1. The endocrine system regulates processes that happen slowly like growth, metabolism, mood, and development through hormones and glands. 2. Glands produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream which are chemicals that affect distant cells and organs. 3. Major glands of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pineal body, ovaries/testes, and pancreas.

1. Immune, Lymphatic and
Endocrine System
Learning intentions
•To secure knowledge by explaining the
function of each system
•To further develop knowledge by identifying
organs within each system
•To show excellence by explaining how
systems interrelate

2. The Immune system
Immune system
Spleen
White blood cells
•Lympocytes
•Monocytes
•monocytes
Adenoids Other Lymphoid tissue e.g in
the intestine
Lymphatic vessels
and lymph nodes
Thymus gland
Tonsils

3. Natural Body Defences
• Despite the fact
that our bodies are
often exposed to
harmful microbes,
we rarely become
ill.
• The body is good at
keeping microbes
out.

4. • The skin acts as a
barrier to keep microbes
out of our body.
• If our skin gets broken,
first of all the blood
forms a clot, Then a scab
forms.
• This keeps most
microbes out of the
body.

5. • Microbes can get into the
body in the air we breathe.
• The passages in the lungs
are lined with sticky
mucus. The microbes stick
to this.
• They are then removed
from the passages by the
action of the cilia (tiny
hairs that beat to remove
the mucus).

6. • If microbes
do get into
your body,
white blood
cells help to
protect us.

7. • They do this in three
ways:
1.Surrounding and
digesting microbes.
2.Producing antibodies,
chemicals which destroy
microbes.
3.Producing antitoxins,
chemicals which prevent
microbes poisoning your
body.

8. Natural Body Defences
• Despite the fact that our bodies are often exposed to
harmful microbes, we rarely become ill.
• The ____ acts as a barrier to keep microbes out of our body.
• If our skin gets broken, first of all the blood forms a clot,
Then a _____ forms.
• The passages in the lungs are lined with sticky _______. The
microbes we breathe in stick to this.
• They are then removed from the passages by the action of
the ______ (tiny hairs that beat to remove the mucus).
• If microbes do get into your body, ______ blood cells help to
protect us. They do this in three ways:
1. Surrounding and digesting __________.
2. Producing antibodies, chemicals which destroy microbes.
3. Producing antitoxins, chemicals which prevent microbes
poisoning your ______.
scab microbes white body cilia mucus skin

9. Natural Body Defences
• Despite the fact that our bodies are often exposed to
harmful microbes, we rarely become ill.
• The skin acts as a barrier to keep microbes out of our body.
• If our skin gets broken, first of all the blood forms a clot,
Then a scab forms.
• The passages in the lungs are lined with sticky mucus. The
microbes we breathe in stick to this.
• They are then removed from the passages by the action of
the cilia (tiny hairs that beat to remove the mucus).
• If microbes do get into your body, white blood cells help to
protect us. They do this in three ways:
1. Surrounding and digesting microbes.
2. Producing antibodies, chemicals which destroy microbes.
3. Producing antitoxins, chemicals which prevent microbes
poisoning your body.

10. The Immune System
Phagocytes– foot soldiersPhagocytes– foot soldiers
T-lymphocytes – search teamT-lymphocytes – search team
B-lymphocytes – elite attack squadB-lymphocytes – elite attack squad

11. Phagocytes
• Made in the bone
marrow
• 2 types: Neutrophils
and macrophages
• Patrol the body,
searching for invaders
• Engulf and digest
pathogens (and dead
human cells/debris)
Pathogens
Will form
phagocytic vesicle
Lysosomes move in
with enzymes to digest
pathogens

12. How do phagocytes detect
invaders?
Pathogen
Antigen Receptor
Phagocyte recognises a non-
human cell and begins to engulf it
Move towards pathogen
chemicals / toxins
Phagocyte

13. BUT – there are not enough
phagocytes to cope with the onslaught
of the flu virus
Antigen presentation
Thousands of new
viruses produced
every second
Macrophage
T-lymphocyte
Phagocytes have a key role because they alert other white
blood cells through antigen presentation.

14. TRUE OR FALSE?

15. Tissue fluid and lymph
This is another series of tubes
(like the blood vessels) that
transport fluid around your body.

16. • Tissue fluid is the liquid that
surrounds the cells, allowing
for transport between blood
and cells (e.g. Respiratory
gases) - DIFFUSION
• Capillary walls are partially
permeable
• Tissue fluid is the result of an
interplay of:
1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Osmosis

17. • Lymph passes through the
lymphatic system and
drains back into the
circulatory system
• Lymph contains
lymphocytes (type of white
blood cell) which are
made in lymph nodes.
• Lymphocytes are part of
the immune system and
help to filter out foreign
material from the lymph

18. The fluid transported in the blood vessels
is called: blood.
The fluid in the lymphatic vessels is called: lymph.
The fluid in between these two types of vessels (so
In between the cells) is called tissue fluid.
What is the connection between these 3
fluids?

