journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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A SMART BRAIN CONTROLLED WHEELCHAIR BASED MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMijaia
The main objective of this paper is to build Smart Brain Controlled wheelchair (SBCW) intended for patient of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Brain control interface (BCI) gave solutions for a patients having a low rate of data exchange, alsoby using the BCIthe user should have the ability to meditate and tension to let the signal get received. Using the BCI continuously is very much exhausted for the patients, Theproposed system is trying to give all handicapped people and ALS patients the simplest way to let them have a life at least near to the normal life. The system will mainly depend on the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signalsand also on the Electromyography (EMG) signals to put the system in command and out of command. The system will interface with user through a tablet and it will be secured by sensors and tracking system to avoid any obstacle. The proposed system is safe and easily built with lower cost compared with other similar systems.
The following empirical research undertakes the implementation of the signals
obtained via an Electrooculography (EOG) into the design for a simple, effective and
low-cost microcontroller system. The process was extended research, to demonstrate
and allow an incapacitated individual to control eight individual devices, by collecting
and evaluating the myoelectric signals rendered by the eye muscles during various
movements of the eye
A SMART BRAIN CONTROLLED WHEELCHAIR BASED MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMijaia
The main objective of this paper is to build Smart Brain Controlled wheelchair (SBCW) intended for patient of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Brain control interface (BCI) gave solutions for a patients having a low rate of data exchange, alsoby using the BCIthe user should have the ability to meditate and tension to let the signal get received. Using the BCI continuously is very much exhausted for the patients, Theproposed system is trying to give all handicapped people and ALS patients the simplest way to let them have a life at least near to the normal life. The system will mainly depend on the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signalsand also on the Electromyography (EMG) signals to put the system in command and out of command. The system will interface with user through a tablet and it will be secured by sensors and tracking system to avoid any obstacle. The proposed system is safe and easily built with lower cost compared with other similar systems.
The following empirical research undertakes the implementation of the signals
obtained via an Electrooculography (EOG) into the design for a simple, effective and
low-cost microcontroller system. The process was extended research, to demonstrate
and allow an incapacitated individual to control eight individual devices, by collecting
and evaluating the myoelectric signals rendered by the eye muscles during various
movements of the eye
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Neuralink white-paper. Elon Musk & Neuralink
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and
the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part
because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neuralink’s first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and
flexible electrode “threads”, with as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads.
We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute.
Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of surface vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small
implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitization: the package for 3,072 channels occupies less than (23 × 18.5 × 2) mm3
. A single USB-C cable
provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously.
This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 85.5 % in chronically implanted electrodes. Neuralink’s approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant
package.
fNIRS and Brain Computer Interface for CommunicationInsideScientific
LIVE WEBINAR: June 8, 2017
Dr. Ujwal Chaudhary and Dr. Bettina Sorger present groundbreaking research in the field of fNIRS-based BCI for communication with healthy subjects and patients in completely locked-in states.
Neural activity is accompanied by a hemodynamic (vascular) responses that is sensitive to a host of features of coordinated brain function. Relating these measures to the seemingly endless breadth of human behavior is a principal aim of many scientific investigations. Fortunately, learning, language acquisition, sensory and motor functions, emotion, social interactions, and the influence of a host of disease processes can all be explored from measures of the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signal. Wearable fNIRS technology exists that is portable, safe and easy to use, resistant to motion artifacts and can be employed in a subjects natural environment.
A promising application for fNIRS is the design of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication with completely locked-in patients. In the so called ‘locked-in’ state, fully conscious and awake patients are unable to communicate naturally due to severe motor paralysis. These patients are, however, able to modulate their brain activity which can be decoded and understood by exploring the fNIRS signal.
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by NIRx Medical Technologies, experts present the basic principles of fNIRS and BCI, technical setup and guidelines for running a successful fNIRS study and a comparison of fNIRS with other functional neuroimaging methods. Presenters highlight groundbreaking research in the field of fNIRS-based BCI for communication with healthy subjects and patients in a completely locked-in state. Specifically, Dr. Ujwal Chaudhary (University of Tübingen) shares results of his research with healthy participants and patients with locked-in syndrome due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Dr. Bettina Sorger (Maastricht University) presents data from a recent study demonstrating the feasibility of a multiple-choice fNIRS-based communication BCI using differently-timed motor imagery as an information-encoding strategy.
The Neuroprosthetics is an emerging field in the Health Care & Engineering Sector.
In this Technology a Specialized Chip is implanted in the Brain & by using Electronic & Mechanical Components the Brain Waves in converted into respective Mechanical Movements.
