The following empirical research undertakes the implementation of the signals
obtained via an Electrooculography (EOG) into the design for a simple, effective and
low-cost microcontroller system. The process was extended research, to demonstrate
and allow an incapacitated individual to control eight individual devices, by collecting
and evaluating the myoelectric signals rendered by the eye muscles during various
movements of the eye
A novel efficient human computer interface using an electrooculogrameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The following empirical research undertakes the implementation of the signals
obtained via an Electrooculography (EOG) into the design for a simple, effective and
low-cost microcontroller system. The process was extended research, to demonstrate
and allow an incapacitated individual to control eight individual devices, by collecting
and evaluating the myoelectric signals rendered by the eye muscles during various
movements of the eye
A novel efficient human computer interface using an electrooculogrameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Finger Movement Based Wearable Communication & Navigation Aid for partially d...IJERA Editor
The FMBWCN Aid is a portable and wearable multi-purpose system for the partially disabled. The Aid is a
glove-based system in which different trained finger movements leads to different modes of operation of the
system such as APR Voice Module and Wheelchair Controller Module. The finger movements (bending
movement) leads to the flexion of the flex sensor attached to the glove. Flexion leads to change in resistance of
the flex sensors, which will be recorded via a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and different sets of movement of
the fingers will lead to different modules of operation as specified in the default settings of the FMBWCN Aid.
A Real Time Electrocardiogram (ECG) Device for Cardiac PatientsIJERD Editor
Now-a-days due to rising stress levels, change in lifestyles and a variety of different issues, the number of people suffering from heart related diseases is increasing. This number would significantly rise in the next few years. As the technology enhanced, a significant paradigm shift has been observed in the biomedical industry. To tackle the heart related issues, technology can be introduced in one’s life. This paper proposes a wireless, wearable ECG device capable of processing the patient’s ECG in a real time environment. It is capable of comparing the ECG with threshold parameters, and if ECG of the patient is not in the range of the threshold values, the device notifies the cardiac patient’s mobile phone by sending a Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) of the changed ECG and, in turn the patient’s mobile phone sends this changed ECG image to the mobile phone present at the hospital.
Implementation and demonstration of li fi technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract Li-Fi is a wireless communication system in which light is used as a carrier signal instead of traditional radio frequency as in Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is a technology that uses light emitting diodes to transmit data wirelessly. Li-Fi is a form of Visible Light Communication (VLC). VLC uses rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly that cannot be detected by the human eye. This paper demonstrates the working of Li-Fi by simulating a simple circuit which gave us the required output. Li-Fi technology was first demonstrated by Harald Hass, a German Physicist from the University of Edinburgh Keywords—Li-Fi, VLC, Optical Communication, Wireless Communication, LED, Visible Light Spectrum.
A Review on Motor Imagery Signal Classification for BCICSCJournals
Brain computer interface (BCI) is an evolving technology from past few years. Scalp recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI technologies are widely used because of safety, low cost and portability. Millions of people are suffering from stroke worldwide and become disabled. They may lose communication control and fall into the locked in state (LIS) or completely locked in state (CLIS). Motor imagery brain computer interface (MI-BCI) can provide non-muscular channel for communication to those who are suffering from neuronal disorders, only by imagination of different motor tasks e.g. left-right hand and foot movement imagination. EEG signals are time varying, non-stationary random signals which are changes in person to person and occurs at different frequencies. For real time application of such a system efficient classification of motor tasks is required. The biggest challenge in MI-BCI system design is extraction of robust, informative and discriminative features which can be converted into device commands. The main application of MI-BCI is neurorehabilitation and control of wheelchair or robotic limbs. The objective of this paper is to give brief information about different stages of EEG based MI-BCI system. It also includes the review on motor imagery signal classification.
This document presents an approach towards developing an electronics device and a software application to maintain the correct body posture which is a mobile solution to keep our back strong and healthy. It presents the designing and functioning of equipment and software.
The locomotive disabled people and elderly people cannot control the wheelchair manually. The key
objective of this paper is to help the locomotive disabled and old people to easily manoeuvre without any social
aid through a brainwave-controlled wheelchair. There are various types of wheelchair available in the market
such as Voice controlled wheelchair, Joystick control wheelchair, Smart phone controlled wheelchair, Eye
controlled wheelchair, Mechanical wheelchair. These wheelchairs hold certain limitations for e.g. if the user is
dumb; user cannot access voice controlled wheelchair, etc. Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a new method used
to interface between the human mind and a digital signal processor. An Electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI
is connected with an artificial reality system to control the movement and direction of a wheelchair. This paper
proposes brainwave controlled wheelchair, which uses the captured EEG signals from the brain. This EEG
signals are then passed to Arduino. It converts into control signals which will in turn help to move the wheelchair
in different direction.
A nonlinearities inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation approach ap...IJECEIAES
Spatial interpolation of a surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from a set of signals recorded from a multi-electrode array is a challenge in biomedical signal processing. Consequently, it could be useful to increase the electrodes' density in detecting the skeletal muscles' motor units under detection's vacancy. This paper used two types of spatial interpolation methods for estimation: Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging. Furthermore, a new technique is proposed using a modified nonlinearity formula based on IDW. A set of EMG signals recorded from the noninvasive multi-electrode grid from different types of subjects, sex, age, and type of muscles have been studied when muscles are under regular tension activity. A goodness of fit measure (R2) is used to evaluate the proposed technique. The interpolated signals are compared with the actual signals; the Goodness of fit measure's value is almost 99%, with a processing time of 100msec. The resulting technique is shown to be of high accuracy and matching of spatial interpolated signals to actual signals compared with IDW and Kriging techniques.
