1. The document describes a human-machine interface system that uses electrooculography (EOG) signals measured from eye movements to control assistive devices. Electrodes placed around the eyes measure the small voltage changes corresponding to eye movements.
2. The EOG signals are amplified, filtered, and digitized before being fed into a microcontroller. Pattern recognition algorithms in the microcontroller are used to classify the eye movement and control eight different assistive devices.
3. The system provides an effective and low-cost means for individuals with disabilities to control devices through natural eye movements. Evaluation results demonstrated the system's ability to accurately detect different eye positions and directions of movement.
A novel efficient human computer interface using an electrooculogrameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel efficient human computer interface using an electrooculogrameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modelling and Control of a Robotic Arm Using Artificial Neural NetworkIOSR Journals
Abstract: Often it can be seen that men with a lost arm face severe difficulties doing daily chores. Artificial
Intelligence could be effectively used to provide some respite to those people. Neural networks and their
applications have been an active research topic since recent past in the rehabilitation robotics/machine
learning community, as it can be used to predict posture/gesture which is guided by signals from the human
brain. In this paper, a method is proposed to estimate force from Surface Electromyography (s-EMG) signals
generated by specific hand movements and then design and control a Robotic arm using Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) to replicate human arm. Here the force prediction is a Regression process. A hand model has
been successfully moved using servo motor that has been programmed based on the results obtained from
sample data. The results shown in this paper illustrate how the Robotic arm performs.
Index Terms: Surface EMG, Artificial Neural Network, Robotic arm, Regression.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Detection Of Saccadic Eye Movements to Switch the Devices For Disablesijsrd.com
The paper presents the alternate means of communication to the person with severely disable. Here, the work aimed to detection of fast eye movement and switching the devices for disable person for satisfaction of basic their needs with the help of their care takers.
A SMART BRAIN CONTROLLED WHEELCHAIR BASED MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMijaia
The main objective of this paper is to build Smart Brain Controlled wheelchair (SBCW) intended for patient of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Brain control interface (BCI) gave solutions for a patients having a low rate of data exchange, alsoby using the BCIthe user should have the ability to meditate and tension to let the signal get received. Using the BCI continuously is very much exhausted for the patients, Theproposed system is trying to give all handicapped people and ALS patients the simplest way to let them have a life at least near to the normal life. The system will mainly depend on the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signalsand also on the Electromyography (EMG) signals to put the system in command and out of command. The system will interface with user through a tablet and it will be secured by sensors and tracking system to avoid any obstacle. The proposed system is safe and easily built with lower cost compared with other similar systems.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The locomotive disabled people and elderly people cannot control the wheelchair manually. The key
objective of this paper is to help the locomotive disabled and old people to easily manoeuvre without any social
aid through a brainwave-controlled wheelchair. There are various types of wheelchair available in the market
such as Voice controlled wheelchair, Joystick control wheelchair, Smart phone controlled wheelchair, Eye
controlled wheelchair, Mechanical wheelchair. These wheelchairs hold certain limitations for e.g. if the user is
dumb; user cannot access voice controlled wheelchair, etc. Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a new method used
to interface between the human mind and a digital signal processor. An Electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI
is connected with an artificial reality system to control the movement and direction of a wheelchair. This paper
proposes brainwave controlled wheelchair, which uses the captured EEG signals from the brain. This EEG
signals are then passed to Arduino. It converts into control signals which will in turn help to move the wheelchair
in different direction.
A Review on Motor Imagery Signal Classification for BCICSCJournals
Brain computer interface (BCI) is an evolving technology from past few years. Scalp recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI technologies are widely used because of safety, low cost and portability. Millions of people are suffering from stroke worldwide and become disabled. They may lose communication control and fall into the locked in state (LIS) or completely locked in state (CLIS). Motor imagery brain computer interface (MI-BCI) can provide non-muscular channel for communication to those who are suffering from neuronal disorders, only by imagination of different motor tasks e.g. left-right hand and foot movement imagination. EEG signals are time varying, non-stationary random signals which are changes in person to person and occurs at different frequencies. For real time application of such a system efficient classification of motor tasks is required. The biggest challenge in MI-BCI system design is extraction of robust, informative and discriminative features which can be converted into device commands. The main application of MI-BCI is neurorehabilitation and control of wheelchair or robotic limbs. The objective of this paper is to give brief information about different stages of EEG based MI-BCI system. It also includes the review on motor imagery signal classification.