Neuroprosthetics is specifically used for patients suffering from Paralysis, Amoyotropic Lateral Sclerosis & Multiple Sclerosis.
This Field is in its Initial Stage in terms of Research specifically in India.This field requires a lot of research specially for India & Developing Countries.
Neuroprosthetics will be an Transforming World for Health Sector in the future.
This webinar is part of a 2-hour monthly series hosted by the Neurotechnology Innovation Network: https://ktn-uk.org/health/neurotechnology/
Each webinar features expert speakers and focusses on a new development in a different technology area.
The third topic in this series is Dementia treatment using a biodesign approach. Dementia can have enormous effects, not only to those suffering but also family members and others
caring for them, but there are currently no effective therapies available. Neurotechnology offers a new way of treating dementia.
There is growing evidence that technologies such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation could help treat some of the effects of dementia and brain-computer interfaces are now able to detect the first signs of dementia years before symptoms appear.
In collaboration with UK Dementia Research Institute this webinar explores novel neurotechnologies to treat dementia, discuss barriers to adoption and new opportunities in the field.
Correlation Analysis of Electromyogram SignalsIJMTST Journal
An inability to adapt myoelectric interfaces to a user’s unique style of hand motion. The system also adapts
the motion style of an opposite limb. These are the important factors inhibiting the practical application of
myoelectric interfaces. This is mainly attributed to the individual differences in the exhibited electromyogram
(EMG) signals generated by the muscles of different limbs. In this project myoelectric interface easily adapts
the signal from the users and maintains good movement recognition performance. At the initial stage the
myoelectric signal is extracted from the user by using the data acquisition system. A new set of features
describing the movements of user’s is extracted and the user’s features are classifed using SVM
classification. The given signal is then compared with the database signal with the accuracy of 90.910 %
across all the EMG signals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Neuralink white-paper. Elon Musk & Neuralink
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and
the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part
because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neuralink’s first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and
flexible electrode “threads”, with as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads.
We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute.
Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of surface vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small
implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitization: the package for 3,072 channels occupies less than (23 × 18.5 × 2) mm3
. A single USB-C cable
provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously.
This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 85.5 % in chronically implanted electrodes. Neuralink’s approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant
package.
fNIRS and Brain Computer Interface for CommunicationInsideScientific
LIVE WEBINAR: June 8, 2017
Dr. Ujwal Chaudhary and Dr. Bettina Sorger present groundbreaking research in the field of fNIRS-based BCI for communication with healthy subjects and patients in completely locked-in states.
Neural activity is accompanied by a hemodynamic (vascular) responses that is sensitive to a host of features of coordinated brain function. Relating these measures to the seemingly endless breadth of human behavior is a principal aim of many scientific investigations. Fortunately, learning, language acquisition, sensory and motor functions, emotion, social interactions, and the influence of a host of disease processes can all be explored from measures of the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signal. Wearable fNIRS technology exists that is portable, safe and easy to use, resistant to motion artifacts and can be employed in a subjects natural environment.
A promising application for fNIRS is the design of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication with completely locked-in patients. In the so called ‘locked-in’ state, fully conscious and awake patients are unable to communicate naturally due to severe motor paralysis. These patients are, however, able to modulate their brain activity which can be decoded and understood by exploring the fNIRS signal.
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by NIRx Medical Technologies, experts present the basic principles of fNIRS and BCI, technical setup and guidelines for running a successful fNIRS study and a comparison of fNIRS with other functional neuroimaging methods. Presenters highlight groundbreaking research in the field of fNIRS-based BCI for communication with healthy subjects and patients in a completely locked-in state. Specifically, Dr. Ujwal Chaudhary (University of Tübingen) shares results of his research with healthy participants and patients with locked-in syndrome due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Dr. Bettina Sorger (Maastricht University) presents data from a recent study demonstrating the feasibility of a multiple-choice fNIRS-based communication BCI using differently-timed motor imagery as an information-encoding strategy.
The Neuroprosthetics is an emerging field in the Health Care & Engineering Sector.
In this Technology a Specialized Chip is implanted in the Brain & by using Electronic & Mechanical Components the Brain Waves in converted into respective Mechanical Movements.
Neuroprosthetics is specifically used for patients suffering from Paralysis, Amoyotropic Lateral Sclerosis & Multiple Sclerosis.
This Field is in its Initial Stage in terms of Research specifically in India.This field requires a lot of research specially for India & Developing Countries.
Neuroprosthetics will be an Transforming World for Health Sector in the future.
This webinar is part of a 2-hour monthly series hosted by the Neurotechnology Innovation Network: https://ktn-uk.org/health/neurotechnology/
Each webinar features expert speakers and focusses on a new development in a different technology area.
