The Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signaling has also been found to be associated with cancer. Understanding the regulation by Wnt signaling may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
The Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signaling has also been found to be associated with cancer. Understanding the regulation by Wnt signaling may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
Describes the complement system components and their activation pathways, the regulation of the complement
system, the effector functions of various complement components,
and the consequences of deficiencies in them.
Describes the complement system components and their activation pathways, the regulation of the complement
system, the effector functions of various complement components,
and the consequences of deficiencies in them.
it is related to immunology .. Major histo compatibility complex - a highly polymorphic region on chromosome 6 with genes particularly involved in immune functions..
By DR. MANPREET KAUR BEHL.
Description of classificaton of immune system, immune cells, HLA, MHC complexes, antigen presentation, t-cell responses and b-cell responses, antibody, isotype switching, hypersenstivity reactions etc.
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Q1: Which of the following 3 types of antigen
presenting cells (APCs) is specialized for degradation
and presentation of particulate antigens to T cells?
Discuss.
1. dendritic cells
2. Macrophages
3. B cells
Among these 3 types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) Macrophages
are specialized for degradation and presentation of particulate antigens to
T cell because they have high phagocytic activity than other APCs like
dendritic cell which also have phagocytic activity but less than
macrophages.B cells which are also Antigen presenting cells have no
phagocytic activity.B cells can internalize antigen that binds to their B
cell receptorand present it to helper T cells.
Antigen presenting cells (APCs):
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that
mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for
recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells. Classical APCs include dendritic
cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells and B cells.
Difference betweendendritic cells , macrophages andB cellas APCs:
Feature Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
Immune response
Innate immunity Innate immunity Adaptive immunity
Specific antigen receptors No No Yes
Location Skin and mucosal
epithelium
(Langerhans
cells), lymphoid
tissue, connective
tissue
Lymphoid tissue,
connective tissue,
body cavities
Blood, lymphoid
tissue
Antigen type intracellular
antigens and
extracellular
antigens
extracellular
antigens
extracellular
antigens
MHC molecule associated
with antigen presentation
Class I MHC and
class II MHC
Class II MHC Class II MHC
Co-stimulation High level B7
expression
Low level B7
expression,
induced by
bacteria/cytokines
No B7 expression
unless induced upon
activation by Th
cells
3. Mechanismof Antigen presenting cells (APCs):
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) is an immune cell that detects, engulfs, and informs
the adaptive immune response about an infection. When a pathogen is detected, these
APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments
of the antigen. Antigen fragments will then be transported to the surface of the APC,
where they will serve as an indicator to other immune cells.After phagocytosis by
APCs, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome forming
phagolysosome. Within the phagolysosome, the components are broken down into
fragments; the fragments are then loaded onto MHC class I or MHC class II
molecules and are transported to the cell surface for antigen presentation.T
lymphocytes cannot properly respond to the antigen unless it is processed and
embedded in an MHC II molecule. APCs express MHC on their surfaces, and when
combined with a foreign antigen, these complexes signal a “non-self” invader. Once
the fragment of antigen is embedded in the MHC II molecule, the immune cell can
respond. Helper T- cells are one of the main lymphocytes that respond to
antigen-presenting cells. Recall that all other nucleated cells of the body expressed
MHC I molecules, which signal “healthy” or “normal.”
Mode of actionof Macrophages:
A macrophage is a cell of the innate immune system that engulfs and digests
pathogens, and then presents fragments on its surface as a signal. Such signals are
picked up by other cells of the adaptive immune system, hence antigen-presenting
cell.Macrophages participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. As part
of innate immunity, macrophages are activated by antigens that are bound to PAMP,
Toll-like, scavenger, and mannose receptors. In an adaptive response, antigens are
recognized using receptors for intermediary molecules, such as antibody and
complement fragments.Macrophages interact with T cells in order to bring about T
cell activation in target organs, and are themselves activated by inflammatory
messenger molecules (cytokines) produced by the T cells. Macrophages produce toxic
chemicals, such as nitric oxide, that can kill surrounding cells.
4. Figure 1. An APC, such as a macrophage, engulfs and digests a foreign bacterium. An
antigen from the bacterium is presented on the cell surface in conjunction with an
MHC II molecule Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response interact with
antigen-embedded MHC II molecules to mature into functional immune cells.
Q2: Which of the following 3 types of antigen
presenting cells (APCs) is critical in uptake and
presentation of antigen to T cells? Discuss
1. dendritic cells
2. Macrophages
3. B cells
Among these 3 types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) Dendritic cells
are most critical in uptake and presentation of antigens to T cells.They
play a very important role in activation of T cells.Macrophage which is
also a Antigen presenting cell has a difference with dendritic cell.This
difference is that macrophages have high phagocytic activity but low
antigen processing and presentation activity but on the other hand
dendritic cells have high antigen processing and presenting activity but
low phagocytic activity.
Mode of actionof dendritic cells:
Dendritic cells are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells. They take
up antigens and pathogens, generate MHC-peptide complexes, migrate from the sites
of antigen acquisition to secondary lymphoid organs and, finally, they physically
interact with and stimulate T lymphocytes.Indeed, dendritic cells are the only
antigen-presenting cells that induce the activation of resting T cells, both in vitro and
in vivo. Thus, dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses and determine
tolerance. To do so, dendritic cells have developed unique membrane transport
pathways.The main function of these innate cells is to capture, process, and present
antigens to adaptive immune cells and mediate their polarization into effector
cells.Naive T cells leave the thymus and enter secondary lymphoid organs. In
5. secondary lymphoid organs, naïve T cells are activated by mature dendritic cells. T
cell activation requires 2 signals: TCR and costimulation.The T cell encounters
a dendritic cell (DC) bearing its cognate peptide in an MHC molecule, and binds the
peptide-MHC though CD3 and CD4 or 8. Subsequently, co-stimulation occurs
through DC-bound CD86, CD80, OX40L and 4-1BBL. This induces
full activation and effector function in the T cell.
Explanation of diagram:
After a dendritic cell recognizes and attaches to a pathogen cell, the pathogen is
internalized by phagocytosis and is initially contained within a phagosome.
Lysosomes containing antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals fuse with the phagosome
to create a phagolysosome, where degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing
begins. Proteases (protein-degrading) are especially important in antigen processing
because only protein antigen epitopes are presented to T cells by MHC II.
Summary:
Antigen-presenting cells break down large-molecular-weight antigens into 10 to
30 amino acid fragments for loading onto HLA class I and II molecules.
Antigen-presenting cells can be either “professional” or “amateur” cells.
Dendritic cell subsets are uniquely suited for antigen presentation.
Antigen-presenting cells are involved in both the innate and adaptive immune
responses.
Macrophages and B cells ingest antigens by different mechanisms, but both cells
process antigen using the endocytic pathway.
The endocytic pathway is complex and involves proteolytic enzymes and HLA
class II stabilizing proteins.