Using Brain Waves as New Biometric Feature for Authenticating a Computer User...CSCJournals
In this paper we propose an Electroencephalogram based Brain Computer Interface as a new modality for Person Authentication and develop a screen lock application that will lock and unlock the computer screen at the users will. The brain waves of the person, recorded in real time are used as password to unlock the screen. Data fusion from 14 sensors of the Emotiv headset is done to enhance the signal features. The power spectral density of the intermingle signals is computed. The channel spectral power in the frequency band of alpha, beta and gamma is used in the classification task. A two stage checking is done to authenticate the user. A proximity value of 0.78 and above is considered a good match. The percentage of accuracy in classification is found to be good. The essence of this work is that the authentication is done in real time based on the meditation task and no external stimulus is used.
Design of Microsleep Alerting System of Pilot to Reduce Air AccidentsDr. Amarjeet Singh
The pilot’s micro sleep often caused by fatigue and/or drowsiness receives increasing attention for the last few years, especially after it became evident that pilot’s micro sleep also one of the major factor causing serious aircraft accidents.
The system comprises EOG, EEG and IR module. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain called brain wave pattern through intrusive electrodes. EOG tapes the electrical potential of eyeball movements and the IR module senses the eye blink frequency. Then all these signals are applied to a robust signal processing unit and microcontroller. When an indicating feature corresponds to the micro sleep events are detected, the warning system is activated. This envisioned micro sleep alerting system would continuously monitor the alertness of the pilot and provides immediate warning signal, when micro sleep detected with high certainty.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modelling and Control of a Robotic Arm Using Artificial Neural NetworkIOSR Journals
Abstract: Often it can be seen that men with a lost arm face severe difficulties doing daily chores. Artificial
Intelligence could be effectively used to provide some respite to those people. Neural networks and their
applications have been an active research topic since recent past in the rehabilitation robotics/machine
learning community, as it can be used to predict posture/gesture which is guided by signals from the human
brain. In this paper, a method is proposed to estimate force from Surface Electromyography (s-EMG) signals
generated by specific hand movements and then design and control a Robotic arm using Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) to replicate human arm. Here the force prediction is a Regression process. A hand model has
been successfully moved using servo motor that has been programmed based on the results obtained from
sample data. The results shown in this paper illustrate how the Robotic arm performs.
Index Terms: Surface EMG, Artificial Neural Network, Robotic arm, Regression.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Detection Of Saccadic Eye Movements to Switch the Devices For Disablesijsrd.com
The paper presents the alternate means of communication to the person with severely disable. Here, the work aimed to detection of fast eye movement and switching the devices for disable person for satisfaction of basic their needs with the help of their care takers.
A SMART BRAIN CONTROLLED WHEELCHAIR BASED MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMijaia
The main objective of this paper is to build Smart Brain Controlled wheelchair (SBCW) intended for patient of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Brain control interface (BCI) gave solutions for a patients having a low rate of data exchange, alsoby using the BCIthe user should have the ability to meditate and tension to let the signal get received. Using the BCI continuously is very much exhausted for the patients, Theproposed system is trying to give all handicapped people and ALS patients the simplest way to let them have a life at least near to the normal life. The system will mainly depend on the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signalsand also on the Electromyography (EMG) signals to put the system in command and out of command. The system will interface with user through a tablet and it will be secured by sensors and tracking system to avoid any obstacle. The proposed system is safe and easily built with lower cost compared with other similar systems.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The locomotive disabled people and elderly people cannot control the wheelchair manually. The key
objective of this paper is to help the locomotive disabled and old people to easily manoeuvre without any social
aid through a brainwave-controlled wheelchair. There are various types of wheelchair available in the market
such as Voice controlled wheelchair, Joystick control wheelchair, Smart phone controlled wheelchair, Eye
controlled wheelchair, Mechanical wheelchair. These wheelchairs hold certain limitations for e.g. if the user is
dumb; user cannot access voice controlled wheelchair, etc. Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a new method used
to interface between the human mind and a digital signal processor. An Electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI
is connected with an artificial reality system to control the movement and direction of a wheelchair. This paper
proposes brainwave controlled wheelchair, which uses the captured EEG signals from the brain. This EEG
signals are then passed to Arduino. It converts into control signals which will in turn help to move the wheelchair
in different direction.