Special Report: Medical Robotics
Self-propelled nanobots that deliver drugs inside the human body...novel sensors that improve the safety and precision of industrial robots...a dynamic hydrogel material that makes building soft robotic devices as simple as assembling a LEGO set. These are just a few of the medical robotics innovations you'll read about in this compendium of recent articles from the editors of Medical Design Briefs and Tech Briefs magazines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Finger Movement Based Wearable Communication & Navigation Aid for partially d...IJERA Editor
The FMBWCN Aid is a portable and wearable multi-purpose system for the partially disabled. The Aid is a
glove-based system in which different trained finger movements leads to different modes of operation of the
system such as APR Voice Module and Wheelchair Controller Module. The finger movements (bending
movement) leads to the flexion of the flex sensor attached to the glove. Flexion leads to change in resistance of
the flex sensors, which will be recorded via a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and different sets of movement of
the fingers will lead to different modules of operation as specified in the default settings of the FMBWCN Aid.
A Real Time Electrocardiogram (ECG) Device for Cardiac PatientsIJERD Editor
Now-a-days due to rising stress levels, change in lifestyles and a variety of different issues, the number of people suffering from heart related diseases is increasing. This number would significantly rise in the next few years. As the technology enhanced, a significant paradigm shift has been observed in the biomedical industry. To tackle the heart related issues, technology can be introduced in one’s life. This paper proposes a wireless, wearable ECG device capable of processing the patient’s ECG in a real time environment. It is capable of comparing the ECG with threshold parameters, and if ECG of the patient is not in the range of the threshold values, the device notifies the cardiac patient’s mobile phone by sending a Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) of the changed ECG and, in turn the patient’s mobile phone sends this changed ECG image to the mobile phone present at the hospital.
Implementation and demonstration of li fi technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract Li-Fi is a wireless communication system in which light is used as a carrier signal instead of traditional radio frequency as in Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is a technology that uses light emitting diodes to transmit data wirelessly. Li-Fi is a form of Visible Light Communication (VLC). VLC uses rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly that cannot be detected by the human eye. This paper demonstrates the working of Li-Fi by simulating a simple circuit which gave us the required output. Li-Fi technology was first demonstrated by Harald Hass, a German Physicist from the University of Edinburgh Keywords—Li-Fi, VLC, Optical Communication, Wireless Communication, LED, Visible Light Spectrum.
A Review on Motor Imagery Signal Classification for BCICSCJournals
Brain computer interface (BCI) is an evolving technology from past few years. Scalp recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI technologies are widely used because of safety, low cost and portability. Millions of people are suffering from stroke worldwide and become disabled. They may lose communication control and fall into the locked in state (LIS) or completely locked in state (CLIS). Motor imagery brain computer interface (MI-BCI) can provide non-muscular channel for communication to those who are suffering from neuronal disorders, only by imagination of different motor tasks e.g. left-right hand and foot movement imagination. EEG signals are time varying, non-stationary random signals which are changes in person to person and occurs at different frequencies. For real time application of such a system efficient classification of motor tasks is required. The biggest challenge in MI-BCI system design is extraction of robust, informative and discriminative features which can be converted into device commands. The main application of MI-BCI is neurorehabilitation and control of wheelchair or robotic limbs. The objective of this paper is to give brief information about different stages of EEG based MI-BCI system. It also includes the review on motor imagery signal classification.
This document presents an approach towards developing an electronics device and a software application to maintain the correct body posture which is a mobile solution to keep our back strong and healthy. It presents the designing and functioning of equipment and software.
The locomotive disabled people and elderly people cannot control the wheelchair manually. The key
objective of this paper is to help the locomotive disabled and old people to easily manoeuvre without any social
aid through a brainwave-controlled wheelchair. There are various types of wheelchair available in the market
such as Voice controlled wheelchair, Joystick control wheelchair, Smart phone controlled wheelchair, Eye
controlled wheelchair, Mechanical wheelchair. These wheelchairs hold certain limitations for e.g. if the user is
dumb; user cannot access voice controlled wheelchair, etc. Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a new method used
to interface between the human mind and a digital signal processor. An Electroencephalogram (EEG) based BCI
is connected with an artificial reality system to control the movement and direction of a wheelchair. This paper
proposes brainwave controlled wheelchair, which uses the captured EEG signals from the brain. This EEG
signals are then passed to Arduino. It converts into control signals which will in turn help to move the wheelchair
in different direction.
A nonlinearities inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation approach ap...IJECEIAES
Spatial interpolation of a surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from a set of signals recorded from a multi-electrode array is a challenge in biomedical signal processing. Consequently, it could be useful to increase the electrodes' density in detecting the skeletal muscles' motor units under detection's vacancy. This paper used two types of spatial interpolation methods for estimation: Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging. Furthermore, a new technique is proposed using a modified nonlinearity formula based on IDW. A set of EMG signals recorded from the noninvasive multi-electrode grid from different types of subjects, sex, age, and type of muscles have been studied when muscles are under regular tension activity. A goodness of fit measure (R2) is used to evaluate the proposed technique. The interpolated signals are compared with the actual signals; the Goodness of fit measure's value is almost 99%, with a processing time of 100msec. The resulting technique is shown to be of high accuracy and matching of spatial interpolated signals to actual signals compared with IDW and Kriging techniques.
