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Lymphatic System
- 1. • Submitted by: Mahnoor Shabbir Submitted to: Ma’am Guldasta Subject: Human Physiology-Ι Department: Microbiology
- 2. Introduction to Lymphatic System Definition Structure Function lymph node lymph Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Tissues and Organs Lymphatic disease Importance Contents:
- 3. • Introduction to Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system is a collection of vessels, nodes, and organs including the pharyngeal lymphoid ring. Lymph, the fluid flowing through the system, is colorless (L., lympha = clear water) and the vessels normally containing it are usually collapsed and difficult to isolate. Hence, the lymphatic system is frequently perceived as being less important than other systems of the body. The lymphatic system helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure and, thus, the fluid balance between blood and the interstitial spaces.
- 5. • Definition: The lymphatic system is a network of low-pressure vessels which provide a route for the return of interstitial fluid to the blood vascular network. A network of lymph ducts is present throughout the body. It moves fluids back to the circulatory system, while also providing important immune functions.
- 7. • Structure: The lymphatic vessels begin as open-ended capillaries, which feed into larger and larger lymphatic vessels, and eventually empty into the bloodstream by a series of ducts. Along the way, the lymph travels through the lymph nodes, which are commonly found near the groin, armpits, neck, chest, and abdomen. Humans have about 500–600 lymph nodes throughout the body.
- 8. • A major distinction between the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems in humans is that lymph is not actively pumped by the heart, but is forced through the vessels by the movements of the body, the contraction of skeletal muscles during body movements, and breathing. One-way valves (semi-lunar valves) in lymphatic vessels keep the lymph moving toward the heart. Lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries, through lymphatic vessels, and then is dumped into the circulatory system via the lymphatic ducts located at the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins in the neck.
- 10. • Function: The lymphatic system is a circulatory system that drains fluid from the blood vessels. Lymph vessels are the site of fluid drainage and pump lymph fluid using smooth muscle and skeletal muscle action. The larger vessels contain valves to prevent backflow and pump towards the heart to return lymph fluid to the bloodstream by the subclavian veins.
- 11. • A lymph node is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue through which the lymph passes on its way to returning to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Lymphoid tissue contains lymphocytes and other specialized cells and tissues that have immune system functions.
- 12. • lymph node: Small oval bodies of the lymphatic system, distributed along the lymphatic vessels clustered in the armpits, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen. They filter through lymph fluid.
- 13. • lymph: A colorless, watery, bodily fluid carried by the lymphatic system, consisting mainly of white blood cells.
- 14. • The lymphatic system is a collection of structures and vessels that drains lymph from blood and has several other functions. It is a circulatory system for lymph fluid and the site of many key immune system functions.
- 15. • Lymphatic Vessels: The lymphatic vessels are the lymphatic system equivalent of the blood vessels of the circulatory system and drain fluid from the circulatory system. The network of lymph vessels consists of the initial collectors of lymph fluid, which are small, valveless vessels, and goes on to form the precollector vessels, which have rudimentary valves that are not fully functional. These structures then form increasingly larger lymphatic vessels which form colaterals and have lymph-angions (lymph hearts). The larger lymph vessels contain valves that prevent the backflow of lymph.
- 17. • Lymphatic Tissues and Organs: Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs including the lymph nodes, as well as in the lymphoid follicles in the pharynx such as the tonsils. Lymph nodes are found primarily in the armpits, groin, chest, neck, and abdomen. Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes (a type of highly differentiated white blood cell), but they also contain other types of cells for structural and functional support, such as the dendritic cells, which play a key role in the immune system. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, including the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. •
- 19. • Lymphatic disease: Lymphatic disease is a class of disorders which directly affect the components of the lymphatic system.
- 20. • Diseases and disorders • Hodgkin's Disease/Hodgkin's Lymphoma: • This is a type of cancer of the lymphatic system. It can start almost anywhere in the body. It is believed to be caused by HIV, Epstein-Barr Syndrome, age, and family history. Symptoms include weight gain, fever, swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, itchy skin, fatigue, chest pain, coughing, or trouble swallowing.
- 22. • Lymphangitis: • Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the lymph vessels. Symptoms usually include swelling, redness, warmth, pain or red streaking around the affected area.
- 23. • Lymphedema: • Lymphedema is the chronic pooling of lymph fluid in the tissue. It usually starts in the feet or lower legs. It's also a side-effect of some surgical procedures.
- 24. • Lymphocytosis: Lymphocytosis is a high lymphocyte count. It can be caused by an infection, blood cancer, lymphoma, or autoimmune disorders that are accompanied by chronic swelling.
- 25. • Lymphadenitis: • Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes usually caused by a virus, bacteria or fungi. Symptoms include redness or swelling around the lymph node.
- 26. • Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: • Lymphoma is usually malignant cancer. It is caused by the body producing too many abnormal white blood cells. It is not the same as Hodgkin's Disease. Symptoms usually include painless, enlarged lymph node or nodes in the neck, weakness, fever, weight loss, and anemia.
- 28. • Importance: The lymphatic system is an extremely important system in the body and working in conjunction with the circulatory system it helps with the elimination of toxins and other waste materials from the body. The lymphatic system consists of various organs, lymphatic ducts, and lymph nodes, and it transports a clear fluid called lymph. The lymph and the lymphatic system does not receive the same attention as that of the blood circulation, and remains a mysterious entity for many.