A Review on Motor Imagery Signal Classification for BCICSCJournals
Brain computer interface (BCI) is an evolving technology from past few years. Scalp recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI technologies are widely used because of safety, low cost and portability. Millions of people are suffering from stroke worldwide and become disabled. They may lose communication control and fall into the locked in state (LIS) or completely locked in state (CLIS). Motor imagery brain computer interface (MI-BCI) can provide non-muscular channel for communication to those who are suffering from neuronal disorders, only by imagination of different motor tasks e.g. left-right hand and foot movement imagination. EEG signals are time varying, non-stationary random signals which are changes in person to person and occurs at different frequencies. For real time application of such a system efficient classification of motor tasks is required. The biggest challenge in MI-BCI system design is extraction of robust, informative and discriminative features which can be converted into device commands. The main application of MI-BCI is neurorehabilitation and control of wheelchair or robotic limbs. The objective of this paper is to give brief information about different stages of EEG based MI-BCI system. It also includes the review on motor imagery signal classification.
Using Brain Waves as New Biometric Feature for Authenticating a Computer User...CSCJournals
In this paper we propose an Electroencephalogram based Brain Computer Interface as a new modality for Person Authentication and develop a screen lock application that will lock and unlock the computer screen at the users will. The brain waves of the person, recorded in real time are used as password to unlock the screen. Data fusion from 14 sensors of the Emotiv headset is done to enhance the signal features. The power spectral density of the intermingle signals is computed. The channel spectral power in the frequency band of alpha, beta and gamma is used in the classification task. A two stage checking is done to authenticate the user. A proximity value of 0.78 and above is considered a good match. The percentage of accuracy in classification is found to be good. The essence of this work is that the authentication is done in real time based on the meditation task and no external stimulus is used.
Design of Microsleep Alerting System of Pilot to Reduce Air AccidentsDr. Amarjeet Singh
The pilot’s micro sleep often caused by fatigue and/or drowsiness receives increasing attention for the last few years, especially after it became evident that pilot’s micro sleep also one of the major factor causing serious aircraft accidents.
The system comprises EOG, EEG and IR module. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain called brain wave pattern through intrusive electrodes. EOG tapes the electrical potential of eyeball movements and the IR module senses the eye blink frequency. Then all these signals are applied to a robust signal processing unit and microcontroller. When an indicating feature corresponds to the micro sleep events are detected, the warning system is activated. This envisioned micro sleep alerting system would continuously monitor the alertness of the pilot and provides immediate warning signal, when micro sleep detected with high certainty.
A robotic arm is a Programmable mechanical arm which copies the functions of the human arm. They
are widely used in industries. Human robot-controlled interfaces mainly focus on providing rehabilitation to
amputees in order to overcome their amputation or disability leading them to live a normal life. The major
objective of this project is to develop a movable robotic arm controlled by EMG signals from the muscles of the
upper limb. In this system, our main aim is on providing a low 2-dimensional input derived from emg to move the
arm. This project involves creating a prosthesis system that allows signals recorded directly from the human body.
The arm is mainly divided into 2 parts, control part and moving part. Movable part contains the servo motor
which is connected to the Arduino Uno board, and it helps in developing a motion in accordance with the EMG
signals acquired from the body. The control part is the part that is controlled by the operation according to the
movement of the amputee. Mainly the initiation of the movement for the threshold fixed in the coding. The major
aim of the project is to provide an affordable and easily operable device that helps even the poor sections of the
amputated society to lead a happier and normal life by mimicking the functions of the human arm in terms of both
the physical, structural as well as functional aspects.
Electro oculography, EOG -a detailed medical information| all about EOG martinshaji
To study the different eye movements the technique used here is Electro-oculography.
It acquires the electric potentials generated by eyeball movements and provides information related to the eye movement.
This method can also be used to study the physiological condition of a person
please comment
thank you
Accelerometer and EOG Based Wireless Gesture Controlled Robotic ArmIJMER
- This paper deals with the Robotic arm controlled by arm and eye movements, where data
is acquired through the use of accelerometer and EOG amplifier. The hand movements are captured by
the Accelerometer and the eye movements are captured by EOG amplifier. The Robotic arm will pick
and place the object according to the movement of the hand and Robotic arm will move left and right
according to our eye movements. Signals are wirelessly transmitted through RF Encoder and Decoder.