Special Report: Medical Robotics
Self-propelled nanobots that deliver drugs inside the human body...novel sensors that improve the safety and precision of industrial robots...a dynamic hydrogel material that makes building soft robotic devices as simple as assembling a LEGO set. These are just a few of the medical robotics innovations you'll read about in this compendium of recent articles from the editors of Medical Design Briefs and Tech Briefs magazines.
A Smart Handheld Measuring and Testing Electronic Device with Touch ScreenIJTET Journal
Hand in hand instrument replaces the old traditional way of measuring and testing in colleges and helps in easy way of understanding theoretical concepts based on practical knowledge. As there occurs shortage of instruments, long duration of calculation, large occupation of space, low accuracy, inconvenience come about in completing the work. A single Smart device which is a multipurpose handheld instrument overcomes the above difficulties and helps in measuring voltage, current, resistance, frequency, temperature, speed, sound and to observe waveforms for engineering students in the laboratories. In a single ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller all measurements are done and displayed within a fraction of time in the TFT graphical LCD display. The data and waveforms from oscilloscope can be saved and retrieved for future analyzing purpose which is done using a Micro SD memory card. The device is fully operated with touch screen and touch buttons. The device works with help of LPC1313, a powerful 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller from NXP Semiconductors.
In this paper designing of a battery operated portable single channel electroencephalography (EEG) signal acquisition system is presented. The advancement in the field of hardware and signal processing tools made possible the utilization of brain waves for the communication between humans and computers. The work presented in this paper can be said as a part of bigger task, whose purpose is to classify EEG signals belonging to a varied set of mental activities in a real time Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Keeping in mind the end goal is to research the possibility of utilizing diverse mental tasks as a wide correspondence channel in the middle of individuals and PCs. This work deals with EEG based BCI, intent on the designing of portable EEG signal acquisition system. The EEG signal acquisition system with a cut off frequency band of 1-100 Hz is designed by the use of integrated circuits such as low power instrumentation amplifier INA128P, high gain operational amplifiers LM358P. Initially the amplified EEG signals are digitized and transmitted to a PC by a data acquisition module NI DAQ (SCXI-1302). These transmitted signals are then viewed and stored in the LAB VIEW environment. From a varied set of experimental observation it can be said that the system can be implemented in the acquisition of EEG signals and can stores the data to a PC efficiently and the system would be of advantage to the use of EEG signal acquisition or even BCI application by adapting signal processing tools.
A robotic arm is a Programmable mechanical arm which copies the functions of the human arm. They
are widely used in industries. Human robot-controlled interfaces mainly focus on providing rehabilitation to
amputees in order to overcome their amputation or disability leading them to live a normal life. The major
objective of this project is to develop a movable robotic arm controlled by EMG signals from the muscles of the
upper limb. In this system, our main aim is on providing a low 2-dimensional input derived from emg to move the
arm. This project involves creating a prosthesis system that allows signals recorded directly from the human body.
The arm is mainly divided into 2 parts, control part and moving part. Movable part contains the servo motor
which is connected to the Arduino Uno board, and it helps in developing a motion in accordance with the EMG
signals acquired from the body. The control part is the part that is controlled by the operation according to the
movement of the amputee. Mainly the initiation of the movement for the threshold fixed in the coding. The major
aim of the project is to provide an affordable and easily operable device that helps even the poor sections of the
amputated society to lead a happier and normal life by mimicking the functions of the human arm in terms of both
the physical, structural as well as functional aspects.
LPC2138 Based Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Ranging For Blind Personpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper is intended to provide a theoretical model of object detection and real time assistance via Global Positioning System (GPS).This paper aims at the development of an Electronic Travelling Aid (ETA) kit to help the blind people to find obstacle free path. This ETA is fixed to the stick of the blind people. When the object is detected near to the blinds’ stick it alerts them with the help of vibratory circuit. Ultrasonic sensors are used to evaluate distance of the objects around the blind person to guide the user towards the secure and available path. Output is in the form of vibrations which the blind person can easily recognize. The hardware of entire system contains ARM7 (LPC2138), temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensors and mobile vibrator, Global positioning system (GPS) module and Global System for Mobile (GSM) module. It contains temperature compensation method to reduce the error in measurement of distance using ultrasonic sensors.
Accelerometer and EOG Based Wireless Gesture Controlled Robotic ArmIJMER
- This paper deals with the Robotic arm controlled by arm and eye movements, where data
is acquired through the use of accelerometer and EOG amplifier. The hand movements are captured by
the Accelerometer and the eye movements are captured by EOG amplifier. The Robotic arm will pick
and place the object according to the movement of the hand and Robotic arm will move left and right
according to our eye movements. Signals are wirelessly transmitted through RF Encoder and Decoder.
Robotic arm is based on Arduino Duemilanove controller for signal processing, and interfaced with the
Controller serially. This Embedded system will help disabled persons to do work by their own. The
Robotic arm can be used to pick and place hazardous objects.
