This document proposes using a constellation of interconnected cube satellites in very low Earth orbit to provide global connectivity, high-speed data transmission, and data analysis. The satellites would drift relative to each other while maintaining connections to provide continuous coverage. Later phases would include smaller picosatellites for denser coverage. Data would be transmitted using quantum packets for high speeds and security. The system aims to provide internet access worldwide and enable applications like weather monitoring and disaster alerting.
Underwater localization and node mobility estimationIJECEIAES
In this paper, localizing a moving node in the context of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is considered. Most existing algorithms have had designed to work with a static node in the networks. However, in practical case, the node is dynamic due to relative motion between the transmitter and receiver. The main idea is to record the time of arrival message (ToA) stamp and estimating the drift in the sampling frequency accordingly. It should be emphasized that, the channel conditions such as multipath and delay spread, and ambient noise is considered to make the system pragmatic. A joint prediction of the node mobility and speed are estimated based on the sampling frequency offset estimation. This sampling frequency offset drift is detected based on correlating an anticipated window in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) of the received packet. The range and the distance of the mobile node is predicted from estimating the speed at the received packet and reused in the position estimation algorithm. The underwater acoustic channel is considered in this paper with 8 paths and maximum delay spread of 48 ms to simulate a pragmatic case. The performance is evaluated by adopting different nodes speeds in the simulation in two scenarios of expansion and compression. The results show that the proposed algorithm has a stable profile in the presence of severe channel conditions. Also, the result shows that the maximum speed that can be adopted in this algorithm is 9 km/h and the expansion case profile is more stable than the compression scenario. In addition, a comparison with a dynamic triangular algorithm (DTN) is presented in order to evaluate the proposed system.
ExoSGAN and ExoACGAN: Exoplanet Detection using Adversarial Training AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document discusses using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to detect exoplanets from light curve data. Specifically, it proposes two models: ExoSGAN which uses a semi-supervised GAN (SGAN) and ExoACGAN which uses an auxiliary classifier GAN (ACGAN). SGAN and ACGAN are designed to handle issues with imbalanced and unlabeled data. The models are trained on K2 light curve data and achieve 100% recall and precision on the test set, outperforming previous methods. The document provides background on exoplanet detection techniques and reviews related work applying machine learning, including CNNs, to find planets from Kepler and K2 mission data.
This document is a PhD thesis that investigates medium access control (MAC) protocols for underwater swarm sensor networks (USSN) consisting of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). It presents two new decentralized MAC protocols called Adaptive Token Polling MAC (ATP-MAC) and Adaptive Space Time - Time Division Multiple Access (AST-TDMA) for non-time critical and time critical USSN applications respectively. Analytical and simulation results show that the new protocols outperform conventional TDMA in their ability to disseminate time-sensitive information in a timely manner, allowing higher densities of AUVs to operate in swarm-like networks. The thesis also examines the short-range underwater acoustic communication channel characteristics that impact
FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR AEROSPACE NAVIGATIONrupleenkaur23
This document is a dissertation submitted by Rupleen Kaur for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University. The dissertation is on the design of a fractal microstrip patch antenna for aerospace navigation. It discusses the design and simulation of different fractal microstrip patch antenna configurations using HFSS software to achieve multiband operation for aerospace navigation applications. The simulated results of return loss, radiation pattern, gain and VSWR of the different antenna designs are presented and validated.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses a concept for using repeated external acceleration from stations positioned throughout the solar system to propel probes to distances of 200 AU within 15 years. It summarizes the current study analyzing trajectories for probes accelerated by single and dual stations in Earth and Jupiter orbits. The document also reviews potential station and probe configurations that could enable such an ambitious interstellar exploration architecture.
Iaetsd rf controlled sailing robot for oceanic missionsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses a proposed sailing robot that can be controlled remotely using RF wireless communication. The robot would use sensors like depth sensors, obstacle sensors, and metal detectors to perform tasks like measuring ocean depths and locating sunken ships. It would also use a GPS module for navigation and tracking and a camera to send video back to the controller. The robot's movements would be controlled from a laptop using an RF module, and sensor data would also be transmitted back to the laptop. The goal is to develop a robot that can perform dangerous oceanic missions without risking human lives onboard.
Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away.
While teleportation is portrayed in science fiction as a means to transfer physical objects from one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information.
Underwater localization and node mobility estimationIJECEIAES
In this paper, localizing a moving node in the context of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is considered. Most existing algorithms have had designed to work with a static node in the networks. However, in practical case, the node is dynamic due to relative motion between the transmitter and receiver. The main idea is to record the time of arrival message (ToA) stamp and estimating the drift in the sampling frequency accordingly. It should be emphasized that, the channel conditions such as multipath and delay spread, and ambient noise is considered to make the system pragmatic. A joint prediction of the node mobility and speed are estimated based on the sampling frequency offset estimation. This sampling frequency offset drift is detected based on correlating an anticipated window in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) of the received packet. The range and the distance of the mobile node is predicted from estimating the speed at the received packet and reused in the position estimation algorithm. The underwater acoustic channel is considered in this paper with 8 paths and maximum delay spread of 48 ms to simulate a pragmatic case. The performance is evaluated by adopting different nodes speeds in the simulation in two scenarios of expansion and compression. The results show that the proposed algorithm has a stable profile in the presence of severe channel conditions. Also, the result shows that the maximum speed that can be adopted in this algorithm is 9 km/h and the expansion case profile is more stable than the compression scenario. In addition, a comparison with a dynamic triangular algorithm (DTN) is presented in order to evaluate the proposed system.
ExoSGAN and ExoACGAN: Exoplanet Detection using Adversarial Training AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document discusses using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to detect exoplanets from light curve data. Specifically, it proposes two models: ExoSGAN which uses a semi-supervised GAN (SGAN) and ExoACGAN which uses an auxiliary classifier GAN (ACGAN). SGAN and ACGAN are designed to handle issues with imbalanced and unlabeled data. The models are trained on K2 light curve data and achieve 100% recall and precision on the test set, outperforming previous methods. The document provides background on exoplanet detection techniques and reviews related work applying machine learning, including CNNs, to find planets from Kepler and K2 mission data.
This document is a PhD thesis that investigates medium access control (MAC) protocols for underwater swarm sensor networks (USSN) consisting of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). It presents two new decentralized MAC protocols called Adaptive Token Polling MAC (ATP-MAC) and Adaptive Space Time - Time Division Multiple Access (AST-TDMA) for non-time critical and time critical USSN applications respectively. Analytical and simulation results show that the new protocols outperform conventional TDMA in their ability to disseminate time-sensitive information in a timely manner, allowing higher densities of AUVs to operate in swarm-like networks. The thesis also examines the short-range underwater acoustic communication channel characteristics that impact
FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR AEROSPACE NAVIGATIONrupleenkaur23
This document is a dissertation submitted by Rupleen Kaur for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University. The dissertation is on the design of a fractal microstrip patch antenna for aerospace navigation. It discusses the design and simulation of different fractal microstrip patch antenna configurations using HFSS software to achieve multiband operation for aerospace navigation applications. The simulated results of return loss, radiation pattern, gain and VSWR of the different antenna designs are presented and validated.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses a concept for using repeated external acceleration from stations positioned throughout the solar system to propel probes to distances of 200 AU within 15 years. It summarizes the current study analyzing trajectories for probes accelerated by single and dual stations in Earth and Jupiter orbits. The document also reviews potential station and probe configurations that could enable such an ambitious interstellar exploration architecture.
