Lecture 4 immunobiology
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Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes and macrophages responding to antigens inside cells. It activates cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in infected cells, and activates macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy intracellular pathogens. T cell activation requires two signals - antigen presentation via MHC and co-stimulation from antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Once activated, T cells differentiate into effector T cells that eliminate pathogens through cytotoxic killing or cytokine signaling.
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T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Cell-mediated immune responses
This document summarizes cell-mediated immune responses by T lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The phases of T cell responses including antigen recognition, costimulation, differentiation into effector cells, and signal attenuation.
2) How T cells recognize antigens through the T cell receptor complex and costimulatory molecules help activate T cells.
3) The roles and mechanisms of effector T cell subsets like Th1, Th2, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in fighting infection through secretion of cytokines and direct killing of infected cells.
4) How effector T cells migrate and are retained at sites of infection through adhesion molecules and homing receptors.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
Tumor immunology
This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS
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Chapter 36 t reg cells
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) help maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity by suppressing immune responses. They express FOXP3 and CD25 and function through various mechanisms like secreting inhibitory cytokines or metabolizing IL-2. Tregs are implicated in tumor immune escape by suppressing anti-tumor immunity. While Tregs are normally beneficial, in cancer high levels associate with poor prognosis by hindering immune response. Emerging immunotherapies aim to deplete or modulate Tregs to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
T-cell
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
immunology chapter 9 : activation of T lymphocytes
1. T lymphocyte activation involves recognition of antigen peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. This provides an initial activation signal that is enhanced by costimulatory molecules like B7 and CD28.
2. Upon activation, naive T cells proliferate extensively through clonal expansion, increasing the number of antigen-specific T cells by 100,000-fold. They also differentiate into effector T cell subsets.
3. The main effector T cell subsets are TH1 and TH2 cells, distinguished by their cytokine production. TH1 cells produce IFNγ and activate macrophages, while TH2 cells produce IL-4 and stimulate antibody class switching and eosinophil responses.
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T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Cell-mediated immune responses
This document summarizes cell-mediated immune responses by T lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The phases of T cell responses including antigen recognition, costimulation, differentiation into effector cells, and signal attenuation.
2) How T cells recognize antigens through the T cell receptor complex and costimulatory molecules help activate T cells.
3) The roles and mechanisms of effector T cell subsets like Th1, Th2, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in fighting infection through secretion of cytokines and direct killing of infected cells.
4) How effector T cells migrate and are retained at sites of infection through adhesion molecules and homing receptors.
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This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
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This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS
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- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
Chapter 36 t reg cells
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) help maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity by suppressing immune responses. They express FOXP3 and CD25 and function through various mechanisms like secreting inhibitory cytokines or metabolizing IL-2. Tregs are implicated in tumor immune escape by suppressing anti-tumor immunity. While Tregs are normally beneficial, in cancer high levels associate with poor prognosis by hindering immune response. Emerging immunotherapies aim to deplete or modulate Tregs to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
T-cell
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
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1. T lymphocyte activation involves recognition of antigen peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. This provides an initial activation signal that is enhanced by costimulatory molecules like B7 and CD28.
2. Upon activation, naive T cells proliferate extensively through clonal expansion, increasing the number of antigen-specific T cells by 100,000-fold. They also differentiate into effector T cell subsets.
3. The main effector T cell subsets are TH1 and TH2 cells, distinguished by their cytokine production. TH1 cells produce IFNγ and activate macrophages, while TH2 cells produce IL-4 and stimulate antibody class switching and eosinophil responses.
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T cell signalling pathway
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• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
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Immunology
The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and lymphoid organs that work together to protect the body from infection. The immune system has two branches: innate immunity provides a general and immediate response, while adaptive immunity provides a tailored response after initial exposure. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cells like macrophages that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells that recognize specific pathogens and mount stronger responses upon reexposure. Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune cell growth and activation and mediate inflammatory responses.
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BCR
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Cytokines
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B- lymphocytes
This document summarizes the key stages in B-lymphocyte maturation, generation, and activation. It discusses how B cells develop from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo antigen-independent maturation including immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. Mature B cells then leave the bone marrow equipped with B cell receptors. The document also describes how B cells are activated upon binding of antigen to their receptor, requiring co-stimulation by T helper cells to initiate the antibody response.