The third topic in this series is Dementia treatment using a biodesign approach. Dementia can have enormous effects, not only to those suffering but also family members and others
caring for them, but there are currently no effective therapies available. Neurotechnology offers a new way of treating dementia.
There is growing evidence that technologies such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation could help treat some of the effects of dementia and brain-computer interfaces are now able to detect the first signs of dementia years before symptoms appear.
In collaboration with UK Dementia Research Institute this webinar explores novel neurotechnologies to treat dementia, discuss barriers to adoption and new opportunities in the field.
Correlation Analysis of Electromyogram SignalsIJMTST Journal
An inability to adapt myoelectric interfaces to a user’s unique style of hand motion. The system also adapts
the motion style of an opposite limb. These are the important factors inhibiting the practical application of
myoelectric interfaces. This is mainly attributed to the individual differences in the exhibited electromyogram
(EMG) signals generated by the muscles of different limbs. In this project myoelectric interface easily adapts
the signal from the users and maintains good movement recognition performance. At the initial stage the
myoelectric signal is extracted from the user by using the data acquisition system. A new set of features
describing the movements of user’s is extracted and the user’s features are classifed using SVM
classification. The given signal is then compared with the database signal with the accuracy of 90.910 %
across all the EMG signals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Sensor Stick walking aid for the blindsIJRES Journal
In this paper, few methods of aiding and guiding visually impaired persons are presented. They are analyzed and studied thoroughly. Some commercially available systems help in aiding people with disabilities of seeing and give information refereeing to the location of the users. We propose an intelligent” stick equipped with an ultrasonic sensor that takes information about the environment. This information is processed and is delivered to the handle stick and thus can be interpreted by the users. The stick will produce beeping sound with varying speed according to the distances of obstacles. This stick will provide assists to visually impaired persons by providing informations related to obstacles distances. This device was tested with blind persons and results are presented.
Adaptive Weight Computation Processor for Medical Ultrasound Beam former: VLS...iosrjce
We find difficult to detect and diagnosis the disease in olden times ,our human body is sensitive and
there are lot of obstacles in which we fail to understand the disease as well as the activities that are going inside
our body, so recently scientists have found out how ultrasound can be useful in medical field .In this paper we
discuss about the beam former technology using VLSI architecture and FPGA implementation.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The multiple applications (Forest, Industrial, Home) sector being the backbone of the security system. Security systems which are being used now a day are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. This Project is very useful in industrial monitoring system, forest safety and controlling an application. The Processing Sensor analysis of PIR sensors, Fire, air, temp sensors based multiple sector Analysis industrial, human identification and Any Identification Indicate LCD Display and Web camera Based Any Problem Capture Stored Image Data base. In the present work a PIC Microcontroller based the remote irrigation system is developing for the multiple process. The microcontroller use to controlling and displaying the resultant sensor values LCD Display Identifying System.
Pentagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna in wireless capsule endoscopy systemcscpconf
Wireless capsule endoscopy is a best option for exploring inaccessible areas of small intestine
for inspection of gastrointestinal tract. This technique brings less pain compare to conventional
endoscopy technique. The wireless endoscopy system comprises of three main modules: an
ingestible capsule that is swallowed by the patient, an external control unit and display device
for image display. In this paper we proposed pentagonal shape microstrip patch antenna for
wireless capsule endoscopy system. Inhibiting characteristics of a single microstrip patch like
low gain, light weight, thin thickness and smaller bandwidth, make it more popular. This kind of
antenna is aggressive miniaturized to meet the requirements of the wireless capsule endoscope.
The simulation results show that the designed Circular Polarization (CP) pentagonal shaped
microstrip patch antenna gives axial ratio of 0.6023 at 2.38 GHz and CP axial ratio bandwidth
of 36MHz with 1.5%. The antenna designed for wireless capsule endoscopy is a proposed one, which may work effectively when compared to other antennas in the capsule.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
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2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
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FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 4 (August 2013), PP.47-52
47
Intelligent Pillow for Heart Rate Monitor
Everlyn Chiang Hai Yin, V. Muthukumar
Faculty of Engineering and Computer Technology, AIMST University
Abstract:- The aim of the project is to develop intelligent pillow to monitor the heart rate by using fiber optical
sensor. The research is focused upon allowing more automation of patient care, an especially important matter
for the elder population or bedridden patients, which is a rapidly growing fraction of much of the world
population today. The fiber-optical sensor is built into pillow. Patients can determine their heart rate by just
lying on the pillow and the device will not cause any disturbance to patients and at the same time still
monitoring the heart rate. ECG electrodes and finger clip / ear lobe clip probes (using IR LED and photodiode
technology) are commonly used for monitoring heart rate. Unfortunately, they are inconvenient and inadequate
for long-term, everyday measurements. Fiber-optical sensing overcomes many of these challenges by using light
rather than electricity and standard optical fiber in place of copper wire. Optical fibers are nonconductive,
electrically passive, immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)-induced noise, and able to transmit data over
long distances with little or no loss in signal integrity. Using the concept of light and the benefits of using fiber
optical sensors to detect the heart rate, PPG(photoplethysmogram) is being used in this project. A
photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram, a volumetric measurement of an organ. A
PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light
absorption (Shelley and Shelley, 2001).
