Absorption of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas from (NO2/Air or NO2/N2) gas mixture into sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) alkaline solution was performed using packed column in pilot scale. The aim of the study was to improve the Absorption efficiency of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to the application of this process in the industry. Absorption efficiency (η) was measured by using various operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (QG) of 20-30 m3/h, nitrogen dioxide inlet concentration (YNO2) of 500-2500 ppm, experimental temperature (T) of 30-50 ℃, Na2CO3 solution concentration (CNa2CO3) of 10-30 wt %, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.02-0.03 m3according to experimental design. The measured η was in the range of η = 60.80-89.43 %, and of η = 60.10-91.50 % respectively depending on the operating parameters investigated. Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear models of η in terms of (QG, YNO2, CNa2CO3, T, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. The accuracy of η models is ± 2.3 %. The linear models of η were adequate, the operating parameters were significant, and the interactions were negligible. Results of η obtained reveal that a negligible influence of oxidation with a maximum deviation of 2.2 %.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
This document discusses wet air oxidation as a process for treating concentrated chemical waste streams. It begins with an overview of chemical process industry and various waste treatment approaches. Wet air oxidation is described as a subcritical thermal oxidation process that occurs in an aqueous medium between 100-250°C and 5-20 atm of oxygen pressure. Key advantages are its ability to handle concentrated and toxic wastes while allowing for water recycling. The document outlines reaction mechanisms, kinetics, catalyst use and integration with other processes. Design considerations and a systematic approach for implementing water treatment and recycling are also presented.
This document summarizes a study investigating the kinetics of the liquid-liquid-solid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) using hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorbed in monoethanolamine (MEA) and benzyl chloride (BC) as reactants. Amberlite IR-400 resin is used as a heterogeneous phase transfer catalyst. The effects of various parameters such as stirring speed, sulfur loading, and catalyst concentration on the conversion of BC were examined. Optimal conditions for 100% selectivity of DBDS product were determined. A reaction mechanism and kinetic model are proposed to explain the reaction.
This document summarizes research on catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) as an alternative wastewater treatment technique to wet air oxidation (WAO). CWAO uses catalysts to allow for milder operating conditions and shorter reaction times. Experimental results showed that over 50% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be achieved in about an hour at temperatures over 200°C and pressures above 30bar using heterogeneous catalysts like palladium on titanium dioxide. The research tested CWAO on various wastewaters and found the most effective catalysts were mixed metal oxide coatings on titanium meshes and ruthenium oxide on titanium dioxide, which constantly decreased COD levels.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
- Phenol was selectively nitrated to ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid over gamma-alumina catalyst in liquid phase at room temperature.
- Gamma-alumina was prepared using a controlled precipitation method and characterized using various techniques which showed it had suitable properties for nitration.
- Parameters like concentration of reactants, weight of catalyst, solvent, temperature and time were varied to determine their effect on the reaction. Kinetics of the reaction were also studied.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
1. The document describes a study on removing NOx from gas by pre-oxidizing NO with ozone and absorbing the oxidation products in alkaline aqueous solutions.
2. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory apparatus to determine the absorption performance of NO oxidation products in solutions of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and water. The effect of initial NO concentration and NaOH concentration on NOx removal effectiveness was also examined.
3. Results showed that ozone is effective at oxidizing NO to NO2 in the gas phase. Absorption of oxidation products, particularly in NaOH solutions, allowed high levels of NOx removal to be achieved.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
This document discusses wet air oxidation as a process for treating concentrated chemical waste streams. It begins with an overview of chemical process industry and various waste treatment approaches. Wet air oxidation is described as a subcritical thermal oxidation process that occurs in an aqueous medium between 100-250°C and 5-20 atm of oxygen pressure. Key advantages are its ability to handle concentrated and toxic wastes while allowing for water recycling. The document outlines reaction mechanisms, kinetics, catalyst use and integration with other processes. Design considerations and a systematic approach for implementing water treatment and recycling are also presented.
This document summarizes a study investigating the kinetics of the liquid-liquid-solid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) using hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorbed in monoethanolamine (MEA) and benzyl chloride (BC) as reactants. Amberlite IR-400 resin is used as a heterogeneous phase transfer catalyst. The effects of various parameters such as stirring speed, sulfur loading, and catalyst concentration on the conversion of BC were examined. Optimal conditions for 100% selectivity of DBDS product were determined. A reaction mechanism and kinetic model are proposed to explain the reaction.
This document summarizes research on catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) as an alternative wastewater treatment technique to wet air oxidation (WAO). CWAO uses catalysts to allow for milder operating conditions and shorter reaction times. Experimental results showed that over 50% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be achieved in about an hour at temperatures over 200°C and pressures above 30bar using heterogeneous catalysts like palladium on titanium dioxide. The research tested CWAO on various wastewaters and found the most effective catalysts were mixed metal oxide coatings on titanium meshes and ruthenium oxide on titanium dioxide, which constantly decreased COD levels.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
- Phenol was selectively nitrated to ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid over gamma-alumina catalyst in liquid phase at room temperature.
- Gamma-alumina was prepared using a controlled precipitation method and characterized using various techniques which showed it had suitable properties for nitration.