Iaetsd rf controlled sailing robot for oceanic missionsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses a proposed sailing robot that can be controlled remotely using RF wireless communication. The robot would use sensors like depth sensors, obstacle sensors, and metal detectors to perform tasks like measuring ocean depths and locating sunken ships. It would also use a GPS module for navigation and tracking and a camera to send video back to the controller. The robot's movements would be controlled from a laptop using an RF module, and sensor data would also be transmitted back to the laptop. The goal is to develop a robot that can perform dangerous oceanic missions without risking human lives onboard.
Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away.
While teleportation is portrayed in science fiction as a means to transfer physical objects from one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information.
This document contains summaries of 3 seminar topics:
1. Figuring out the moon - Computer simulations have helped understand the moon's weak and variable magnetic field by modeling a blanket of material that briefly insulated the lunar core.
2. The internet on Mars - Plans are underway to establish an interplanetary internet by connecting individual planet networks through gateways and using a bundle protocol for long distance data transfer.
3. Satellite tracking - Over 5,000 satellites are tracked using telemetry, which measures conditions from space and monitors satellite performance, and networks of ground stations that communicate with and control satellites.
Cyberinfrastructure to Support Ocean ObservatoriesLarry Smarr
05.03.18
Invited Talk to the Ocean Studies Board
National Research Council
Title: Cyberinfrastructure to Support Ocean Observatories
University of California San Diego
The document discusses optical inter-satellite communication. It begins with an introduction that defines optical inter-satellite communication and provides an overview of why optical communication is used. It then covers the key components of an optical inter-satellite communication system including optical transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, transponders, antennas and converters. The document concludes by discussing advantages, applications and the future scope of optical inter-satellite communication.
This masters thesis investigates ground fault protection of transmission lines and the impact of overhead ground wires and system earthing methods. Models of a transmission line and transmission network were implemented in ATPDraw simulation software. Simulation results found that presence of overhead ground wires improves fault location estimation but not detection for single phase faults. Fault resistance was the main factor for detection. Compensated earthing networks could distinguish between single and double phase faults based on impedance measurements. Further analysis is still needed to generalize conclusions to all fault scenarios.
JPL RSA 1513471 - Europa CubeSat Concept Study - Characterizing Subsurface Oc...CASEY JONES STEUER
This document summarizes a feasibility study conducted by the University of Michigan to assess a proposed CubeSat mission to conduct magnetic induction sounding of Europa's subsurface ocean using a magnetometer payload. The mission objectives are to remain within 1,560 km of Europa for over 7 days to measure Europa's induced magnetic field at two frequencies and communicate the data to the Europa Clipper spacecraft. The study finds the science mission is feasible using heritage instruments and that the spacecraft could survive the thermal and radiation environment with proper design. However, propulsion systems for CubeSats currently cannot achieve orbital insertion at Europa. While subsystem designs indicate feasibility, propulsion remains an obstacle to completing the proposed science objectives.
Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwate...IJECEIAES
A little change in the environment that goes unnoticed in an underwater communication network might lead to calamity. A little alteration in the environment must also be adequately analyzed in order to deal with a potential crisis. A priority-based routing protocol is required to ensure that the vital data perceived by the sensor about the environment changes. The priority-based routing system guarantees that vital data packets are delivered at a quicker pace to the destination or base station for further processing. In this work, we present a priority-based routing protocol based on the energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol (EEHRCP) algorithm. The suggested approach keeps two distinct queues for lower and higher priority data packets. In order to ensure that these packets get at their destination without any information loss and at a quicker rate, all of the crucial sensed data is passed through a higher priority queue. Test findings show that the suggested technique increases throughput, delivery percentage, and reduces latency for the crucial data packets.
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemIJERA Editor
Nowadays it is widely accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of large data management philosophy. In
this paper, we present a future view of the big data collection by synthetic aperture radiometry as a passive
microwave remote sensing towards building a global monitoring system. Since the collected data may not have
any value, it is mandatory to analyses these data in order to get valuable and beneficial information with respect
to their base data. The collected data by synthetic aperture radiometry is one of the high resolution earth
observation, these data will be an intensive problems, Meanwhile, Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in
several bands, X, C, S, L and P-band. The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is how to collect data
from areas with inadequate network infrastructures where the ground network facilities were destroyed. The
future concern is to establish a new global data management system, which is supported by the groups of
international teams working to develop technology based on international regulations. There is no doubt that the
existing techniques are so limited to solve big data problems totally. There is a lot of work towards improving 2-
D and 3-D SAR to get better resolution.
This document provides an overview of terahertz antenna technology for space applications. It begins with an introduction to terahertz technology and its uses in areas such as communications, biomedical imaging, and security. Key challenges in developing terahertz sources, detectors, and antennas are discussed. The brief then covers advancements that have enabled novel terahertz antenna designs, including microfabrication techniques, photonic bandgap structures, metamaterials, and new materials like graphene. It notes that characterizing terahertz antennas and developing accurate models and test facilities remain important research areas. The document concludes that space applications are driving the need for more sensitive detectors, higher data rate communications, and improved antennas to transmit and receive terahertz
This document provides an overview of different types of orbits used for satellites, including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), geostationary orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each orbit type, as well as their applications. Specific orbits like LEO are discussed in more detail, including factors like altitude and advantages like lower latency for communication satellites. The document also examines space debris and the increasing threat it poses to operational satellites from collisions. It notes there are over 20,000 pieces of debris larger than 10cm tracked in Earth's orbit.
Amelioration of the Lightkurve Package: Advancing Exoplanet Detection through...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using the Lightkurve Python package to detect exoplanets through the transit method by analyzing time-series photometric data from Kepler and TESS. It evaluates Lightkurve's ability to precisely identify known exoplanets and potentially find new candidates, especially small Earth-sized planets. The transit method monitors the dimming of a star when a planet passes in front, providing information on exoplanet properties. While there are limitations, Lightkurve has potential to advance exoplanet research through more efficient processing and analysis of large datasets from space telescopes.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
In this paper, we present the idea of sun based vitality satellites sun oriented cells in the satellite Convert daylight into power, which will transform into radio recurrence vitality, at that point a collector will achieve the site Earth was re jolted by utilizing the reception apparatus with the innovation of remote and accepting it Power transmission is transmitting power i.e., as microwave for lessening transmission and dispersion. In this paper we want to elaborate all the aspect related to the wireless power transmission using solar power satellite by which the overall efficiency, reliability will be increased. Karan Sharma | Prateeek Saini | Naveen Jangid | Dr. Himani Goyal Sharma ""Wireless Power Transmission using SPS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21719.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21719/wireless-power-transmission-using-sps/karan-sharma
CENIC: Pacific Wave and PRP Update Big News for Big DataLarry Smarr
The document discusses the Pacific Wave exchange and Pacific Research Platform (PRP). It provides an overview of Pacific Wave, including its history and connectivity across the Pacific and western US. It then discusses how the PRP will build on infrastructure projects to create a high-speed "big data freeway" for science across California universities. This will allow researchers to more easily share and analyze large datasets for projects in areas like climate modeling, cancer genomics, astronomy and particle physics. Details are provided on specific science applications and datasets that will benefit from the enhanced connectivity of the PRP.