Robotic arm is based on Arduino Duemilanove controller for signal processing, and interfaced with the
Controller serially. This Embedded system will help disabled persons to do work by their own. The
Robotic arm can be used to pick and place hazardous objects.
Acrylic Prosthetic Limb Using EMG signalAnveshChinta1
The topic deals with the development of a prosthetic limb made of the acrylic sheet using electromyography signals for the people who lost a part of their limb due to circulation problems from atherosclerosis or diabetes, traumatic injuries occurring due to traffic accidents and military combat, cancer or birth
effects. Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. An electromyography (EMG) detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. Measured EMG potentials range between 2 millivolts to 4 millivolts depending on the muscle under observation. The two surface electrodes are attached to the healthy limb and sense the muscle contraction when a movement is made. This output is given to the arduino
microcontroller, this controller is programmed that, it acquires the angle and transformation link obtained due to the locomotion of normal limb.
The output signals are given to the servo motor
through servo driver and then to the prosthetic
limb. The methodology adapted here provides
locomotive action for the prosthetic limb. The
major advantage of the proposed system is that usage of acrylic sheets reduces the weight of the
prosthetic limb to a greater extent. This cost-effective acrylic prosthetic limb avoids any
irritation or side effects to the one who carries it.
A new eliminating EOG artifacts technique using combined decomposition method...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Normally, the collected EEG signals from the human scalp cortex by using the non-invasive EEG collection methods were contaminated with artifacts, like an eye electrical activity, leading to increases in the challenges in analyzing the electroencephalogram for obtaining useful clinical information. In this paper, we do a comparison of using two decomposing methods (DWT and EMD) with CCA technique or High Pass Filter, for the elimination of eye artifacts from EEG. The eye artifacts (EOG) signals were extracted from the un-cleaned or raw EEG signals by DWT and EMD with CCA approach or H.P.F. The root means square error ratio of the uncontaminated EEG signal to the contaminated EEG signal with eye artifacts were the performance indicators for both elimination methods, which indicate that the combined CCA method outperforms the combined H.P.F method in the elimination of eye blinking contamination artifact from the EEG signal.
Embedded system for upper-limb exoskeleton based on electromyography controlTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A major problem in an exoskeleton based on electromyography (EMG) control with pattern recognition-based is the need for more time to train and to calibrate the system in order able to adapt for different subjects and variable. Unfortunately, the implementation of the joint prediction on an embedded system for the exoskeleton based on the EMG control with non-pattern recognition-based is very rare. Therefore, this study presents an implementation of elbow-joint angle prediction on an embedded system to control an upper limb exoskeleton based on the EMG signal. The architecture of the system consisted of a bio-amplifier, an embedded ARMSTM32F429 microcontroller, and an exoskeleton unit driven by a servo motor. The elbow joint angle was predicted based on the EMG signal that is generated from biceps. The predicted angle was obtained by extracting the EMG signal using a zero-crossing feature and filtering the EMG feature using a Butterworth low pass filter. This study found that the range of root mean square error and correlation coefficients are 8°-16° and 0.94-0.99, respectively which suggest that the predicted angle is close to the desired angle and there is a high relationship between the predicted angle and the desired angle.
A nonlinearities inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation approach ap...IJECEIAES
Spatial interpolation of a surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from a set of signals recorded from a multi-electrode array is a challenge in biomedical signal processing. Consequently, it could be useful to increase the electrodes' density in detecting the skeletal muscles' motor units under detection's vacancy. This paper used two types of spatial interpolation methods for estimation: Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging. Furthermore, a new technique is proposed using a modified nonlinearity formula based on IDW. A set of EMG signals recorded from the noninvasive multi-electrode grid from different types of subjects, sex, age, and type of muscles have been studied when muscles are under regular tension activity. A goodness of fit measure (R2) is used to evaluate the proposed technique. The interpolated signals are compared with the actual signals; the Goodness of fit measure's value is almost 99%, with a processing time of 100msec. The resulting technique is shown to be of high accuracy and matching of spatial interpolated signals to actual signals compared with IDW and Kriging techniques.
System Architecture for Brain-Computer Interface based on Machine Learning an...ShahanawajAhamad1
Brain functions are required to be read for curing
neurological illness. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) connects
the brain to the digital world for brain signals receiving,
recording, processing, and comprehending. With a BrainComputer Interface (BCI), the information from the user’s brain
is fed into actuation devices, which then carry out the actions
programmed into them. The Internet of Things (IoT) has made it
possible to connect a wide range of everyday devices.