Keywords:- fiber optical sensor, heart rate, IR LED, photodiode/phototransistor, photoplethysmogram, PPG,
pulse oximeter.
I. INTRODUCTION
ECG electrodes and pulse oximeter (using finger clips) are being used for heart rate monitoring today
and unfortunately, they are inconvenient and inadequate for long-term, everyday measurements. They are not
encouraged to be implemented under bed or pillows as dangerous electric shock might hurt the patients easily.
By considering the advantages of using fiber-optical sensors, it is well suited to be implemented under the
pillow to detect human‟s heart rate. The goal of this research project:
1)To design small, simple and safe fiber optic sensor and heart rate system to be implemented under the pillow.
2)To design low powered heart rate that will provide an accurate reading of one‟s heart rate.
3)To design an operating system of the project. To develop the control system that will receive the input signal
for determine the process that it must execute to give out the desired output.
II. FIBER OPTICAL PPG SENSORS
General principle of such devices is that light from a laser (often a single-frequency fiber laser) or from
a super luminescent source is sent through an optical fiber, experiences subtle changes of its parameters either in
the fiber or in one or several fiber Bragg gratings, and then reaches a detector arrangement which measures
these changes.
PPG (photoplethysmography) can be done in two methods: transmittance and reflectance of light. In
transmittance, the light is shone through the tissue using an infrared LED and is detected on the other end using
a photo detector/phototransistor. In contrast, in reflectance method, both infrared LED and photo
detector/phototransistor are allocated at the same side to detect the light reflected by the tissue.
Compared with other types of sensors, fiber-optic sensors exhibit a number of advantages:
They consist of electrically insulating materials (no electric cables are required), which makes possible their
use e.g. in high-voltage environments.
They can be safely used in explosive environments, because there is no risk of electrical sparks, even in the
case of defects.
They are immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI), even to nearby lightning strikes, and do not
themselves electrically disturb other devices.
Their materials can be chemically passive, i.e., do not contaminate their surroundings and are not subject to
corrosion.
They have a very wide operating temperature range (much wider than is possible for electronic devices).
2. Intelligent Pillow for Heart Rate Monitor
48
They have multiplexing capabilities: multiple sensors in a single fiber line can be interrogated with a single
optical source.
The advantages of using fiber optical sensors have proven the sensors are safe enough to be
implemented under the pillow where humans or patients need to sleep on top of it for long term.
Fiber optical sensors are basically made up of fiber optical cables, either the cable itself works as a sensor or it
can work as a probe.
There are two types of fiber optics: multi-mode and single mode. In multi-mode fibers, the core
diameter is greater than the core diameter of single-mode fibers, making the light to have several propagation
modes. Multi-mode fibers can be classified into graded-index and step-index. They are normally used as short-
distance fibers. Whereas for single-mode fibers, they are used in long distance cables, but they require
connectors with better precision and expensive devices. On this kind of fiber, the light has only one way of
travelling inside the fiber core.
Figure 1: Multi-mode and Single-mode
Figure 2: Step-index and Graded-index (Multi-mode)
Fiber optic cables are widely used in transferring data in high speed, single-mode fiber optic is the best
solution for this fast data transmission but due to its expensive cost, multi-mode fiber optic is being used instead
because of its cheaper cost, however only graded-index is widely used compared to step-index due to its
decrease in modal dispersion. Therefore, step-index fiber optic can be considered as the cheapest fiber optics
among the others. Since this project is just using the concept of light to detect the human‟s heart rate and not en-
coding any data into the light, so it is sufficient enough to use step-index multi-mode fiber optics as it has a
cheaper cost.
III. RESEARCH METHOD
Fiber optic cables are commonly expensive and the project does not need to use fiber optic cables with
high qualities. Fiber optic cables with multi-mode and step-index is sufficient enough in this project. The
wavelength of the infrared is 950nm. Infrared light which is in the 850-1000 nm wavelength light band is found
to be most widely researched for this application. Reflection configuration is selected compared to transmission
configuration as it can detect any area of human skin as it only uses the concept of reflection of light which
reflects from the surface of the human skin.