Cells of immune system
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presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
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D.K. Vijoriya
Cell mediated immunity involves the innate and adaptive immune response. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense through physical barriers and inflammatory responses. The adaptive immune response has two components - humoral immunity involving antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity involving T lymphocytes. Cell-mediated immunity recognizes and kills pathogens in various ways and helps control viral infections through interferon response.
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T cell signalling pathway
The T cell receptor signaling pathway involves T cells binding antigens presented by MHC proteins on antigen presenting cells. When the T cell receptor binds to its antigen, it activates the kinase Lck which phosphorylates proteins in the CD3 complex. This leads to phosphorylation of the adapter protein ZAP70 which then phosphorylates LAT and SLP76, recruiting downstream molecules. This results in calcium release, NFAT and NF-κB activation, and expression of cytokines and other proteins through similar pathways as in B cell signaling, including the Ras pathway. T cell signaling also regulates adhesion molecules and chemokines to influence T cell localization.
B Cell & T Cell Receptors.pptx
B and T cell antigen receptors are membrane-bound proteins that recognize antigens. B cell receptors (BCRs) are composed of immunoglobulin molecules that recognize intact antigens, while T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize processed antigens presented in the context of MHC class I or II molecules. BCRs are formed through somatic recombination, creating a diverse repertoire. TCRs also undergo genetic recombination of gene segments to generate diversity. Both BCRs and TCRs contain variable regions that determine antigen specificity and transduce activation signals upon antigen binding.
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The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
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• Concept of immune response
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• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
T Cell and its differentiation
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature and develop in the thymus gland, where they are selected and educated to recognize the body's own cells and mount immune responses against foreign threats. T-cells recognize antigens presented on other cells through molecules of the major histocompatibility complex and are activated through a process that involves antigen presentation, costimulatory signals, and cytokine communication.
Immunology
The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and lymphoid organs that work together to protect the body from infection. The immune system has two branches: innate immunity provides a general and immediate response, while adaptive immunity provides a tailored response after initial exposure. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cells like macrophages that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells that recognize specific pathogens and mount stronger responses upon reexposure. Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune cell growth and activation and mediate inflammatory responses.
Tumor antigen and its types
Tumor antigens are substances produced by tumor cells that can be used to identify specific tumors. There are two main types of tumor antigens: tumor specific transplantation antigens that are unique to cancer cells and mediate immune responses; and tumor associated transplantation antigens that are expressed in fetal and some adult cells but can be reactivated in tumors through oncofetal proteins. Tumor antigens are useful markers because certain types are abundantly expressed in different tumors.
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Access to memory cells
This document discusses memory cells in the innate and adaptive immune system. It defines immunological memory as the ability of the adaptive immune response to generate specific memory cells after infection or vaccination, allowing the body to prevent future infections. The document compares myeloid and lymphoid cells as well as innate and adaptive immunity. It also describes the role of cytokines in the immune response and defines memory cells as cells that allow the immune system to respond faster and more strongly upon second exposure to an antigen. Finally, it provides a figure comparing naïve and memory CD4 T cells.
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Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
Immunological tolerance
Immunological tolerance is the specific non-reactivity to an antigen due to previous exposure. Tolerance can be induced to self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity or to non-self antigens like donor tissues. Burnet and Medawar discovered that exposure to antigens early in life can induce lifelong tolerance. Tolerance occurs through central tolerance in the thymus during development and peripheral tolerance after lymphocytes leave primary lymphoid organs. Mechanisms of tolerance include clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and receptor editing.
B- lymphocytes
This document summarizes the key stages in B-lymphocyte maturation, generation, and activation. It discusses how B cells develop from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo antigen-independent maturation including immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and positive and negative selection to remove self-reactive cells. Mature B cells then leave the bone marrow equipped with B cell receptors. The document also describes how B cells are activated upon binding of antigen to their receptor, requiring co-stimulation by T helper cells to initiate the antibody response.
Cells of immune system
This document provides an overview of cells of the immune system. It discusses the origins of immune cells in the bone marrow and their classification into myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Key immune cells are described, including B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and their roles in adaptive and innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is mediated by lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells, while the innate response involves phagocytic cells and NK cells.
Nk cells and their functions
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
Immunosurveillance,
This document discusses immunosurveillance and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. It explains that the immune system normally surveils and destroys mutated cells to prevent tumor development, but tumors can evade this response through various mechanisms such as antigen shedding or fast proliferation. Immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer, for example through monoclonal antibodies, non-specific stimulants, cancer vaccines, or T-cell therapies.