Microcontroller Based Obstacle Detection Device Using Voice Signal for the V...IJMER
This paper aims in helping the visually impaired people through an electronic aid, which
senses any obstacle in the path and alarms the user of the obstacle. The device uses a simple principle of
transmitting an ultrasonic signal in the path generated by a wave generator. The signal gets reflected by
the obstacle (if any) in the path. The reflected signal is sensed by a sensor and produces a sound signal in
the form of voice. This voice signal directs the visually impaired person to identify the obstacles in front
of them
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE THROUGH ELECTROMYOGRAPHY MINOR PROJECT FULL REPORT
1. i
A PROJECT REPORT ON
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE THROUGH
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
Submitted by
ARJUN RAM
GAUTAM NATH
HITESH DEWASI
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF.
RITESH SARASHWAT
in partial fulfillment for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
FROM
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MOGRA,
N. H. 62, PALI ROAD,JODHPUR-342802
NOVEMBER-2015
SESSION 2015-16
2. ii
JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students ARJUN RAM, GAUTAM NATH & HITESH
DEWASI have successfully completed the project Titled " HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
THROUGH ELECTROMYOGRAPHY” towards the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics and Communications engineering of the Rajasthan Technical University during
academic year 2015 – 2016.
…..….………………… ………………………..
Project Associate Guide
(Prof. Lakshmi Chaudhary) (Prof. Ritesh Saraswat)
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
(Signature with Date) (Signature with Date)
3. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very outset, I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me
in the successful completion of my Project report.
We would like to make a number of acknowledgements to those who have helped us to prepare this
report.
We are highly grateful to Prof. O. P. VYAS, Dean (Engineering), JIET for proving us this opportunity to
carry out independent study on this topic.
The divine support given by our guide Prof. Ritesh Saraswat (B. Tech) , Prof. K. K. ARORA, HOD (M.
Tech) & Prof. (Dr.) HEMANT PUROHIT, HOD (B. Tech) Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, J.I.E.T, Jodhpur, without them the work would not be possible.
NAME ROLL NO
ARJUN RAM 12EJIEC705
GAUTAM NATH 12EJIEC714
HITESH DEWASI 12EJIEC720
4. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE NO.
Title Page…………………………………………………………………….i
Certificate………………………………….………………………………...ii
Acknowledgement…………………………….………………………….…iii
List Of figure………………………………………………………………..vi
Abstract……………………………………………………………….…….vii
Market Survey……………………………………………………………..viii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview……………………………………….…………...1
1.2 Hardware Specification……………………………….…………….2
1.2.1 EMG portable Device……………………………….…...……..…2
1.2.2 EMG Electrode Type………………………………..…………….2
1.2.3 IC-INA 122 Op-Amp……………………………….……………..3
1.2.3.1 Description……………………………………….……………...4
1.2.3.2 Specification…………………………………………………….6
1.2.3.3 Application……………………………………….……………...6
1.2.4 IC- OPA 2241 Op-amp………………….…………………………7
1.2.4.1 Description……………………………………………………….7
1.2.4.2 Specification……………………………………………………...8
1.2.4.3 Application………………………………………………………..8
1.2.5 Battery………………………………………………………………9
1.2.5.1 Specification…………………………………………..…………..9
1.3 Software Specification………………………………………..……...10
2. STUDY & ANALYSIS
2.1 Need of Study………………….…………………………..………….11
2.2 Signal Recording………………………………………………..……..11
3. DESIGN
3.1 Methodology……………………………………….…………………12
..
3.2 Signal Processing……………………………………….…….………13
6. vi
LIST OFFIGURE
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1
1.2.1 EMG Portable Device 2
1.2.2.1 NMES Electrode 3
1.2.2.2 Metallic Disc Electrode 3
1.2.2.3 Nor axon’s gel Electrode 3
1.2.2.4 Use of Electrode 4
1.2.2.5 Fine Wire 4
1.2.3.1 Symbol Of Op-Amp 5
1.2.3.2 IC-INA 122 Op-Amp Pin Configuration 5
1.2.3.3 IC-INA 122 Op-Amp 6
1.2.4.1 IC-OPA 2241Pin Configuration 7
1.2.4.2 IC-OPA 2241 Op-Amp 8
1.2.5.1 Battery-9 Volt 9
1.3.1 Software Processing Analysis 10
1.3.2 EOG Signal Characteristics 10
CHAPTER 2
2.2.1 Electrode Placement 11
CHAPTER 3
3.2.1 System Design 13
3.2.2 Signal Processing 13
3.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 15
3.4.1 PCB LAYOUT 15
3.4.2 Single Side PCB 16
3.5.1 EMG Signal 17
3.5.2 Electrode Placement 17
7. vii
ABSTRACT
Electromyography (EMG) signals can be used for clinical/biomedical applications, Evolvable
Hardware Chip (EHW) development, and modern human computer interaction. EMG signals acquired
from muscles require advanced methods for detection, decomposition, processing, and classification.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the various methodologies and algorithms for EMG signal
analysis to provide efficient and effective ways of understanding the signal and its nature. We further
point up some of the hardware implementations using EMG focusing on applications related to
prosthetic hand control, grasp recognition, and human computer interaction. A comparison study is also
given to show performance of various EMG signal analysis methods. This paper provides researchers
a good understanding of EMG signal and its analysis procedures. This knowledge will help them
develop more powerful, flexible, and efficient applications.
8. viii
MARKET SURVEY
SR.NO.
