibody.
Monoclonal antibodies are derived from cellular reaction of plasma cells while polyclonal
antibodies are derived from the repetition of antigen stimulation.
Generally, immunogold labeling is focused more on indirect patterns whereby gold conjugated
secondary antibodies bind with specific primary antibodies in a microenvironment. This indirect
pattern is more favorable than the direct pattern for two reasons: (a) higher density of secondary
antibody albeit for longer incubation time and (b) increased sensitivity, since the secondary
antibody is able to bind with multiple sites on primary antibody
Gold particles as Probe:
Gold became the most reliable choice for immunogold labeling due to its large specific surface
area, good biocompatibility and high electron density, which offers easy detection, excellent
electrical and thermal conductivity in the electron microscope.
The size of gold particles used for immunogold labeling varies from 1 to 40µm and can be chosen
according to the type of labeling techniques employed.
Detecting multiple antigens within a cell may require the selective use of different sizes of gold
particles.
12.
13. Applications of Immunoelectron microscopy
Analysis of cellular processes: It is used to investigate the intrinsic structures of the
cell and cell organelles, and also used to examine the cellular biological processes
connected in the responses to the environmental changes
To study Host-Parasite interations: clarifies the specific functions of subcellular
organelles , which might not be detected by standard electron microscope or
biochemical techniques
In plant-virus diagnosis
In studies of nervous –system : focuses primarily on identifying the cellular and
subcellular localization of proteins of relevance to neurotransmission and on defining
synaptic connectivity within neuronal circuits