19. Blood flows from an artery into the capillaries.
Imagine capillaries having small holes in them.
The blood pressure (caused by the pumping of the
heart muscle) pushes part of the blood from the
capillaries into the tissue that surrounds the
capillaries.
Components of the blood that can leave the
capillaries are: white blood cells and plasma.
Remember that plasma was fluid with (small)
nutrients, waste products and all other kinds of
stuff in it.
Components that cannot leave the capillaries are
large nutrients, red blood cells and platelets.

20. The fluid that is pushed out is now present in
the tissue between the cells. It is now called
tissue fluid!
The cells take from the tissue fluid what they
need and they give waste products back.

21. The tissue fluid can’t stay in between the
cells. More and more fluid is pushed out of
the capillaries by the blood pressure.
If all that fluid stays in between the cells, you
would explode!
And, on top of that, the amount of blood
within your blood vessels would decrease
dramatically.

22. Some of the tissue fluid will be pushed back
into the capillaries. But because the pressure
inside the capillaries is higher than the pressure
inside the tissue, not all fluid will flow back.
To get rid of the remaining fluid would be a waste.
Luckily your body found a solution!

23. The tissue fluid that cannot flow back into the
capillaries is collected in the lymphatic vessels.
The fluid is now called lymph.

24. The lymph will flow through lymphatic
vessels away from the organs. To keep the
flow going in the right direction lymphatic
ducts contain valves!

25. Some vessels will join up to form larger vessels.
Eventually the vessels unite into two main ducts;
the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
Both these ducts empty their contents into the
subclavian veins (sleutelbeen aderen) and then
into the superior vena cava.
Thus, the volume of fluid that couldn’t be brought
back to the blood in the organ itself, is brought
back to the blood in these specific places.

27. Let’s draw a comparison between the three
types of fluid.
1) Copy the table. Add a + when a component is
present, add a – when it is not present.
component blood tissue fluid lymph
water
proteins
vitamins
red blood cells
white blood cells
amino acids
platelets
oxygen
carbondioxide
antibodies

28. component blood tissue fluid lymph
water + + +
proteins + - -
vitamins + + +
red blood cells + - -
white blood cells + + +
amino acids + + +
platelets + - -
oxygen + + +
carbondioxide + + +
antibodies + + +
Answer

29. Blood is pumped from the left ventricle
towards your organs. In your organs, part of
the blood is removed from the blood vessels
due to the blood pressure. Thus, the volume
of blood decreases.
2) Does the right ventricle contain less,
the same or more blood than your left
ventricle? Explain your answer!

30. Answer
They contain the same volume of blood. Some
blood volume is lost in the organs (forms tissue
and lymph), but this volume is returned by the
lymphatic vessels via the subclavian veins and
vena cava (before it enters the heart!)

31. 3) Does the pulmonary circulation
produce more, less or the same amount of
tissue fluid? Explain your answer!

32. Answer
The pulmonary circulation produces less tissue
fluid. This because there is a lower blood pressure
in the pulmonary circulation compared to the
systemic circulation. (less distance to cross).
If there would be lots of tissue fluid in your lungs,
you would not be able to take up oxygen and will
drown in your own fluids.

33. Lymphatic vessels may pass lymph nodes on
their way to the superior vena cava. These
lymph nodes are important white blood cell
factories.
When you are infected with for
instance bacteria, white blood cells attack the
invaders.
Since the lymph nodes contain many
white blood cells, an enormous war against the
invaders will take place here.

34. This war can result in swollen lymph nodes.
When you have a common cold, you can
sometimes feel the swollen lymph nodes in
your neck, just below your jaw. These are your
tonsils.

35. The Endocrine System
• What Is the Endocrine System?
• Although we rarely think about the
endocrine system, it influences almost
every cell, organ, and function of our
bodies. The endocrine system plays a role
in regulating mood, growth and
development, tissue function, metabolism,
and sexual function and reproductive
processes.• http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_bo

36. • the endocrine system is in charge of body
processes that happen slowly, such as cell
growth. Faster processes like breathing
and body movement are controlled by the
nervous system. But even though the
nervous system and endocrine system are
separate systems, they often work
together to help the body function
properly.

37. • The foundations of the endocrine system
are the hormones and glands. As the
body's chemical messengers, hormones
transfer information and instructions from
one set of cells to another. Many different
hormones move through the bloodstream,
but each type of hormone is designed to
affect only certain cells.

38. • A gland is a group of cells that produces and
secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and
removes materials from the blood, processes them,
and secretes the finished chemical product for use
somewhere in the body.
• Some types of glands release their secretions in
specific areas. For instance, exocrine (pronounced:
EK-suh-krin) glands, such as the sweat and salivary
glands, release secretions in the skin or inside the
mouth. Endocrine glands, on the other hand,
release more than 20 major hormones directly into
the bloodstream where they can be transported to
cells in other parts of the body.

39. • The major glands that make up the human endocrine system
include the:
• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• thyroid
• parathyroids
• adrenal glands
• pineal body
• reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
• Pancreas explain the role of each of the above in your booklet