COMPONENT NAME
(MAJOR & MINOR) SPECIFICATION PRICE
1 IC 1 INA 122 Op-Amp 160
2 IC 2 OPA 2241 Op-Amp 160
3
Resistor
R1 (100 K ) 1
R2, R3 (10 K ) 1
R4 (1 K ) 1
4 Capacitor 1 uF,25 volt electrolytic 5
5 Battery 9 Volt 20
6 Ultrasound Gel ------- 25
7 Switch On/Off 10
8 Connector 3/2 Pin Connector 130
9 Electrode ECG Metallic/Disposal Electrode 700
9. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW:
Electromyography (EMG) is defined as the study of the muscular function through the
Analysis of the generated electric signals during muscular contractions. The potential
difference obtained in the fibers can be registered in the surface of the human body through
surface electrodes due to the biological tissues conducting properties. Our project studies the
muscular activity as an input
In order to control applications. A large set of target muscles are available so we can
interact widely with the computer. The main goal of the project is to provide tetraplegia
individuals the capability to control a portable device (especially to be able to write and
send SMS). In order to accomplish this task we monitories’ muscle activity through an
Electromyography
The recurrent and increasing electromyography study in medicine related areas led to a great
Scientific investment improve the myographic signal acquisition and analysis process.
These advances culminate with the possibility to use portable electromyography devices that
Communicate via wireless with a processing system. Portability makes it possible for any
individual the transport and use of an EMG device with great social acceptance (Costanzia et
al., 2004). EMG devices portability and reduced size easily conducted to its use in HCI
with work carried through in the area of Accessibility, Robotics, Mobile Computation and
Recognition of Gestures, among others. (Roy et al, 1994) present a gesture-based person
Portable device, process the digital signal and emulate certain events accordingly to the
Features detected. Being able to detect and to evaluate muscular activity in an individual
gives us the possibility to associate it with determined interface commands, thus having the
myographic signal as input. This kind of interaction can also be useful to full capable
individuals in a hands-busy situation, such as in a presentation or in a mobility context.
Machine interface for people with serious motor limitations due to cerebral paralysis. This
work, based on gestural recognition with biomechanic and bioelectric sensors, present
many motivating results being capable to differentiate gestures through the use of neural
networks. In the same scope, (Barreto et al., 1999) introduce a system that tries to offer the
users with serious motor limitations the possibility to use the traditional interfaces to
10. 2
Point and select. This system associates face movements to mouse control, being sufficiently
similar to the system ”Tongue Point” (Salem and Zhai, 1997) but using myographic
signals. It is still in the accessibility context that (Erikssonet al., 1998) lean over prosthesis
control. As discussed in the introduction, a person’s brain wave -*patterns and muscle
stimulation can be measured and recorded using almost identical measurement techniques.
With accurate results, researches will soon be able to show a detailed direct Relation between
mental thought and physical motion, improve communications with lacking motor Skills, and
much more. But what are these measurement procedures and how are they carried out?
1.2 HARDWARE SPECIFICAION:
1.2.1 EMG Portable Device:
Our electromyography device collects samples at a 1000Hz sampling rate in 5
independent channels. It has a 110dB CMRR amplifier and a band pass filter between
25 and 500 Hz with gain 1000. It is a relatively small device (14cm * 8cm * 4cm) that can
be carried in a belt or pocket. It is a portable device which communicates by a Bluetooth
interface within a 100 meters range. To col- lect the signals we use surface differential
electrodes, with 1.5 cm radius (Gam boa et al., 2004)
Figure 1.2.1 EMG Portable Device
1.2.2 EMG ELECTRODE TYPES:
Most major limb and trunk muscle activity can be measured using surface electrode
techniques. For deeper, smaller, or overlaid muscles fine wire electrodes need to be used
to acquire intramuscular activities. For surface electrodes, simple platinum or silver disc
electrodes, pre-gelled Ag-AgCl electrodes, and wet-gel electrodes are commonly used.
The disc electrodes are reusable while the gel electrodes are single use. Distinction exists
between electrodes used for SEMG and those used for NMES and ETS. Whenever an
electrical stimulation is applied, the electrodes used must be properly designed to deliver
11. 3
Such electrical stimulations otherwise the power density generated at the skin contact can
result in patient injury. Also, for the evaluation and treatment of incontinence, special
vaginal and anal probes are used to measure the pelvic floor muscle activities.
Fig 1.2.2.1 - NMES electrodes:
Fig 1.2.2.2:- Metallic disc electrodes
Fig 1.2.2.3 :- Noraxon’s gel electrodes: pre-gelled AgCl (1, 2) and wet-
gels (3, 4)
12. 4
Fig 1.2.2.4:-Use of electrode
Fig 1.2.2.5:-Fine wire electrode
For all electrode types, additional measures can be taken to affix the electrode cabling to the
patient body to minimize movement artifacts. Regular adhesive tape, hook and loop fasteners,
and elastic straps are commonly used to secure cabling onto the body, but never the electrodes
as this will affect the readings when intramuscular EMG is required to look into the electrical
activity of deeper or overlaid muscles, thin and flexible fine wire electrodes are used.
The fine wire electrode is inserted into the muscle site of interest. The needle or steel
cannula is removed, and the electrode wires are connected to the steel spring adapters to
minimize movement artifacts.
