A detailed description of Cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity. Lecture notes for medical, dental and paramedical undergraduate students.
Difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity Dr. ihsan edan abdulkar...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
Difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity Dr. ihsan edan abdulkar...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Lecture notes of Staphylococcus. A detailed account on the morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical characteristics, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of S. aureus.
Description of various immunological mechanisms involved in the rejection of transplants. Lecture notes for medical, dental and allied health sciences undergraduate medical students.
WHONET for antibiotic policy-Its installation and usage guideKannan Iyanar
WHONET software. Step by step tutorial for the microbiologists. This presentation will helps them to install and configure the antibiotics for their laboratory. The software is very helpful both for clinical reporting as well as preparing antibiotic policy reports.
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Sample size calculation in medical researchKannan Iyanar
A short description on estimation of sample size in health care research. It describes the basic concepts in sample size estimation and various important formulae used for it.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. • In acquired immunity, lymphocytes provide specific
defenses against infection
• Acquired immunity
• Is the body’s second major kind of defense
• Involves the activity of lymphocytes
4. Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes
• The human body is populated by two main types of
lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
5.
6. Antigen receptors
• The plasma membranes of both B cells
and T cells
• Have about 100,000 antigen receptor that all recognize the same epitope.
7. B Cell Receptors for Antigens
• B cell receptors
• Bind to specific, intact antigens
• Are often called membrane antibodies or membrane
immunoglobulins
Antigen-
binding
site
Antigen-
binding site
Disulfide
bridge
Light
chain
Heavy chains
Cytoplasm of B cell
A B cell receptor consists of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains linked by
several disulfide bridges.
(a)
Variable
regions
Constant
regions
Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane
B cell
C C
8. T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role
of the MHC
• Each T cell receptor
• Consists of two different polypeptide chains
Antigen-
Binding site
b chain
Disulfide bridge
a chain
T cell
A T cell receptor consists of one
a chain and one b chain linked by
a disulfide bridge.
(b)
Variable
regions
Constant
regions
Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm of T cell
V V
C C
9. • T cells bind to small fragments of antigens
• That are bound to normal cell-surface
proteins called MHC molecules
• MHC molecules
• Are encoded by a family of genes called the
major histocompatibility complex
• Two classes of MHC molecules –
• MHC – I and MHC - II
11. • Depending on their source
• Peptide antigens are handled by different classes of
MHC molecules
• Exogenous antigens – Presented by MHC – II
molecules
• Endogenous antigens – Presented by MHC – I
molecule
Class I Class II
a1a2
a3 b2m
a1
a2
b1
b2
12.
13. Antigen processing and presentation
• Ag processing: degradation of proteins into peptides
• Ag presentation: binding of peptide by MHC molecule and
displaying the complex on the cell surface
16. • Class I MHC molecules, found on almost all
nucleated cells of the body
• Display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells
Infected cell
Antigen
fragment
Class I MHC
molecule
T cell
receptor
(a) Cytotoxic T cell
A fragment of
foreign protein
(antigen) inside the
cell associates with
an MHC molecule
and is transported
to the cell surface.
1
The combination of
MHC molecule and
antigen is recognized
by a T cell, alerting it
to the infection.
2
1
2
17. • Class II MHC molecules, located mainly on dendritic
cells, macrophages, and B cells
• Display antigens to helper T cells
1
2
Microbe Antigen-
presenting
cell
Antigen
fragment
Class II MHC
molecule
T cell
receptor
Helper T cell
A fragment of
foreign protein
(antigen) inside the
cell associates with
an MHC molecule
and is transported
to the cell surface.
1
The combination of
MHC molecule and
antigen is recognized
by a T cell, alerting it
to the infection.
2
(b)
21. • The activated cytotoxic T cell
• Secretes proteins that destroy the infected target cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Perforin
Granzymes
CD8TCR
Class I MHC
molecule
Target
cell Peptide
antigen
Pore
Released
cytotoxic
T cell
Apoptotic
target cell
Cancer
cell
Cytotoxic
T cell
A specific cytotoxic T cell binds to a
class I MHC–antigen complex on a
target cell via its TCR with the aid of
CD8. This interaction, along with
cytokines from helper T cells, leads to
the activation of the cytotoxic cell.
1 The activated T cell releases perforin
molecules, which form pores in the
target cell membrane, and proteolytic
enzymes (granzymes), which enter the
target cell by endocytosis.
2 The granzymes initiate apoptosis within the
target cells, leading to fragmentation of the
nucleus, release of small apoptotic bodies,
and eventual cell death. The released
cytotoxic T cell can attack other target cells.
3
1
2
3
22.
23.
24.
25. Activation of NK cells
• Cytokines produced by activated Th1 cells, particularly IL-2 and IFN-γ,
also activate NK cells to become lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK
cells).
• Activated NK cells kills the cancer cells very effectively.
• Used for the cancer therapy.
27. Humoral immune response
• Results in production of proteins called “immunoglobulins” or
“antibodies”.
28. Dynamics of Antibody Production
• Primary immune response
• Latent period
• Gradual rise in antibody production taking days to weeks
• Plateau reached
• Antibody level declines
29. Dynamics of Antibody Production
• Antibody production
• Initial antibody produced is IgM
• Lasts 10-12 days
• Followed by production of IgG
• Without continued antigenic challenge antibody levels drop off.
30. Secondary Response
• Second exposure to SAME antigen.
• Recognition of antigen is immediate.
• Results in immediate production of protective antibody, mainly IgG.
31. In the secondary immune response memory cells
facilitate a faster, more efficient response
Antibodyconcentration
(arbitraryunits) 104
103
102
101
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Time (days)
Antibodies
to A
Antibodies
to B
Primary
response to
antigen A
produces anti-
bodies to A
2Day 1: First
exposure to
antigen A
1
Day 28:
Second exposure
to antigen A; first
exposure to
antigen B
3 Secondary response to anti-
gen A produces antibodies
to A; primary response to anti-
gen B produces antibodies to B
4
34. Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All
Antigens
• Helper T cells produce CD4, a surface protein
• That enhances their binding to class II MHC molecule–
antigen complexes on antigen-presenting cells
• Activation of the helper T cell then occurs
35.
36. • Activated helper T cells
• Secrete several different cytokines that stimulate other
lymphocytes
37. B Cell activation
• First the B cell binds with the antigen through B cell
receptor.
• The antigen is phagocytosed.
• Then the antigen is processed and presented in their
membrane along with MHC class II molecule.
43. 2
1
3
B cell
Bacterium
Peptide
antigen
Class II
MHC
molecule
TCR
Helper T cell
CD4
Activated
helper T cell Clone of memory
B cells
Cytokines
Clone of plasma cells
Secreted antibody
molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulum of
plasma cell
Macrophage
After a macrophage engulfs and degrades
a bacterium, it displays a peptide antigen
complexed with a class II MHC molecule.
A helper T cell that recognizes the displayed
complex is activated with the aid of cytokines
secreted from the macrophage, forming a
clone of activated helper T cells (not shown).
1 A B cell that has taken up and degraded the
same bacterium displays class II MHC–peptide
antigen complexes. An activated helper T cell
bearing receptors specific for the displayed
antigen binds to the B cell. This interaction,
with the aid of cytokines from the T cell,
activates the B cell.
2 The activated B cell proliferates
and differentiates into memory
B cells and antibody-secreting
plasma cells. The secreted
antibodies are specific for the
same bacterial antigen that
initiated the response.
3