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Immune tolerance is induced through central and peripheral mechanisms that eliminate or suppress self-reactive immune cells. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where high-affinity self-reactive T and B cells undergo apoptosis or receptor editing. Peripheral tolerance includes anergy induction, suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhibition by receptors like CTLA-4 and PD-1. Tregs expressing the transcription factor FoxP3 are critical for maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can lead to autoimmune disease.
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D.K. Vijoriya
Cell mediated immunity involves the innate and adaptive immune response. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense through physical barriers and inflammatory responses. The adaptive immune response has two components - humoral immunity involving antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity involving T lymphocytes. Cell-mediated immunity recognizes and kills pathogens in various ways and helps control viral infections through interferon response.
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T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
B Cell Development
The document discusses B cell development in the bone marrow. Key points:
- B cell development starts in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow post-birth, where it undergoes various stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangements.
- Ligation of the pre-B cell receptor by an unknown ligand is essential, as it ensures each cell expresses only one antibody specificity via allelic exclusion and drives proliferation of pre-B cells.
- Mature B cells exit the bone marrow with the ability to bind antigen, and mechanisms exist to ensure tolerance by deleting or anergizing self-reactive B cells.
Lecture 13
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune response or passively acquired through antibodies. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies and cellular immunity using T cells.
Nk cells in viral immunity
NK cells play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. As part of the innate immune system, NK cells help control viral infections through cytotoxic killing of infected cells and by secreting cytokines like IFNγ and TNFα that activate macrophages. NK cells express activating and inhibitory receptors that allow them to distinguish healthy "self" cells from infected or abnormal cells. The balance of signals through these receptors determines whether an NK cell mounts an immune response. NK cells also contribute to adaptive immunity by developing a form of immunological memory, responding more rapidly upon secondary exposure to pathogens.
Autoimmunity
This document discusses immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. It defines central and peripheral tolerance as mechanisms by which the immune system learns to distinguish self from non-self. Central tolerance involves deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance mechanisms include clonal deletion, anergy, and suppression. Failure of tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases, which are influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Common triggers include molecular mimicry between microbial and self-antigens.
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Lymphoid organs
Lymphoid organs are sites where immune cells develop and immune responses are initiated. There are two types of lymphoid organs: primary organs where lymphocytes originate and mature, including the bone marrow and thymus; and secondary organs where acquired immune responses occur, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In primary organs, T cells mature in the thymus after originating in the bone marrow, while B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. Secondary organs initiate immune responses through interactions between T and B cells in follicles and T cell regions, leading to antibody production and the activation of B and T cells.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
B cell(Immunology)
B cells are lymphocytes that play a key role in humoral immunity by producing antibodies. B cell development occurs in the bone marrow, progressing from pro-B cells to immature B cells that express IgM, and then to mature B cells that express IgM and IgD. Activation of B cells leads to proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Defects in B cell development or function can cause immunodeficiencies characterized by poor antibody production and recurrent bacterial infections. Some examples of B cell immunodeficiencies include X-linked agammaglobulinemia caused by mutations in BTK, IgA deficiency, and common variable immunodeficiency.
Antigens, hapteins, immunogens lectures 10.1.06
An antigen is any substance that reacts with lymphocytes, while immunogens generate immune responses. Haptens are small molecules that require coupling to carriers to induce responses. Antibody-antigen binding depends on weak interactions between sites on antibodies and epitopes on antigens. Antibodies are produced with a wide variety of binding sites to recognize different antigenic determinants. Factors like foreignness, size, structure, and route of administration influence a substance's immunogenicity.
Organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the key organs of the immune system. It describes the thymus and bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocyte maturation occurs. The lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associated lymphoid tissues are described as the secondary lymphoid organs that trap antigens and allow immune cell interaction. The document also provides examples of how disruption or aging of the primary lymphoid organs like the thymus can impair immune function.
Lymphoid Organs
This document summarizes several lymphoid organs and tissues. It describes lymphoid tissue as connective tissue rich in lymphocytes with either a free or encapsulated structure. Lymph nodes are described as filtering particles and microorganisms from lymph and activating immune responses through interaction with lymphocytes. The spleen is summarized as the largest lymphoid structure, filtering blood and producing activated lymphocytes. Tonsils are located in the mouth and throat and contain lymph nodules and germinal centers to encounter antigens entering through these areas. The thymus is also briefly mentioned.
Antigen
This document defines and discusses antigens from several perspectives:
1) It provides a brief history of the term "antigen" and its definition as a substance that stimulates antibody production.