1.2.3 IC-INA 122 OPAMP:
1.2.3.1 Description:
The INA122 is a precision instrumentation amplifier for accurate, low noise differential
signal acquisition. Its two-op-amp design provides excellent performance with very low
quiescent current, and is ideal for portable instrumentation and data acquisition systems. The
INA122 can be operated with single power supplies from 2.2V to 36V and
quiescent current is a mere 60mA. It can also be operated from dual supplies. By utilizing
an input level-shift network, input commonmode range extends to 0.1V below negative rail
(single supply ground). A single external resistor sets gain from 5V/V to
10000V/V. Laser trimming provides very low offset
13. 5
Voltage (250mV max), offset voltage drift (3mV/°C max) and excellent common-mode
rejection.
Package options include 8-pin plastic DIP and SO-8 surface-mount packages. Both are
specified for the –40°C to +85°C extended industrial temperature range.
Fig 1.2.3.1:- Symbol of Op-amp
Fig 1.2.3.2:- IC-INA 122 Op-amp pin configuration
14. 6
Fig1.2.3.3:-IC-INA 122 Op-amp
1.2.3.2 SPECIFICATION:
LOW QUIESCENT CURRENT: 60mA
WIDE POWER SUPPLY RANGE
Single Supply: 2.2V to 36V
Dual Supply: –0.9/+1.3V to ±18V
COMMON-MODE RANGE TO (V–)–0.1V
RAIL-TO-RAIL OUTPUT SWING
LOW OFFSET VOLTAGE: 250mV max
LOW OFFSET DRIFT: 3mV/°C max
LOW INPUT BIAS CURRENT: 25nA max
8-PIN DIP AND SO-8 SURFACE-MOUNT
1.2.3.3 APPLICATIONS:
PORTABLE, BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEMS
INDUSTRIAL SENSOR AMPLIFIER:
Bridge, RTD, Thermocouple
PHYSIOLOGICAL AMPLIFIER:
USE IN ECG, EEG, EMG
MULTI-CHANNEL DATA ACQUISITION
15. 7
1.2.4 IC-OPA 2241 OPAMP:
1.2.4.1 DESCRIPTION:
The OPA241 series and OPA251 series are specifically designed for battery powered,
Portable applications. In addition to very low power consumption (25mA), these amplifiers
feature low offset voltage, rail-to-rail output swing, high common-mode rejection, and
high open-loop gain.
The OPA241 series is optimized for operation at low power supply voltage while the
OPA251 series is optimized for high power supplies. Both can operate from either single
(+2.7V to +36V) or dual supplies (±1.35V to ±18V). The input common-mode voltage
range extends 200mV below
The negative supply—ideal for single-supply applications. They are unity-gain stable and
can drive large capacitive loads. Special design considerations assure that these products
are easy to use. High performance is maintained as the amplifiers swing to their specified
limits. Because the initial Offset voltage (±250mV max) is so low, user adjustment is
usually not required. However, external trim pins are provided for special applications
(single versions only).
Fig 1.2.4.1:-Pin configuration of OPA2241 Op-amp
16. 8
Fig 1.2.4.2:-IC-OPA 2241 OP-AMP
The OPA241 and OPA251 (single versions) are available in standard 8-pin DIP and SO-
8 surface-mount packages. The OPA2241 and OPA2251 (dual versions) come in 8-pin
DIP and SO-8 surface-mount packages. The OPA4241 and OPA4251 (quad versions) are
available in 14-pin DIP and SO-14 surface-mount packages. All are fully specified from
–40°C to +85°C and operate from –55°C to +125°C.
1.2.4.2 SPECIFICATION:
Micro POWER: IQ = 25mA
Single Supply Voltage
Rail-to-Rail Output within 50mV
Low Offset Voltage: 250uV max
High Common-Mode Rejection: 124dB
High Open-Loop Gain: 128dB
Input Bias Current: -4nA
Input Offset Current: 0.1nA
Input Voltage Noise, f = 0.1Hz to 10Hz: 1uVp-p
Common-Mode Voltage Range: -0.2V to (V+)-0.8V
1.2.4.3 APPLICATIONS:
Battery Operated Instruments
Portable Devices
Use in Medical Instruments
Use in Test Equipment
17. 9
1.2.5 BATTERY:
Fig 1.2.5.1- 9 volt battery
1.2.5.1 SPECIFICATION:
Nominal Voltage- 9 volt
Impedance - 1,700 m-ohm @ 1 kHz
Typical weight - 45 g (1.6 oz)
Typical volume - 22.8 cm3 (1.4 in3)
Terminals- Miniature snap
Storage temperature range - 5ºC to 30ºC (41ºF to 86ºF)
Operating temperature range - 20ºC to 54ºC (-4ºF to 130ºF)
Designation - ANSI: 1604A IEC: 6LR6
18. 10
10
1.3 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION:
The software application analyzes the amplitude of the incoming signals, as the criteria
of an occurred event (opening/closing of the hand) are the threshold changes of the
first derivative. When this happens, an In order a processing by a computer to be
enabled, the analog data needs to be converted in a digital form. А multifunctional
USB device of National Instruments− NI USB-6009 (Fig. 6-3), has been used. The
EMG signal is fed to one of the analog inputs. The visualization and the data
processing are done through software
Fig. 1.3.1. Software for processing, analysis and gripper control
Similarly, the amplified signal is fed to an analog input of NI USB-6009 for
conversion and then the data are analyzed by Lab View software. As can be seen in
Fig. 1.3.2 -. Fragment of software for processing and analysis of EOG: EOG signal
characteristic (above); animation showing the actual position of the eyes (below)
19. 11
11
CHAPTER-2
STUDY & ANALYSIS
2.1 NEED OF STUDY
Despite of the scope, all the projects refereed in- tend to present EMG as an input interface. In
this article we present our results and present user studies to go further and validate
electromyography de- vices as daily wearable interfaces. Our prototype ac- complishes the
control of various computer Applications and introduces a synergy between applications that ease
the text-entry task. In the next section we present our approach. The other sections are focused in
the user evaluations, results and discussion. In the last section we present the conclusions taken by
the user evaluations along with the work still to be done.