The document provides a vision for the future of ubiquitous sensor networks and introduces Quantum-Pi, a company developing quantum tunneling sensor technologies. Quantum-Pi was founded in 1999 and has developed nano-electro-mechanical sensors for applications such as oil/gas, security, medicine, aviation and more. The document discusses Quantum-Pi's devices, collaborations, facilities, and the market potential for its quantum tunneling linear encoder and dynamic sensor products. It presents the technological principles behind quantum tunneling sensors and examples of prototypes fabricated at research institutions.
This document provides an overview and motivation for the research conducted in the author's PhD thesis on high-speed optical fibre transmission using advanced modulation formats. The rapid growth of bandwidth-hungry internet services is driving demand for ever higher network capacities. While WDM and OTDM have increased capacities, advanced modulation formats that use phase and amplitude have the potential to further improve spectral efficiency and transmission reach. The author's research focuses on experimental implementation and transmission of QPSK and QAM16 modulation schemes with coherent detection and digital signal processing. The goals are to maximize bit rates and transmission distances achievable over standard single-mode fibre. Return-to-zero pulse shaping and nonlinearity compensation are also investigated to increase transmission reach.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
A five-year National Science Foundation-funded Research Coordination Network (RCN), the “OceanObs” RCN, is currently in its third year. The RCN, through a series of working groups continues to focus on key issues in ocean observations. Two outcomes are highlighted in this presentation. Recommendations for improvements in the joint use of in situ and remote sensing were developed by one of the RCN’s working groups; an exemplar use case considered observation of coastal waters. An RCN supported working group examined the maturity of sensors for ocean biology observations. This presentation reviews the outcomes of these working groups.
IRJET- A Survey of Underwater CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on underwater communication and aquatic drones. It discusses how acoustic signals can transmit data underwater over long distances, unlike radio signals. It also outlines challenges with underwater wireless sensor networks including unmanned exploration, localized data acquisition, and tetherless networking over large areas. The document reviews the development of aquatic drones, both remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). It provides examples of existing AUVs and their applications in tasks like mine clearing and outlines ongoing navy research priorities to expand AUV capabilities.
The document discusses a proposed technology demonstration mission to test electric sail (E-sail) propulsion. E-sails use charged tethers and solar wind to propel spacecraft without propellant. The mission would deploy 16.5 km of tether from a 12U CubeSat at Earth-Moon L1 point. Previous tether missions often failed during deployment, which is identified as the main risk. Three deployment schemes are considered, with a "barbell" design selected for analysis to assess thrusting with charged 16.5 km tethers and steering capabilities. The goal is to advance E-sail technology needed for future missions like faster travel to the Heliopause.
The document describes research being conducted at the University of Tsukuba's Center for Computational Sciences. It discusses several areas of research including:
1) Developing high-performance, massively parallel numerical algorithms and libraries like FFT for simulations. This includes algorithms for saddle point problems.
2) Accelerating applications using GPUs, including developing checkpointing techniques to handle long GPU computations within time limits.
3) Research on fundamental technologies for exascale computing and beyond, including using FPGAs for computation and communication acceleration in applications.
4) Developing the ARGOT code to simulate early universe object formation using tight coupling of GPUs and FPGAs, achieving up to 17x speed
This document presents a study that uses linear regression to predict university freshmen's academic performance (GPA) based on their scores on the Joint Matriculation Examination (JME). The study finds a weak positive correlation (R=0.137) between GPA and JME scores, with the regression model only explaining 1.9% of variability in GPA. Statistical tests show no significant relationship between JME score and university GPA (p>0.05). The study concludes that JME score is not a strong predictor of freshmen academic performance.
This document describes a school bus tracking and security system that uses face recognition, GPS, and notification technologies. The system uses a camera to identify students as they board and exit the bus. A GPS module tracks the bus location and uploads coordinates to a database. Parents and school administrators can access this information through a mobile app to track students. When a student's face is recognized, a notification is sent to the parents. The system aims to increase student safety by monitoring their locations and notifying parents when they enter or exit the bus.
This document contains summaries of 3 seminar topics:
1. Figuring out the moon - Computer simulations have helped understand the moon's weak and variable magnetic field by modeling a blanket of material that briefly insulated the lunar core.
2. The internet on Mars - Plans are underway to establish an interplanetary internet by connecting individual planet networks through gateways and using a bundle protocol for long distance data transfer.
3. Satellite tracking - Over 5,000 satellites are tracked using telemetry, which measures conditions from space and monitors satellite performance, and networks of ground stations that communicate with and control satellites.
Cyberinfrastructure to Support Ocean ObservatoriesLarry Smarr
05.03.18
Invited Talk to the Ocean Studies Board
National Research Council
Title: Cyberinfrastructure to Support Ocean Observatories
University of California San Diego
The document discusses optical inter-satellite communication. It begins with an introduction that defines optical inter-satellite communication and provides an overview of why optical communication is used. It then covers the key components of an optical inter-satellite communication system including optical transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, transponders, antennas and converters. The document concludes by discussing advantages, applications and the future scope of optical inter-satellite communication.
This masters thesis investigates ground fault protection of transmission lines and the impact of overhead ground wires and system earthing methods. Models of a transmission line and transmission network were implemented in ATPDraw simulation software. Simulation results found that presence of overhead ground wires improves fault location estimation but not detection for single phase faults. Fault resistance was the main factor for detection. Compensated earthing networks could distinguish between single and double phase faults based on impedance measurements. Further analysis is still needed to generalize conclusions to all fault scenarios.
JPL RSA 1513471 - Europa CubeSat Concept Study - Characterizing Subsurface Oc...CASEY JONES STEUER
This document summarizes a feasibility study conducted by the University of Michigan to assess a proposed CubeSat mission to conduct magnetic induction sounding of Europa's subsurface ocean using a magnetometer payload. The mission objectives are to remain within 1,560 km of Europa for over 7 days to measure Europa's induced magnetic field at two frequencies and communicate the data to the Europa Clipper spacecraft. The study finds the science mission is feasible using heritage instruments and that the spacecraft could survive the thermal and radiation environment with proper design. However, propulsion systems for CubeSats currently cannot achieve orbital insertion at Europa. While subsystem designs indicate feasibility, propulsion remains an obstacle to completing the proposed science objectives.
Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwate...IJECEIAES
A little change in the environment that goes unnoticed in an underwater communication network might lead to calamity. A little alteration in the environment must also be adequately analyzed in order to deal with a potential crisis. A priority-based routing protocol is required to ensure that the vital data perceived by the sensor about the environment changes. The priority-based routing system guarantees that vital data packets are delivered at a quicker pace to the destination or base station for further processing. In this work, we present a priority-based routing protocol based on the energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol (EEHRCP) algorithm. The suggested approach keeps two distinct queues for lower and higher priority data packets. In order to ensure that these packets get at their destination without any information loss and at a quicker rate, all of the crucial sensed data is passed through a higher priority queue. Test findings show that the suggested technique increases throughput, delivery percentage, and reduces latency for the crucial data packets.
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemIJERA Editor
Nowadays it is widely accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of large data management philosophy. In
this paper, we present a future view of the big data collection by synthetic aperture radiometry as a passive
microwave remote sensing towards building a global monitoring system. Since the collected data may not have
any value, it is mandatory to analyses these data in order to get valuable and beneficial information with respect
to their base data. The collected data by synthetic aperture radiometry is one of the high resolution earth
observation, these data will be an intensive problems, Meanwhile, Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in
several bands, X, C, S, L and P-band. The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is how to collect data
from areas with inadequate network infrastructures where the ground network facilities were destroyed. The
future concern is to establish a new global data management system, which is supported by the groups of
international teams working to develop technology based on international regulations. There is no doubt that the
existing techniques are so limited to solve big data problems totally. There is a lot of work towards improving 2-
D and 3-D SAR to get better resolution.
This document provides an overview of terahertz antenna technology for space applications. It begins with an introduction to terahertz technology and its uses in areas such as communications, biomedical imaging, and security. Key challenges in developing terahertz sources, detectors, and antennas are discussed. The brief then covers advancements that have enabled novel terahertz antenna designs, including microfabrication techniques, photonic bandgap structures, metamaterials, and new materials like graphene. It notes that characterizing terahertz antennas and developing accurate models and test facilities remain important research areas. The document concludes that space applications are driving the need for more sensitive detectors, higher data rate communications, and improved antennas to transmit and receive terahertz
This document provides an overview of different types of orbits used for satellites, including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), geostationary orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each orbit type, as well as their applications. Specific orbits like LEO are discussed in more detail, including factors like altitude and advantages like lower latency for communication satellites. The document also examines space debris and the increasing threat it poses to operational satellites from collisions. It notes there are over 20,000 pieces of debris larger than 10cm tracked in Earth's orbit.
Amelioration of the Lightkurve Package: Advancing Exoplanet Detection through...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using the Lightkurve Python package to detect exoplanets through the transit method by analyzing time-series photometric data from Kepler and TESS. It evaluates Lightkurve's ability to precisely identify known exoplanets and potentially find new candidates, especially small Earth-sized planets. The transit method monitors the dimming of a star when a planet passes in front, providing information on exoplanet properties. While there are limitations, Lightkurve has potential to advance exoplanet research through more efficient processing and analysis of large datasets from space telescopes.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
In this paper, we present the idea of sun based vitality satellites sun oriented cells in the satellite Convert daylight into power, which will transform into radio recurrence vitality, at that point a collector will achieve the site Earth was re jolted by utilizing the reception apparatus with the innovation of remote and accepting it Power transmission is transmitting power i.e., as microwave for lessening transmission and dispersion. In this paper we want to elaborate all the aspect related to the wireless power transmission using solar power satellite by which the overall efficiency, reliability will be increased. Karan Sharma | Prateeek Saini | Naveen Jangid | Dr. Himani Goyal Sharma ""Wireless Power Transmission using SPS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21719.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21719/wireless-power-transmission-using-sps/karan-sharma
CENIC: Pacific Wave and PRP Update Big News for Big DataLarry Smarr
The document discusses the Pacific Wave exchange and Pacific Research Platform (PRP). It provides an overview of Pacific Wave, including its history and connectivity across the Pacific and western US. It then discusses how the PRP will build on infrastructure projects to create a high-speed "big data freeway" for science across California universities. This will allow researchers to more easily share and analyze large datasets for projects in areas like climate modeling, cancer genomics, astronomy and particle physics. Details are provided on specific science applications and datasets that will benefit from the enhanced connectivity of the PRP.
The document provides a vision for the future of ubiquitous sensor networks and introduces Quantum-Pi, a company developing quantum tunneling sensor technologies. Quantum-Pi was founded in 1999 and has developed nano-electro-mechanical sensors for applications such as oil/gas, security, medicine, aviation and more. The document discusses Quantum-Pi's devices, collaborations, facilities, and the market potential for its quantum tunneling linear encoder and dynamic sensor products. It presents the technological principles behind quantum tunneling sensors and examples of prototypes fabricated at research institutions.
This document provides an overview and motivation for the research conducted in the author's PhD thesis on high-speed optical fibre transmission using advanced modulation formats. The rapid growth of bandwidth-hungry internet services is driving demand for ever higher network capacities. While WDM and OTDM have increased capacities, advanced modulation formats that use phase and amplitude have the potential to further improve spectral efficiency and transmission reach. The author's research focuses on experimental implementation and transmission of QPSK and QAM16 modulation schemes with coherent detection and digital signal processing. The goals are to maximize bit rates and transmission distances achievable over standard single-mode fibre. Return-to-zero pulse shaping and nonlinearity compensation are also investigated to increase transmission reach.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
A five-year National Science Foundation-funded Research Coordination Network (RCN), the “OceanObs” RCN, is currently in its third year. The RCN, through a series of working groups continues to focus on key issues in ocean observations. Two outcomes are highlighted in this presentation. Recommendations for improvements in the joint use of in situ and remote sensing were developed by one of the RCN’s working groups; an exemplar use case considered observation of coastal waters. An RCN supported working group examined the maturity of sensors for ocean biology observations. This presentation reviews the outcomes of these working groups.
IRJET- A Survey of Underwater CommunicationIRJET Journal
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IJSRED-V2I5P46
1. Use of Micro Satellites for Global Connectivity,
High Speed Transmission & Data Analysis
A Synopsis
Submitted to
The 8th Asia Pacific Conference of Young Scientists
Category: Engineering & Physics
by
Swaraj Sagar Pradhan
Supervisor
Madan Khanal
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
SOUTHWESTERN STATE COLLEGE, BASUNDHARA,
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
September 16, 2019
2. ii
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my greatest gratitude towards the Department of Physics for
their kind co-operation and encouragement to carry out this project without whom
this project is not possible, which is a groundbreaking research done here at
SOUTHWESTEN STATE COLLEGE, Basundhara, Kathmandu.