3. Intelligent Pillow for Heart Rate Monitor
49
Figure 3: AC and DC components of fiber optic PPG
Both arterial blood volumetric changes and venous blood volume changes are considered as the AC
component, so fiber optic PPG consists of two components: AC component and DC component. Unfortunately,
AC component is relatively weaker compared to DC component. Before light reaches the phototransistor, it
needs to pass through various tissue constituents such as skin, bone muscle etc resulting in a constant DC offset
to the signal. Optical density is the measure of the transmission of an optical medium for a given wavelength.
AC component of the fiber optic PPG signals is the only component required to measure the heart beat, so DC
component of the signal needs to be filtered out completely and then the AC component of the signal must be
amplified until a sufficient voltage level. Once the PPG signals are acquired after filtering and amplifying, each
peak of the voltage signal will act as a DC input to the micro-controller for software running. Filtering and
amplifying using high pass filter and active low pass filter.
Figure 4: Passive high pass filter and active low pass filter
In order to solve the possible interruption to the fiber optical sensors, an effort of securing the fiber
optical cables is needed. Longer fiber optical cables might cause more disturbances, so by using shorter fiber
optic cables, it will limit the amount of noises to the signals. Both the surface of the fiber optic probe has to be
equally aligned for better sensing. A precision drilled wooden piece was made for experiment purpose.
Figure 5: A precision drilled wooden piece for experiment purpose
Providing comfort to consumers was taken as priority while implementing the boards under the pillow.
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Figure 6: Intelligent pillow
Figure 7: Position of fiber optic sensor
This pillow was temporarily used as a prototype only as this project was not concentrating on the
design of the physical look of the pillow. The current sensor‟s position was sufficient to detect the heart rate
from sensor, but due to its fixed position, different sleeping postures might affect the measurement of heart rate.
For future improvement, external accessory can be included to connect with the sensor to provide flexibility,
which acts like a sticker and can be attached to any areas according to the consumer‟s preference.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
This project was based on test-driven design procedures. Though the methodology of the solution was
conceptually designed, the practical implementation involved testing and improving each of the stages as part of
its progress. Various testing procedures were part of the project even from the first phase, such as when the
phototransistor was tested for its sensitivity. Other testing procedures included comparison of active and passive
filters. Other procedures such as longevity and stress tests were also executed on the final completed circuit in
order to ensure its safety and reliability. The data collected was subsequently processed by the software
component of this project and the results were compared with those of the commercial heart rate monitor.
Fiber optic PPG signals acquired after testing :
Figure 8: Fiber optic PPG signals 1
5. Intelligent Pillow for Heart Rate Monitor
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Figure 9: Fiber optic PPG signals 2
The dicrotic notch of the PPG signals is clearly visible, in addition to other details such as sharply
rising systolic peak and slowly settling diastolic foot. Different individuals will display different shapes of PPG
signals but the concept of the signals is still the same.
Figure 10: PPG signals from commercial heart rate monitor 1
Figure 11: PPG signals from commercial heart rate monitor 2
Results are compatible with other PPG signals from current available heart rate monitor.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The numerous challenges encountered during this time only improved the design procedures and can
be seen as necessary catalysts. The biometrics of heart rate produced by this intelligent pillow is important
additions to those bedridden patients and for great convenience to serve as significant indicators of the health of
the individual. Although the accuracy of the measurements may not be as accurate as ECG or advanced pulse
dosimeters, they are still very close to the actual results and can be used in trend analysis if not in clinical
diagnosis. The strength of this project lies in the portability and comfort ability to the consumers who are
concern about their heart rate at all times including when they sleep.
If given more time to work on this project, the project could be further improved in various ways. Fiber
optic sensors in the intelligent pillow can be used to detect blood oxygen saturation or blood pressure and not
only the heart rate. The throughput of the TCP/IP server or wireless system can be implemented to allow for
richer parallel data acquisition by remote clients.
In conclusion, the project can be further improved in various ways that can make it more user-friendly
and accurate for better market value. It can become a good accessory to the user in tracking their health and the
health of the ones they are concerned about. It can also become a good addition to the automated infrastructures
already in place in hospitals.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Financial support for this study was provided by Faculty of Engineering and Computer Technology
from AIMST University. The authors wish to thank Advisor Prof.Ernest Teiko Larmie, Faculty of Medicine,
whose being very supportive, giving stimulating suggestions and encouragement.
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