Asynchronous BCIs can benefit from an improved system
architecture proposed in this paper. Individuals with severe
motor impairments will particularly get benefit from this feature.
Control commands were translated using a rule-based
translation algorithm in traditional BCI systems, which relied
only on EEG recordings of brain signals. Examining BCI
technology’s various and cross-disciplinary applications, this
argument produces speculative conclusions about how BCI
instruments combined with machine learning algorithms could
affect the forthcoming procedures and practices. Compressive
sensing and neural networks are used to compress and
reconstruct ECoG data presented in this article. The neural
networks are used to combine the classifier outputs adaptively
based on the feedback. A stochastic gradient descent solver is
employed to generate a multi-layer perceptron regressor. An
example network is shown to take a 50% compression ratio and
89% reconstruction accuracy after training with real-world,
medium-sized datasets as shown in this paper
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Human-Machine Interface of Electrooculogram Based System for Mobility using Assistive
Robotics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 54 editor@iaeme.com
These days, there are many system frameworks to control and guide autonomous robots.
There has been a steady increase in assistive robotics over the past few years, with the
development of Video-oculography (VOG), Infrared-oculography (IROG), Virtual reality-
based eye tracking, etc, which are based on eye position detection using a camera, other
advancements involve audio signal processing (voice and speech recognition), accessory
based control (ultrasonic sensor, joystick modules, etc.) while each system is designed
according to the extent of the person's degree of disability.
Over the years, biomechanics and neurophysiology have been applied in myology. This
field has been researched extensively, and from the data obtained from surface
Electromyography (EMG) signals, The EMG signals corresponding to the electrical impulses
generated by a muscle during contraction. These movements have been documented, and its
features have been abstracted for motion classification and detection and analysis of
movement patterns. Surface EMG signals exhibit complex behavior and have an invariant
sequence pattern, which is a direct expression of muscle activity. The following system design
focuses on the collection of EMG signals from the muscles involved in the control and
movement of the eye, which is then used as a feedback signal to control the systems
framework. Earlier Human-Machine interface (HMI) devices based on bio-signal feedbacks
have been employed using electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG) and
electroencephalography (EEG) [1,2]. HMIs developed from these physiological signals are
applied and incorporated in Hands-free control of electronic devices. . With the recent
advancement of machine and computing ability of systems, multi-modality phenomena,
computer vision information, optical isolation, speech and voice modulation techniques have
been employed. Furthermore, bimodal control involving the integration of multiple
disciplinaries (such as computer vision & vision control, EMG & EEG signal incorporation,
etc.) was established [3, 7].
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Electrooculogram (EOG) signal is obtained from the polarization potential: “Corneal-
Retinal Potential” (CRP), which is generated in the interior complexion of the eye, as a result
of the metabolic activity of the retinal epithelium [4]. CRP is a consequence of successive
hyper-polarizations and de-polarisations of the nerve cells in the retina. The Electrooculogram
signal is obtained via a dual transport system, which comprises of a bi-channel signal
acquisition pathway (Horizontal and Vertical channels). The electrodes set up to receive the
electric potentials, and are placed on alternative ends (Lateral/Vertical placement), to collect
the possibilities rendered by the displacement of the eyeballs. The subsequently obtained
potential varies proportionally as a result of the movement of the eyeball in the conducive
environment of the suspension. Saccadic responses and the blinking motion of the eyelids are
natural motions, which produce a disruption of the electric impulse, resulting in the formation
of potential as a result of the fluctuation. This is also picked up by the EOG as a form of a
signal. For the experiment’s valuation, the parameters of the algorithm are fixed to values
common for all participant [5].