I would like to express my earnest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Madan Khanal
(Head of Department, Department of Physics, Southwestern State College) for his
continuous guidance and encouragement throughout the project period. Also, I would
like to thank my respected mentors and advisors, namely, Mr. Arjun Acharya
(Department of Physics, Southwestern State College), Mr. Narayan Banjade
(Department of Physics, Southwestern State College), Mr. Devendra Raj Upadhyay
(Department of Mathematics, Southwestern State College)Prof. Dr. Pradeep Bhattarai
(Department of Physics, Southwestern State College), Mr. Kishor Lamsal
(Department of Chemistry, Southwestern State College), Mr. Raju Dhakal (Science
faculty Co- Ordinator, Southwestern State College), Mr. Ashok Dhakal (Head of
Department, Department of English, Southwestern State College), Mr. Ram Bijay
Yadav (Department of Mathematics, Southwestern State College), Mr. Ishwor Gharti
(Department of Mathematics, Southwestern State College), Mr. Arjun Mahato
(Department of Chemistry, Southwestern State College) Dr. Miguel Paredes Quinoes
(Research staff member, IBM Quantum Computer project), Er. Vesal Razavimaleki
(Director of engineering, electrical, SEDS UCSD), Mr. Suresh Bhattarai
(Chairperson, Nepal Astronomical Society), Ms. Manisha Dwa (Program
3. iii
Coordinator, Nepal Astronomical Society), Er. Ganesh Bikram Singh Ale Magar
(Bomb research, Radio communications and Robotics Lab, Nepal Army), Er. Pranav
Gokhale (PhD student, Quantum Computing, University of Chicago), Er. Upendra
Dhungana (Chairperson, Astro Botech Pvt. Ltd), Er. Raj Kumar Chaurasiya (C.E.O,
Astro Botech Pvt. Ltd.), Er. Amit Joshi Shrestha for their comprehendible helps in
many parts of the project to make this project a reality step by step
At last I would like to express my deep appreciation to my parents and my classmates
for endless support and help from the inception of this project, now and hopefully till
the end, directly or indirect
4. iv
Abstract
This project depends on relative planned swarming system of inter-connected cube
satellites, these satellites will be connected and will drift relative to each other which
means that the level of coverage and service will change with time. The governing
parameter of the drift is the relative velocity difference received at the time of
deployment. These inter-connected satellites will be equipped with HET (High
efficiency thrusters) for higher orbital stability and collectively these satellites can
give very low latency data rates at data latencies down to about 20-30 milliseconds,
which is done End to End Quantum Data transmission with an additional feature.
This study helps on data analysis also the relative drift is solved using constantly
changing satellite connections which has a very stable and planned orbit using the
Teran celestial coordinate system in order to provide uninterrupted high-speed data
connectivity as well as other facilities.
This is a phase by phase developmental project of the project “Use of micro satellites
for rural connectivity and data analysis”. The main theme of this project revolves
around the use of cube-based satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit in order to provide
global connectivity, high rates of connectivity speed using quantum qubit data
packets for compressed and fast connectivity as well as data analysis such as weather,
disaster alarming and scientific data analysis.
These satellites being very small at the size of 1U cube satellites, are relatively very
cheap to conventional approaches to satellites and are much easier to mass produce
and mass launch as they are light and easy to deploy.
5. v
The results expected from this project is that, the people of the rural areas can get
connected to the internet so that they can have a better education and can know about
the various technologies of the outer world that can enhance their development as
well. Many parts of world are disconnected to road systems or even sufficiently
advanced technologies, these mobile and portable satellites will be able to connect
practically each and every part of the making global connectivity possible. Not just
that but already connected urban areas too can enjoy very fast and easy to afford high
speed connections and accurate weather data. Using quantum data transmission
means we can use these later on as a way to do deep space communication as well!
Having this in constellation also provides us a new opportunity of data analysis
through constant earth observation. Technologies like these can signal wildfires and
flood etc. and can help reduce loss of property and life in a natural accident etc.
Realizing the need of this, this is what I would like to present and research on would
like to work on this project.
Keywords: Cube satellites, VLEO, Quantum data, swarming, HET
6. vi
Table of Contents
Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................vii to ix
Introduction ........................................................................................................................x
Motivation......................................................................................................................... xi
Related Work........................................................................................................ xii to xiii
Proposed Method.............................................................................................. xiv to xxxii
Methodology...............................................................................................................xxxiii
Plan of Work..................................................................................................xxxiv to xxxv
Conclusions & Recommendations ............................................................................xxxvi
References.......................................................................................................xxxvii to xlii
7. vii
1. Abbreviation
• I/O Input/output
• HET High efficiency thrusters
• Can sat Can Satellite
• Cube sat Cube Satellite
• RA Right Accession
• Dec Declination
• EQ Equatorial
• RADAR Ratio Detection and Ranging
• LASER Light Amplification by simulated emission of radiation
• VLEO Very low earth orbit
• HF high frequency
• LF low frequency
• UHF ultra-high frequency
• VHF very high frequency
• VLF very low frequency
• RF radio frequency
• PV Photovoltaic
• X- OR Excusive OR gate
• H gate Hadamard gate
• CX gate Controlled-X gate
• ID gate the identity gate
8. viii
• U3 gate 3 parameter qubit gate
• U2 gate the two parameters control two different rotations within the gate
• U1 gate Rz equivalent gate
• Rx gate rotating the qubit state around the x axis by the given angle on a
bloach sphere
• Ry gate rotating the qubit state around the x axis by the given angle on a
bloach sphere
• Rz gate rotating the qubit state around the x axis by the given angle on a
bloach sphere
• X gate Pauli x gate flipping the |0⟩ state to |1⟩ and vice versa (angle π)
• Y gate Ry for angle π (X+Z = Y)
• Z gate flipping the |+⟩ to |−⟩ and vice versa for Rz at angle π
• S gate Rz for angle π/2 Clifford gate
• Sdg gate S^-1 gate
• T gate Rz for the angle π/4
• Tdg gate T^-1 gate
• cH gate controlled-Hadamard gate
• cY gate controlled-Y gate
• cZ gate controlled-Z gate
• cRz gate controlled-Rz gate
• cU1 gate controlled-U1 gate
• cU3 gate controlled-U3 gate
• ccX gate Toffoli
9. ix
• SWAP Swaps condition of 2 qubits
• Barrier Operation barrier gate
• |0⟩ operation Reset operation
• IF operation conditional if
• Z measurement Measuring operation
• BSs Bloach Sphere
• U (1U) 1 Unit Cube
• a semi-major axis
• Re Equatorial Radius of Earth
• e Eccentricity
• µ standard gravitational Parameter of Earth
• Cd is the drag coefficient of the satellite
• Vrel satellite velocity
• ρ Density of earth’s atmosphere
• CCS Celestial Coordinate System
• CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
• CCD charge Coupled Device
10. x
2. Introduction
The project is a step by step project with an ultimate goal of deploying huge global
swarms of interlinked satellites that can provide high speed internet facilities,
meteorological data analysis and disaster monitoring, alarming. The project will be a
huge asset in global connectivity, accurate weather prediction and science data as
well as disaster monitoring systems when it will be at its final phase. These satellites
being portable and easily deployable to anywhere and on a custom orbit, can provide
very high-speed internet from ~10Gbps and other data in places where even
transportation facilities are hard to get too. The speeds provided are much higher than
that of optical fiber and it is much easier and cheaper to achieve too! I really believe
that this project can play an important role in achieving global connectivity, as well
as providing new technological breakthrough later on as End to End Quantum Data
transmission starts in the inter connected networks. Transmission of data in quantum
states also allows to transmit data in much faster as well as a much safer way using
Quantum cryptography based on the laws of Quantum Physics. It results in Global
connectivity, broadening of the education reach worldwide and step towards
achieving practical and technologically possible quantum end to end wireless data
transmission as well as an all-round development of the whole world.