2.2 SIGNAL RECORDING:
In order to get useful information concerning the muscular activity it is necessary to carefully
analyze some aspects, from technical details at the electrode placement in the surface of the
human body to the points where this placement must be done. Several aspects influence the signal
quality: skin preparation, electrodes placement position, electrodes fixation, electrodes distance
and outside interferences (De Luca, 1997).We have discarded all the skin preparation techniques
since we don’t think they are appropriate to a user interface. Besides, after several tests we
observed good signal quality with small interference. However, to reinforce the surface electrodes
adherence we created an elastic band for the neck and two elastic bands for the forearm. We used
the 2cm distance between electrodes which guarantees a solution of commitment (Figure 2),
collecting the signal of a significant portion of the muscle and restricting, simultaneously, the
undesired signals to insignificant values (De Luca, 1997).
Figure 2.2.1: Electrodes placement
20. 12
12
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
3.1 METHODOLOGY
We conducted several experiments to assess the us- ability of myographic activity as as interaction
modal- ity. For that purpose, besides the experiments to vali- date the interaction speed and
accuracy, we focused our attention in the interface robustness as a daily wearable interface.
a) Clicking Start Button, where a timer is activated;
b) Moving the cursor towards the Stop button, with any trajectory;
c) Clicking Stop Button, and the time is presented to the user and saved. The Start Button
dimensions are always 8, 5 x 8,5mm but there are four Stop Button dimensions (8.5 x 8.5mm; 12.5 x
12.5mm; 17 x 17mm; 22 x 22mm). We made 80 evaluations, 20 of each for every Stop Button
size. The Start Button changed between the four corners. The users were equipped with two pairs
of electrodes in each forearm (four directions) and another pair near one eye to detect blinking
21. 13
13
3.2 SIGNAL PROCESSING:
Figure 3.2.1: System Design
The pre-processing is composed by some basic procedures that prepare the signal to be smoothed.
The signal received from the electromyography device has
Figure 3.2.2: Signal Processing
22. 14
14
As mentioned before, the useful frequency range is between 0 Hz and 500 Hz. So filtering the raw
signal is recommended to limit the signal’s frequency range to the desired range. Van Boxtel in
[vB08] found that a band-pass frequency range of 20 Hz to 500 Hz appeared to be adequate
because there was a negligible contribution of higher frequency components to the EMG signal.
In [CJDLR10] De Luca et al. are recommending to set the low-pass filter corner frequency to 400-
450 Hz, where the high end of the SEMG frequency spectrum is expected. Various
recommendations for the high-pass filter corner frequency can be found in literature. All the
recommendations are between 5 Hz and 20 Hz. SENIAM recommends to set the high-pass filter
corner frequency to 10 - 20Hz For several decades it has been commonly accepted that the
preferred manner for processing the EMG signal after filtering was to calculate the integrated
rectified signal. This was done by full-wave rectifying the EMG signal, integrating the signal over
a specified interval of time and subsequently forming a time series of the integrated values. Full-
wave rectification means the conversion of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive
or negative) at its output. This approach of rectifying and integrating became widespread since it
is possible to make these calculations accurately and inexpensively with the limited electronics
technology of earlier decades. Equation (2.2) shows how the calculation of the integrated rectified
signal is
23. 15
15
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 3.3.1:-Circuit diagram of Human Machine Interface through Electromyography
3.4 PCB LAYOUT
Fig. 3.4.1: Component layout for the PCB
24. 16
16
Fig. 3.4.2: An actual-size, single-side PCB for HMI through EMG
3.5 WORKING
The circuit diagram of HMI through EMG is shown in Fig. 3. Starting from the left, two electrodes
attached to a muscle are connected to a single-supply instrumentation amplifier INA122 (IC1),
which amplifies the voltage difference between the two electrodes, rejecting any signal that is
common to both—thereby removing much of the noise and 50Hz AC EMI. Resistor R1 determines
the gain of the output of IC1.
It is difficult to deal with the bi-polar nature of the bio-signals. To overcome this problem, we use
virtual-ground topology or split-rail topology, which splits the main power rail into two rails—one
having Vcc and the other with half of Vcc (virtual ground). The created virtual ground acts as the
pseudo-zero voltage and thus makes the output to swing between 0 and Vcc with virtual ground
as zero volts, which makes the entire portion of the EMG wave available and also in the positive
range only, thus making this topology ideal for interfacing with digital systems or microcontrollers.
IC1 is specifically designed for single-supply operations, for which it includes voltage translators
and overvoltage protection. The electrodes are directly attached to the muscle. Prior to attaching
the electrodes, clean the patient’s skin with alcohol for removing dirt and apply an ultrasound gel.
Two electrodes are attached over the muscle of interest and the third one (reference) is connected
25. 17
17
to an area preferably in the joints where there are less muscles. The reference electrode should
only be connected at pin 3 of CON1. It is vital as it provides the common-mode signal.