3. ELECTRO-OCULOGRAPH
The cornea of the human eye sustains a relatively positive charge in comparison to the
posterior end of the eye. This observed potential is unaffected with variation in light intensity
and is declared to be a resting potential. This potential is variable and therefore forms the
basis for Electrooculography. The source exhibits itself, as a mono-dipole, orienting from the
retina to the cornea (corneal-retinal potential: 0.4-1.0mV). As a result of the existence of a
pre-existing charge by the monopole, locomotion of the eyeball creates a dipole potential, of
3. Mir Faisal Ahmed, Mrinmoy Kanti Deb, Vinita Kumari and J.Karthikeyan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 55 editor@iaeme.com
which the signal is a measure off. The four basic eye movements: vergence, smooth pursuit,
saccades, and vestibular-ocular changes are generated as a consequence of the evolution of
the extraocular muscles [6]. Figure 1, depicts the potential obtained during the lateral eye
movement, which is collected by the placement of two electrodes on either side of the
temporal lobe. At rest, the eyes are at the same potential; therefore the potential existing as a
relevant product of the two is null. When the eye is displaced to the right, a varying potential
is obtained as the direction of the eye shifts from its origin, i.e. the electrode on the outer
surface of the right canthus, develops a positive charge in relation to the other electrode, and
the inverse occurs when the eye pivots to the left [8]. The device is calibrated by having the
subject consecutively gaze to the opposite extremes of the canthi, and recording the ensuant
readings of the EOG.
Figure 1 Electro-oculogram (EOG) signal generated during lateral orientation. Positive polarity
obtained at the electrode coinciding with the location of the eye. Achievable accuracy: ±2°; Maximum
rotation angle: ±65°; Signal magnitudes range from 6-19 µV
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
To read the signals, and compute the voltage difference between the electrodes, we use an
instrumentation amplifier into our circuit. The instrumentation amp consists of voltage
followers, a non-inverting amp, and a differential amp. The integration of all resistors in
between each stage helps with tolerance errors: usually, resistors have 5-10% tolerance in
values, and the regular circuit would heavily rely on accuracy for good CMMR. The voltage
followers are for high input impedance. A non-inverting amplifier ensures high gain of the
signal and the differential amp takes the difference between the inputs, obtained from the
electrodes. These are designed to reduce as much common mode noise/interference as
possible Analog-to-Digital converters digitize the analog values for storing and analysis by a
computer system. Most ADC’s are unable to detect low voltage signals generated from the
Electrodes, and hence require the assistance of an amplifier. For instance, the project uses an
4. Human-Machine Interface of Electrooculogram Based System for Mobility using Assistive
Robotics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 56 editor@iaeme.com
Arduino UNO as an ADC, and is specifically a 10-bit ADC with 5V output, meaning that it
maps 0-5V input voltages to integer values between 0 and 1023. 10mV is the current reading
obtained from the electrodes, which is too small for the Arduino to analyze and configure;
therefore, we amplify the signal before providing the input to the Arduino. Noise and
interference, are created from random artifacts that disrupt the signals, producing an irregular
signal wave instead of a smooth signal. The most common noise interference is the 50-60Hz
powerline interference from the AC electromagnetic fields of power outlets. Power lines carry
AC high voltage from electrical generators to residential areas, where transformers step down
the voltage to the standard ~220V. The alternating voltage leads to the addition of a 60Hz
frequency with the original signal, which interferes with the signal acquisition. Eliminating
the 60Hz frequency was achieved via a low pass filter was designed to remove the
interference signals, since the bandwidth of the EOG obtained, was in the range of 0-10mV.
This filters out all the signals above 10Hz. 60Hz can corrupt our signals via capacitive
coupling and inductive coupling. Capacitive coupling occurs when air acts as a dielectric for
AC signals to be conducted between adjacent circuits. The coupling serves as an intermediate
for the AC signals while barricading the DC energy.
Figure 2 Eye position Electrogram signals, demonstrated using LED sequence (Number of variations
obtained: 8).
5. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
i. The system, consists of three electrodes, one attached to the left temple, another
connected onto the right temple, and the third electrode is grounded to the forehead.
This grounding stabilizes the signal, so there's less drift, and it also gets rid of some of
the 60Hz interference.
5. Mir Faisal Ahmed, Mrinmoy Kanti Deb, Vinita Kumari and J.Karthikeyan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 57 editor@iaeme.com
ii. The electrodes are then connected to an instrumentation amplifier, to generate the
voltage difference between. The Gain is calculated using the formula:
𝐺 = 1 + (
50𝐾𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑅 𝑔
)
iii. Where Rg, is set to 100ohm to obtain a gain of 500
iv. After the amplification by the instrumentation amplifier, with a gain of the 500x
amplified voltage difference, there's a first-order RC low pass filter, which consists of
a resistor R_filter and capacitor C_filter. The low pass filter prevents anti-aliasing (by
Nyquist equation (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝜔), it is required to sample at least 20Hz for an expected
10Hz bandwidth) and also cuts out all the unnecessary frequencies The RC system
works because capacitors allow high frequencies through easily but obstruct lower
frequencies and creating a voltage divider with the voltage across the capacitor results
in a filter that only allows lower frequencies through.