11. xi
3. Motivation
The motivation came along the way of studying Astrophysics and Physics as a whole,
I realized that the problem of global connectivity was very much solvable and that I
could possibly create an impact for global internet connectivity possibly with the help
of high speed interconnected repeating systems, further development and research led
me to find out that these can be done using cube satellites much more effectively and
efficiently and provide a solution that was a new innovation to the world itself. Soo
starting from April 5th 2017(05/04/2017) I started this project as my very own research
mission and to make it a market viable and commercial product in the future. It has
been 2 years ad 5 month since and I still am finding better and more efficient ways to
make it a reality soon. As of now I am at Phase 2 of the work and I aim to complete
this project by the next 4 years. My main motivation is my love towards science and
Physics and Astrophysics specifically. My theoretical developing understanding along
with my developing skills in engineering motivates me to make the world a more
connected and secure place as well as be more informed of the earth we live and love.
I am and still will continuously work on these satellites until I fulfill the final goal of
High-speed connectivity, and global connectivity using these cube satellites
4. Related work
12. xii
The work related to this satellite stated about 2 years and 5 months ago, since the there
have been developments of various versions of the satellite at various phases of
development
1. Phase 0: Can sat Design, RND, Development (Alpha, Beta, Final version
development)
1.1. Can sat V. 1.0 alpha & Development of Graphical User Interface V 1.0
1.2. Can sat V. 1.1 alpha
1.3. Can sat V. 1.2 alpha1(Young Scientist’s Summit Nepal 2018 – Selection for
APCYS 2018) Winning Project Engineering Category & Development of
Graphical User Interface V 1.0.1 (bug fixes, adding sensors and optimization
of software hardware linking)
1.4. Can sat V. 1.3 beta
1.5. Can sat V.1.4 Beta
1.6. Can sat V 1.5 Beta (APCYS 2018 – Silver Medal in Engineering Category) &
Development of Graphical User Interface V 1.1
1.7. Can sat V. 1.6 beta
1.8. Final Can sat V. 1.7 with custom CNC printed and etched PCB & Development
of Graphical User Interface V 1.1.1 (bug fixes, fixing real time GPS reading
error, enhanced sensors added)
2. Phase 1: Cube Sat Design & Training
3. Phase 2: Materials Research And R&D, Prototype (alpha, beta, gamma)
3.1. Cube sat V 1.8 Alpha (Young Scientist’s Summit Nepal 2019 – Selection for
APCYS 2019) Winning Project Engineering & Development of Graphical
13. xiii
User Interface V 1.2 (For cube satellite with control sending and receiving
system integration and better antenna synchronization)
3.2. Cube sat V 1.9 Alpha & Development of Graphical User interface V 1.2.1
(easier interface, bug fixes, faster execution times, higher efficiency of code)
5. Proposed Method
14. xiv
The purposed method is devised of interconnected constellation of 1U cube satellites
(10cm^3 dimension) cube sats that stay inter connected in a celestial coordinate system
called the RA and Dec system, this system is much more efficient than the standard
Tourrus and gibbous or gaussian swarming systems. The systems will constantly emit
and receive data and signals to and from the earth station and node receivers the
satellites will be set in the Dec system at the first stages that can enable us to set the
transmission scales through the use of 24-hour Geological Timescale Measures. The
later stages of the mission will carry Pico sats which will densely cover the RA system
of the earth too. The satellites on the Dec orbit will act as the main transmission units
where as the ones on the RA orbit will work as boot modules and error correction
modules. The satellites in the Dec orbit will have variable no. of satellites per line of
Dec. but will have equal densities in all sections of the orbit.
5.1.Drift Velocity and Orbital Mechanics
These satellites will be relatively drifted from each other to avoid collision as well as
plan maneuvers and stability issues. The relative drift velocity is given by:
H = (1/2 *(v*v))-µ/r
where µ is the gravitational parameter defining the potential and r is the magnitude of
the position vector r. The position and velocity of this satellite defines co-ordinates in
a 6-dimensional phase space, and Hamilton’s equations define the motion of the
satellite through this phase space at all later times. Position and velocity of 2 satellites
can be given as:
(r±(1/2)δr, v±(1/2)δv)
15. xv
2 satellites and keeping midpoints as (r,v) Consider the first order Hamiltonian that
describes the motion of the satellite for which the small increments in phase space co-
ordinates are added to the midpoint co-ordinates:
H= (½(v.v) )+ (1/2(v. δv))- µ/r[1-1/2*(r. δr/r.r)]
The first order Hamiltonian for the second satellite (H2) can be found from the above
by reversing the signs of δr and δv. According to the theory of Hamiltonian systems,
both these quantities are conserved by the motion.
The relative drifting is cited and inspired by “Using Differential Drag for
Management of Nano-Satellite Constellations”, “Relative Motion Between Satellites
on Neighbouring Keplerian Orbits”
Here for Keplerian orbits
T=2π√(a^3/µ)
The above cubes will experience identical perturbations that are functions of attitude,
mass, and cross-sectional area. The cubes will still experience different perturbations
due to effects that are functions of satellite position. For example, the effect of drag
follows
Vector(a)= -1/2*(CD)*(A/m)*(ρv2
rel)*(vector vrel/ |vector vrel |)
5.2.Orbital Plane and Coordinate System
The RSW frame, also 18 referred to as Local Veridical Local Horizontal (LVLH), is
centered at the satellite with the R axis pointing from the Earth’s center along the
16. xvi
radius vector towards the satellite and shown in Figure 11 below. The S axis points in
the direction of the velocity vector and is perpendicular to the radius vector. The W
axis is normal the orbital plane
Fig. RSW system of satellites
Moreover, the satellites will follow the orbital mechanics of the celestial coordinate
system, usually known as the equatorial coordinate system. The plane of the Earth's
orbit is called the ecliptic when it is projected onto the imaginary celestial sphere.
The Earth's axis of rotation is at an angle of 23.5° to the plane of the Earth's orbit, so
the celestial equator and the ecliptic are also at a 23.5° angle to each other. The
Equatorial Coordinate System uses two measurements, right ascension and
declination. Right ascension (abbreviated RA) is similar to longitude and is measured
in hours, minutes and seconds eastward along the celestial equator. The distance
around the celestial equator is equal to 24 hours. Declination is similar to latitude and
is measured in degrees, arcminutes and arcseconds, north or south of the celestial
17. xvii
equator. Positive values for declination correspond to positions north of the equator,
while negative values refer to positions south of the equator. The declination of the
north celestial pole is 90° 0' 0" and the south celestial pole's declination is -90° 0' 0".