The reference is connected to the virtual ground and pin 5 (Vref) of IC1, so care must be taken to
isolate the patient from ground. The patient must not touch any grounded metal, which can cause
drainage of common-mode voltage and thus raise the amplitude of the output and inject a lot of
noise. The output from instrumentation amplifier IC1 is fed to a non-inverting amplifier built
around OPA2241 (IC2) via capacitor C1, which removes the DC offset from the electrodes. The
amplified output signal from IC2 is sent to the PC oscilloscope via an audio jack to get the display
of the waveform.
Fig.3.5.1-EMG Signal on the Pc based oscilloscope, Fig 3.5.2 :-Electrode Placement
26. 18
18
CHAPTER 4
APPLICATION
1. Skin placement.
2. Avoid movement of electrodes by using straps or tape to
firmly secure electrode I place.
3. Avoid bending of leads, place leads pointing in the
direction that you want the wire to Continue in. (e.g., for
electrodes placed on an extremity, have the lead pointing
towards The proximal end of the extremity so that the wire
will not have to be bent in order to go In the proximal
direction.)
4. Avoid any stress on the wires by making sure that the
wires are loose underneath the Tape or wrap that is holding
them in place. Be sure to check when the wires cross the
Joint that once the joint is fully extended the wires are not
drawn taunt.
5. Avoid placing electrodes over scars.
6. Measured potential.
7. Measuring skeletal muscle electrical output during physical activity
8. Sports medicine
9. EMG signals can be used for variety of applications like clinical/biomedical
10. EMG can be used to sense isometric muscular activity
11. To measure the force of the isometric muscle contraction, a surface EMG was used
12. The idea of controlling machines with levers and knobs. Instead, they plan to have machines
respond directly to human gestures.
27. 19
19
CHAPTER 5
5.1 ADVANTAGE
Extremely sensitive
Record single muscle activity
Access to deep musculature
Little cross-talk concern
Surface EMG Recording Provide a safe.
Easy and noninvasive method
5.2DISADVANTAGE
Extremely sensitive
Requires medical personnel, certification
Repositioning nearly impossible
Detection area may not be representative of entire muscle
28. 20
20
CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE
It is intended to develop software environment for computer’s mouse control and cursor
movement, done by eye movements. Such a development could be useful for people with
disabilities, allowing them access to a computer. The application can easily be extended to allow
control of various electromechanical devices (wheelchairs). At the date of submission of the paper
a project was launched for realization of artificial, five-finger hand which will be controlled by
registered EMG potentials. In the near future we will see higher function prosthetics, brain
computer interfaces with more control, voice recognition and camera gesture recognition being
used more. Although not quite the death of the everyday mouse and keyboard, we will dentally
start to see new types of technology integrated into our everyday lives. Portable devices are
becoming smaller and more complex, so we should start seeing growth in wearable interfaces.
Robots, and the way we interact with them is already beginning to change, we are in the computer
era, but soon we will be in the robotic era.
Nano technology has provided a new wave of advancements, but these have yet to be fully utilized
in HMI, Nano technology has an important future role to play. Nano machines and super batteries
haven't fully materialized, so we have something to look forward to. There is also the potential of
Quantum Computing which will unleash an entirely new level of processor, with amazing speeds.
HMI technology is impressive now, but in the future there will be nothing like it. It won't matter
who you are, what language you speak, or what disability you have, the variety of technology will
cater for everyone. This document has provided an overview of what HMI , and has shown you a
glimpse of what the future might hold. One thing that is certain is that technologies will begin to
converge, devices will combine functionality, new levels of sensor fusions will be created, and all
this for one purpose, to enhance our Human Machine Interaction. The technology involved in HMI
29. 21
21
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The EMG/EEG-based Human–Computer Interaction system presented represents a potential alternative for
the communication of individuals with severe motor disabilities and their computers. Because the system
commands cursor movements on the basis of detection and classification of EMG signals, its operation is
relatively simple for the user. Use of the interface only requires the voluntary contraction of a set of cranial
muscles, requiring little training on the part of the subject. The operation of the system is possible due to
the difference in the spectral composition of EMG signals generated by contraction of different cranial
muscles. Thus, the novel classification approach allows the on-line separation of EMG signals caused by
the contraction of different muscles, based on the real-time estimation of their power spectra. In our
evaluation of the interface, six experimental subjects were able to drive the computer cursor from the
Screen corners to the center and perform a click at each end of that trajectory in an average of 16 seconds.
This level of performance achieved by untrained subjects reveals that this interface can be employed for
such applications as web browsing and appliance control through appropriate hardware/software setups.
In comparison with other unassisted interfaces for users with disabilities, the EMG/EEG interface proposed
has the potential to be more affordable and portable then others, such as eye-gaze tracking devices
30. 22
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3. Shavi R, Green N. Ensemble averaging of locomotors electromyography patterns
using interpolation. Med & Biol Eng & Comput, 21: 573-578, 1983.
4. De Luca. C.J. (1997) The Use of Surface Electromyography in Biomechanics. Journal
of Applied Biomechanics, Volume 13, Pages 135-163, 1997
5. www.datasheets4u.com
6. http://www.electronicsforyou.com
7. Kuiken, A. & Lipschutz, R. (2008) A strategy for identifying locomotion modes using
surface electromyography
8. https://www.grasstelefactor.com/products/clinsystems/cmeeg1.html
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