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍) =
1
(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓)
v. The formula governs the cut-off for 3dB intensity:
𝑓𝑐 =
1
2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑅 𝑐
vi. The Resistor(R) and Capacitor(C) values are set to cut off signals higher than ~10Hz
because the biological signal for EOGs is expected in that range.
vii. With the obtained filtered signal, the output is measured with an oscilloscope to see
the range of values from looking left and right (the two extremities), which were of
range 2-4V (instrumentation amp gain = 500x of ~4-8mV), when my target is 5V (full
range of the Arduino ADC). The non-inverting amp was adjusted to have a gain of
about 1.3 by changing R1 and R2 in the circuit.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 1 +
𝑅2
𝑅1
viii. This signal is now supplied to the Arduino, which reads the values, and is then
calibrated initially, by recording the values obtained from the oscilloscope, and
programming the Arduino, to the corresponding voltage signals as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3 Circuit Diagram for EOG System
6. Human-Machine Interface of Electrooculogram Based System for Mobility using Assistive
Robotics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 58 editor@iaeme.com
6. RESULT & CONCLUSION
Human-Machine Interfacing has developed considerably over the years, providing efficient
control capabilities to disabled individuals. Electrooculography is usually applied in research
and laboratory experiments but has shown many advantages in areas of sensitivity, accuracy,
and precision in determining the relative displacement/position of the eye. The procedure
allows for the recording of the data with minimal invasion and with minimal interference
obtained due to the subject's movement (motion artifact). While efficient in eliminating the
motion artifact signals, additional inconveniences arise alongside during the procuring of the
data: the muscle artifact is considerably difficult to be nullified adding on to the non-linearity
factor of the method.
One of the principal disadvantages is the fact that the corneo-retinal potential is a variable
quantity that varies diurnally, and therefore requires frequent calibration and recalibration.
EOG recording is a routinely applied diagnostic method, which provides an understanding of
the human oculomotor system. This has been simplified with the implementation of
microprocessors and computer algorithms, which has considerably increased the diagnostic
ability of the method [9].
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Chen and W. S. Newman, “A human-robot interface based on electrooculography,” in
roc. 2004 IEEE Int’l Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2004), vol. 1, 2004, pp.
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[2] Q. Ding, K. Tong, and G. Li, “Development of an EOG (electrooculography) based
human-computer interface,” in Proc. 27th Int’l Conf. of the Eng. in Medicine and Biology
Soc. (EMBS 2005), 2005, pp. 6829–6831
[3] Rafael Barea, Luciano Boquete et al.; System for Assisted Mobility Using Eye
Movements Based on Electrooculography; IEEE transactions on neural systems and
rehabilitation engineering, vol. 10, no. 4, December 2002;
[4] W. M. Bukhari W. Daud, R. Sudirman; A Wavelet Approach on Energy Distribution of
Eye Movement Potential towards Direction; IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics
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[5] Andreas Bulling, Hans Gellersen, and Gerhard Tr ¨ oster; Eye Movement Analysis for
Activity Recognition Using Electrooculography IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and
machine intelligence, 2010.
[6] Human electrooculography interface João Cordovil Bárcia Instituto Superior Técnico,
physics Department; March 2011.
[7] Alex Larson, Joshua Herrera et al.; Electrooculography based Electronic Communication
Device for Individuals with ALS; IEEE 2017.
[8] Bryce O’Bard, Alex Larson, et al.; Electrooculography Based iOS Controller for
Individuals with Quadriplegia or Neurodegenerative Disease; IEEE International
Conference on Healthcare Informatics; 2017.
[9] Mihai Duguleana, Gheorghe Mogan. Using Eye Blinking for EOG-Based Robot Control.
Luis M.Camarinha-Matos; Pedro Pereira; Luis Ribeiro. IFIP Advances in Information and
Communication Technology; Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems
(DoCEIS), Feb 2010
[10] Shanmuga Sundari, P., Subaji, M., & Karthikeyan, J. (2017). A survey on effective
similarity search models and techniques for big data processing in healthcare system.
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(2018). Statistical techniques and tools for describing and analyzing data in elt research.
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