The equator is 0° 0' 0". The advantage of the equatorial coordinate system is that it
expresses the position of a star or galaxy in a way that is independent of the
observer's position on Earth. However, the right ascension and declination of a given
object change slowly over time, mainly due to a phenomenon called precession.
Precession happens because both the ecliptic and the equator are slowly moving, as a
result of tidal forces from the Sun, Moon and planets. The main effect is from the
Moon, which makes the celestial pole orbit around the ecliptic pole once every
26,000 years. So along with the RA and Dec of an object, you will usually see the
date, expressed in years, when those coordinates were approximately valid. This
date, or "epoch", defines the precessing equator and equinox used to construct the star
catalog.
Following this orbital system for the cube sat orbit will result in more precise and
accurate tracking alongside the advantage of the ease of orbital collision avoidance
18. xviii
Fig. RA DEC Celestial Sphere Fig. Celestial Sphere angles
While traditional constellation networks by Spacex, SWARMS, ROSCOSMOS,
NASA etc. are in a helical, spheroid, gaussian, Tourrus systems of interconnection,
using them is a harder option as higher accuracy systems of tracking would be needed
for this to successfully happen whereas the CCS is already is in place and is more
accurate than the systems used as of now.
5.3.Orbital Mechanics of Motion
The cube sats constantly on orbit will have about ~89.3427 mins/revolution of the
earth , calculated using
T2/R2= (4+π2)/(G+ME)
Because of which only one satellite doesn’t cover the whole system, so the purposed
solution is a swarmed and planned cluster of satellites, Clusterness is a metric created
19. xix
to analyze how evenly satellites are distributed from a single PPOD and is custom
created for this thesis. Clusterness is defined between 0 and 1, where satellites are at
maximum separation will result in a metric value of 0 and no separation will result in
1. While it is trivial to visually compare a 0 and a 1 it is much harder to compare
clusters of Cubes in states between the two extremes. Here,
Clusterness= ||∑θmax-θn|| / (n-1)θmax
Here, θn is the true anomaly separation between satellite N and N + 1 and, θmax is,
θmax=360/N
Because Clusterness is a moment-in-time metric the “Consistency” metric was
developed to track Clusterness over time. Consistency is reported as a graph of
Clusterness versus time
Fig. Example of consistency graph
20. xx
5.4.Data Transmission in Inter connected satellites
Space laser communication system operates in a frequency range, which is several
orders shorter than microwave communication. In this short frequency range space
laser communication possesses many advantages like high data transmit rate, high
bandwidth, small optical antenna size and weight, narrow field of view, narrow laser
emit beam, power efficiency, high precision, broad band and etc. a previously
researched on apparatus for this application was used for this purpose named “ Inter-
satellite laser communication system”
High speed transmission between satellites will enable constant host changing in
server satellites and thus will result in high speed connectivity
5.5.Cube sat Model and Dimensions
The satellite be of 1U design based on the universal specifications of 1U cube sat
which is
21. xxi
Fig. Specification of Cube sat Model Dimensions
Fig. Specification of Cubesat model dimensions Universal
22. xxii
I have made my satellite as per this dimension along with many other changes below
is the block model of the satellite.
Fig. Model Block Diagram for Cube sat V. 1.9 Alpha
The satellite will consist of onboard computers as Raspberry pi 3B+ which was
programmed using python to use various components like CMOS CCD camera,
Thermal camera, thermoelectric pad , Sensor Bay, Backup Bay, as well as the
antennas and the experimental laser system.
The antenna Host Server system will have a layout of:
23. xxiii
Fig. Host Server Antenna Block Diagram
5.6.Entanglement Based Quantam Data Transmission Systems
On compeleting the LASER Tests by the gamma phase of phase 2, instrumentation of
Quantam Entanglement based data transmission will start, this will be done using
IBM’s quiskit and IBM Q Cloud Based Quantam Computers, while the reserch on
this is still ongoing and is surely possible,this will take atleast 4 years to become a
reality to any extent .
Here, entanglement is given by:
The articles like “Entanglement-based quantum communication over 144 km” and
“Quantum End to End Data Transmission” were used for this research along with
other local resources
a. Error Mitigation of quantum states
24. xxiv
The effect of noise is to give us outputs that are not quite correct. The effect of noise
that occurs throughout a computation will be quite complex in general, as one would
have to consider how each gate transforms the effect of each error. A simpler form of
noise is that occuring during final measurement. At this point, the only job remaining
in the circuit is to extract a bit string as an output. For an nn qubit final measurement,
this means extracting one of the 2n2n possible nn bit strings. As a simple model of
the noise in this process, we can imagine that the measurement first selects one of
these outputs in a perfect and noiseless manner, and then noise subsequently causes
this perfect output to be randomly perturbed before it is returned to the user. Given
this model, it is very easy to determine exactly what the effects of measurement
errors are. We can simply prepare each of the 2n2n possible basis states, immediately
measure them, and see what probability exists for each outcome. The information
gathered from the basis states |00⟩|00⟩, |01⟩|01⟩, |10⟩|10⟩ and |11⟩|11⟩ can then be used
to define a matrix, which rotates from an ideal set of counts to one affected by
measurement noise. This is done by simply taking the counts dictionary for |00⟩|00⟩,
normalizing it it so that all elements sum to one, and then using it as the first column
of the matrix. The next column is similarly defined by the counts dictionary obtained
for |00⟩. There will be statistical variations each time the circuit for each basis state is
run.
Taking the vector describing the perfect results for a given state, applying this matrix
gives us a good approximation of the results when measurement noise is present.
C noisy=M C ideal
25. xxv
Either way, the resulting counts found in C noisy Cnoisy, for measuring
the (|00⟩+|11⟩)/2–√(|00⟩+|11⟩)/2 with measurement noise, come out quite close to the
actual data we found earlier. So this matrix method is indeed a good way of
predicting noisy results given a knowledge of what the results should be.
Unfortunately, this is the exact opposite of what we need. Instead of a way to
transform ideal counts data into noisy data, we need a way to transform noisy data
into ideal data. In linear algebra, we do this for a matrix MM by finding the inverse
matrix M−1M−1,
C ideal=M−1 C noisy.
Then it is mitigated using calibrated qubits in quiskit
5.7.Propulsion and Minor adjustment controls
The propulsion in the CubeSat will be done using [PATENT PENDING] High
Efficiency thrusters enabling recursive propulsion and high obital stability of ~60
years. There are 2 propulsion systems in the system along with 1 adjustment
mechanism.