2) It classifies antigens based on their immunogenicity as complete or incomplete antigens.
3) It categorizes antigens based on their origin as exogenous, endogenous, autoantigens, isoantigens, or heterophile antigens.
4) It lists 10 properties that determine an antigen's ability to stimulate an immune response, including foreignness, size, chemical nature, and specificity.
5) It briefly discusses superantigens and common tests used to detect antigens.
Cell mediated immunity (presentation)
Immunity involves both specific and non-specific components of the immune system. The non-specific components act as barriers or eliminate a wide range of pathogens, while the specific components adapt to each new disease and generate pathogen-specific immunity. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by activated macrophages, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and cytokines and does not involve antibodies. It is responsible for phagocytosing and killing intracellular pathogens and virus-infected cells. Memory T cells provide long-term immunity against past infections upon reexposure to the pathogen.
Antigen
The document discusses various properties of antigens that determine their antigenicity including molecular size, foreignness, chemical complexity, stability, and more. It also describes different types of antigenic determinants recognized by B cells and T cells as well as factors like dosage, route of administration, and adjuvants that influence immunogenicity. Finally, it covers antigen specificity and different types of antigens such as haptens, superantigens, and isoantigens.
Cells and organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes how hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells then differentiate into various immune cells including granulocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and others. It also outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues that support the development and activation of immune cells.
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Cell mediated immunity- a part of general immunology.pptx
Cell mediated immunity is mediated by effector T cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T cells. It provides protection against intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. Antigen presentation to T cells is required for CMI responses, which involves processing antigens into peptides that are presented by MHC class I or II molecules. Activated helper T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate and regulate CMI and humoral immunity responses.
Activation and proliferating of B cell.pptx
The maturation of B cells involves two phases: an antigen-independent phase and an antigen-dependent phase. In the antigen-independent phase, B cells are activated by T-independent antigens through signals from antigen binding. In the antigen-dependent phase, activation of B cells requires two signals - antigen binding and T cell help through interactions such as CD40 ligand/CD40. Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies or memory B cells. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes and other immune cells mediate and regulate immune responses by activating and directing immune cells.
Activation and proliferating of B cell.pptx
The maturation of B cells involves two phases: an antigen-independent phase and an antigen-dependent phase. In the antigen-independent phase, B cells are activated by T-independent antigens through signals from antigen binding. In the antigen-dependent phase, B cell activation requires signals from both antigen binding and CD4 T cell help through cell contact and cytokine signaling, leading to B cell proliferation, class switching, and plasma cell formation. T cell activation similarly requires antigen presentation and co-stimulatory signals to differentiate into effector T cell subsets that activate immune responses.
Adaptive immunity
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
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IMMUNITY : the basic concepts
This document provides an overview of the immune system. It begins with definitions of immunity and the historical views of disease. It then describes the innate and adaptive immune systems in detail. The innate system includes physical barriers and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity through T cell subsets. Key immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils are also summarized in terms of their functions, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. The document provides an extensive but concise review of immune system components and their roles in protection from pathogens.
Activation of T and B Cells
1. The document presents information about T cells and B cells, including their development, activation, and functions.
2. T cells develop in the thymus gland and have roles in direct killing of infected cells and regulating the immune response. B cells mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies to help fight pathogens.
3. Activation of both T and B cells involves interaction with antigen-presenting cells and costimulatory signals, leading to cell proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells.
Basic immunology from the dermatologic point of view (adaptive immunity)
Basic Immunology from the Dermatological point of view. Introduction to the major components of adaptive immunity.
Lecture 15
T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC proteins by antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Activated T cells clone and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells that directly attack pathogens and infected cells, or helper T cells that coordinate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytotoxic T cells express CD8 and kill infected cells, while helper T cells express CD4 and stimulate B cell antibody production, macrophage activation, and proliferation of other immune cells through cytokine signaling. Suppressor T cells regulate the immune response to prevent excessive damage to self tissues.
Immunology
The document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and the mechanisms of immunologically mediated diseases. It describes the four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I (immediate) involves IgE antibodies and mediators like histamine; Type II (antibody-mediated) involves IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cells and tissues; Type III (immune complex-mediated) involves deposition of antigen-antibody complexes activating complement; Type IV (delayed) is mediated by T cells and involves reactions that develop over 24-48 hours. The document also provides examples of prototype disorders for each type and their characteristic immune mechanisms and pathologic lesions.