The Propulsion systems are:
a. HET Engine
b. Water based thrust and control system
The Minor adjustments system are:
26. xxvi
a. Gyroscope and Accelerometer system (Digital/Mechanical
b. HET
The HET system is being developed and researched and has about 2 working
prototypes as of now, V. 1.8 alpha HET, V. 1.9 alpha HET, it is a [PATENT
PENDING] High Efficiency thrusters enabling recursive propulsion and high obital
stability of ~60 years. Which I am combinedly researching upon with Petrone One,
Flavius Quasae And My Astronomy and astrophysics club as well as Robotics Club
mates.
a. Water Based thrust and control systems
This is cited from the paper “Development of a Water Propulsion System for Small
Satellites - IAC 2017” the main difference in my system is that it uses conventional
thermoelectric pads to evaporate Ejecta water as well as cool the processor on the
OBC.
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to
electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric device creates
voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a
voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a
temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes
charge carrier in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side.
27. xxvii
This effect can be used to generate electricity, measure temperature or change the
temperature of objects. Because the direction of heating and cooling is determined by
the polarity of the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices can be used as temperature
controllers.
The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified effects:
the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The Seebeck and Peltier
effects are different manifestations of the same physical process; textbooks may refer
to this process as the Peltier–Seebeck effect (the separation derives from the
independent discoveries by French physicist Jean Charles Atnase Peltier and Thomas
Jhon Seebeck). The Thomson effect is an extension of the Peltier–Seebeck model and
is credited to Kelvin
In the satellite they are placed in such a way so that their cool side is at the OBC of
the satellite and hot side s at the water reservoir
28. xxviii
Fig. Seebeck’s Current used for cooling and heating in satellite
When an electric current is passed through a circuit of a thermocouple, heat is
evolved at one junction and absorbed at the other junction. This is known as Peltier
Effect. The Peltier effect is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified
junction of two different conductors.
When a current is made to flow through a junction between two conductors, A and B,
heat may be generated or removed at the junction. The Peltier heat generated at the
junction per unit time is
Q.
=(IIA+IIB) *I
29. xxix
Fig. Schematic of Thermoelectric Peltier Pad
5.8.Build Material Research and Development
I plan to use β- Titanium Carbon Fiber Alloy (Carbotitanium/ Titanium Carbon Fiber
Composite) instead of traditionally used materials like steel, alumunium etc. this is
because Carbotitanium, When the combination is adhesively bonded both parts will
approach maximum yield strength and fail at a similar amount of total strain. The
components of carbotanium; carbon fiber and titanium, are woven together to form a
strong, light material that can withstand significant amounts of heat and strain. This is
because carbon fiber has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any current fiber and
titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any current metal. As a result,
carbotanium can withstand temperatures up to around 315 °C. The material
properties of carbotanium are a mixture of those of a titanium alloy and a carbon
fiber.
The titanium and carbon composites are combined by first abrading the titanium to be
bonded, coating the titanium with platinum. The titanium is then aged by heating the
specimen in an oven at 500 degrees Celsius for several hours then A primer is then
30. xxx
sprayed onto the coated titanium. Next, an adhesive agent is applied to the primer
side of the titanium and then finally, the carbon is applied to the adhesive. This
allows the carbon composite to bond securely to the titanium.
Stable β alloys : Mo Eq. 25-40,
Metastable β alloys : Mo Eq. <25
Here, the M0% equivalent is given by:
Fig: Temperature Vs % of β stabilizer graph
Using beta alloys are better then using conventional alumunium, etc because, β
titanium alloys possess a BCC crystal structure, which is readily cold-worked
(than HCP α structure) in the β phase field, and also because Metastable β Ti
alloys are hardenable while stable β Ti alloys are non-hardenable
31. xxxi
Fig. Stress rate vs Flow Stress of Material analysis
a. Bonding of Titanium and Carbon Fiber
Using Adhesive and enhanced ion beam deposition techniques
32. xxxii
Fig. Ion beam Deposition system for bonding
Fig. Bonding Under Macroscopic imaging (SIM)
33. xxxiii
6. Methodology
How I plan to do this is by accomplishing a step be step developmental process making
numerous cubes as well as can satellites in the midst of the process. This is a full of 7-
year planned project and is to be completed by Late 2024 A.D. And to be launched and
monitored and more research and development for the quantum process and much
advanced and efficient systems is to be done. The methodology in imple words is to
launch internet transmission as well as weather and data analysis capable satellites in
VELO and have a to and from connection in exponential matters of speed with high
orbital positioning precision
The phases of the project are as follows:
▪ Phase 0: Can sat Design, RND, Development (Alpha, Beta, Final)- 8 versions
▪ Phase 1: Cube Sat Design & Training -models and design prototypes
▪ Phase 2 (CURRET STATUS): Materials Research And R&D, Prototype
(alpha, beta, gamma) – 7 to 8 versions
▪ Phase 3: Starting the Development of Cube Sat (2 versions for 2 orbits {RA
And DEC}
▪ Phase 4: Prototyping and Test Flights (alpha, beta, final)- 3 versions
▪ Phase 5: Final Design, Finishing and Launch/ Monitoring and Maintenance
34. xxxiv
7. Plan of work
1) Phase 0: Can sat Design, RND, Development (Alpha, Beta, Final)
1.1) Research and Planning, material collection
1.2) V 1.0 Alpha
1.3) V 1.1 Alpha
1.4) V 1.2 Alpha 1
1.5) V 1.3 Beta
1.6) V 1.4 Beta
1.7) V 1.5 Beta
1.8) V 1.6 beta
1.9) V 1.7 beta Phase 1 final
1.10) Data Compilation and planning
2) Phase 1: Cube Sat Design & Training
2.1) Trainings and Planning
2.2) Numerous classes
2.3) Planning and Research
3) Phase 2: Materials Research And R&D, Prototype (alpha, beta, gamma)
3.4) V 1.8 Alpha
3.5) V 1.9 Alpha
3.6) V 1.10 Beta
3.7) V 2.0 Beta
3.8) V 2.1 Gamma
35. xxxv
3.9) V 2.2 Gamma
3.10) V 2.3 Final
3.11) Data Collection for Final Development
4) Phase 3: Starting the Development Of Cube Sat
5) Phase 4: Prototyping and Test Flights (alpha, beta, final)
5.1) V 2.4 Alpha
5.2) V 2.5 Beta
5.3) Satellite UNISION Constellation Final Design
6) Phase 5: Final Design, Finishing and Launch/ Monitoring and Maintenance
6.1) Mass Manufacturing
6.2) Testing and Error mitigation
6.3) Final making and Finishing
6.4) launch test and data analysis
6.5) Launch of 1st ring to space (65 more successive launch)
6.6) Monitoring and Data Analysis
6.7) Launch of 2nd Ring to space
7) Research on Advanced laser Tech and Quantum Data Transmission
36. xxxvi
8. Conclusions and Results
• Affordable High-Speed Connectivity for all at every part of the world
• Rapid response systems.
• Accurate Remote Sensing Data.
• Disaster Management.
• Better Educational Opportunities
• Better and More Practical Uses of IOT
• Easy launch systems
• More data for scientific research purposes
• Achieving global connectivity Realistically
• Cheap yet much more efficient and effective options
37. xxxvii
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38. xxxviii
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