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Describes the basic properties and mechanisms of T cells and B cells in maintaining Immune Response against foreign antigens or infections and covers the UG and PG portion of immunology.
Pharm immuno7&8 cytokines r
1. The document discusses antigen presentation by MHC class I and II molecules and the roles of cytokines and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I presents intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells, while MHC class II presents extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells.
2. Cytokines secreted by lymphocytes regulate immune cell activation, growth, and differentiation. They also mediate immune-related inflammation. T helper cells activate other immune cells and help induce antibody production.
3. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells presenting antigens from intracellular pathogens like viruses. Natural killer cells can also kill infected or abnormal cells through both MHC-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity by waqar ahmed baber
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. It describes how antigens are processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, which then activate T cells. There are three main classes of T cells: cytotoxic T cells that directly attack foreign cells, helper T cells that promote other immune responses, and memory T cells that provide future immunity. The document also outlines antibody-mediated humoral immunity, where B cells produce antibodies against antigens to help remove them from the body.
Hypersenstivrt 4
Hypersensitivity Type IV is a delayed type hypersensitivity that involves cell-mediated responses without antigen-antibody interactions. T lymphocytes recognize antigens that have been processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells via MHC molecules. Activated CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that regulate the immune response, while activated CD8+ T cells kill cells displaying endogenous antigens on their MHC Class I molecules through the release of perforins and granzymes. This leads to loss of cell content and cell death.
Pharm immuno9-11 portal
This document summarizes key concepts about cell-mediated immunity:
1. T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells and are activated, leading to clonal expansion and differentiation into effector T cells.
2. Effector T cells migrate to sites of infection where they carry out functions like activating macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens.
3. CD8+ T cells recognize antigens on infected cells and kill the infected cells through release of granzymes and perforin.
4. Cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is needed to eliminate intracellular pathogens from infected cells and reservoirs.
Immune responses
The document summarizes immune responses and the processes involved. It discusses:
1) The two types of immune responses - humoral/antibody-mediated (AMI) and cell-mediated (CMI) responses. AMI responds to extracellular pathogens using antibodies while CMI responds to intracellular pathogens using T cells.
2) Helper T cell activation is central to both responses. Naive T cells are activated by antigen presentation and costimulatory signals, then differentiate into TH1 and TH2 subsets to stimulate CMI and AMI, respectively.
3) CMI involves cytotoxic T cells directly killing infected cells by releasing perforins and granzymes. Natural killer cells are also involved in CMI through nonspecific
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY T CELLS.pptx
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
adaptiveimmunitytcells-2023.pdf
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the immune response. It describes the four phases of the adaptive immune response as encounter, activation, attack, and memory. Acquired immunity develops over one's lifetime from vaccines, infections, or antibodies from others. The adaptive immune response involves B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. It also discusses the specificity, adaptiveness, discrimination between self and non-self, and memory properties of the adaptive immune response. The major cell types involved are T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and regulatory T cells. The roles and mechanisms of these cell types are described in detail.
Manisha t cell
This document summarizes the key stages in T-cell maturation, activation, and differentiation. It discusses how T-cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection to screen for self-MHC restriction and eliminate self-reactive cells. Activation requires signal 1 through TCR-antigen-MHC interaction and signal 2 via co-stimulatory molecules. Upon activation, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into memory cells or effector cells. CD4 and CD8 T-cells leave the thymus as naive cells and, upon antigen recognition, can become activated and further differentiate.
Neuroimmunology
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including its normal functions, divisions, components, cells, molecules, and regulation. The key points are:
- The immune system protects against pathogens and prevents reinfection through immunological memory. Its divisions are the innate and adaptive systems.
- The innate system provides first response via nonspecific defenses like skin, phagocytes, and natural killer cells. The adaptive system responds antigen-specifically via T and B cells.
- T cells recognize antigen via T cell receptors and MHC molecules and mediate cellular immunity. B cells recognize antigen directly and produce antibodies for humoral immunity.
- Cytokines mediate communication between immune cells, directing immune responses. Regulatory
BRANCHES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.docx
IMMUNITY OF BODY IN VERY IMPORTANT IN THE DEFENSE OF THE BODY. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AND INNATE IMMUNITY. THE CURRENT UPLOAD DEALS WITH BRANCHES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Microsoft - Power Platform_G.Aspiotis.pdf
Revolutionizing Application Development
with AI-powered low-code, presentation by George Aspiotis, Sr. Partner Development Manager, Microsoft
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Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
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