- Parameters like concentration of reactants, weight of catalyst, solvent, temperature and time were varied to determine their effect on the reaction. Kinetics of the reaction were also studied.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
1. The document describes a study on removing NOx from gas by pre-oxidizing NO with ozone and absorbing the oxidation products in alkaline aqueous solutions.
2. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory apparatus to determine the absorption performance of NO oxidation products in solutions of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and water. The effect of initial NO concentration and NaOH concentration on NOx removal effectiveness was also examined.
3. Results showed that ozone is effective at oxidizing NO to NO2 in the gas phase. Absorption of oxidation products, particularly in NaOH solutions, allowed high levels of NOx removal to be achieved.
This document summarizes research on using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to remove Chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, interfering ions, and temperature on the adsorption process. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with temperature, reached equilibrium within 40 minutes, and was most effective at low pH between 2-7. Kinetic and thermodynamic models indicated the adsorption was physical and endothermic in nature. Overall, the study demonstrated activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to be an effective ad
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
Wet air oxidation is a process that uses air as an oxidant to oxidize hazardous organic chemicals and wastes in an aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures. It is more energy efficient than incineration and can fully mineralize wastes into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts. The wet air oxidation process involves two main stages - a physical stage of oxygen transfer from the gas to liquid phase, and a chemical stage of free radical reactions between oxygen and organic compounds. Kinetics studies show the reaction rate depends on temperature, oxygen pressure, and organic compound concentration. Catalysts can significantly reduce the operating conditions required by improving chemical reaction rates.
The document discusses precipitating indium from pressure leaching liquor using sodium tripolyphosphate. Various factors that influence indium precipitation were evaluated, including pH, temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of sodium tripolyphosphate to indium. Over 95% of indium was precipitated under optimal conditions of pH 2.6, reaction time of 1.5 hours, and molar ratio of sodium tripolyphosphate to indium of 0.91. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the main component of the precipitates was NaIn3(P3O10)2·12H2O.
Revised hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
This document summarizes Debesh Samanta's research project on hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It discusses various solid-state hydrogen storage methods and their advantages. Complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4 are promising due to their high gravimetric hydrogen densities. NaBH4 hydrolysis is exothermic and produces over 10 wt% hydrogen. Transition metals like cobalt are effective catalysts for this reaction. Further research aims to improve catalyst stability and recyclability while managing heat release during hydrolysis.
This document describes an experimental study on treating landfill leachate concentrate by coagulation. The document includes sections on materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. For the materials and methods, it describes the experimental apparatus including a jar tester and centrifuge. It also describes the leachate sample from a landfill in Germany and the coagulants tested - ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and ferrous sulfate. The experimental procedure involves jar testing to mix the coagulants into the leachate at different dosages and pH levels, followed by centrifugation and analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) removal.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
This document provides information on measuring dissolved oxygen including:
- The significance of dissolved oxygen measurement for monitoring aquatic life and waste treatment.
- Standards for minimum dissolved oxygen levels in surface waters.
- How the solubility of oxygen depends on temperature, salinity, and pressure.
- Details of the Winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen concentration through chemical reactions and titration.
- Considerations for sample collection and potential interferences like nitrite that can affect results.
Hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
The document discusses hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It summarizes different solid hydrides used for hydrolysis including metal hydrides like MgH2 and light metal complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4. NaBH4 hydrolysis produces the highest gravimetric hydrogen density of 10.8 wt%. The document also discusses various catalysts used for hydrolysis including transition metals and noble metals. Key issues discussed are water handling during the reaction, maintaining catalytic activity over multiple cycles, and managing the heat generated by the exothermic hydrolysis reactions.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment St...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Jon Smoyer P.G., PA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), “Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment Strategy”
Hydrogen Peroxide has been used to oxidize and remove ferrous iron from mine drainage for decades. It is a relatively inexpensive and effective oxidant that can be used to achieve rapid ferrous iron oxidation in many active and semi-passive mine drainage treatment systems. This presentation outlines the physical properties, concentrations, and available delivery options for hydrogen peroxide.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Treatment of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewater by wet ai...Muhammad Moiz
The document discusses green manufacturing and wet air oxidation for treating refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. Wet air oxidation involves treating wastewater at high temperature and pressure to oxidize pollutants into less harmful byproducts like CO2 and H2O. It can achieve high removal rates of chemicals like phenols and is more environmentally friendly than incineration. The document also examines the reaction mechanisms, kinetics, advantages and disadvantages of wet air oxidation as a promising technology for treating difficult to degrade pollutants in an economical way.
This document summarizes a study on producing granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Activated sludge was obtained from a dairy wastewater treatment plant and chemically activated using sulfuric acid. The resulting activated carbon was characterized based on its physical properties, structure, and ability to adsorb pesticides. Testing showed the activated carbon had a high surface area of 580 m2/g and effectively adsorbed pesticides, fitting the BET adsorption model well. The maximum pesticide adsorption capacity was 110 mg/g at pH 3. Activated sludge is shown to be a promising low-cost precursor for producing activated carbon.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
This document describes a method for discriminating between inorganic and organic mercury species using cloud point extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG alone forms a cloud at a high temperature, but adding sodium sulfate lowers the cloud point to 35°C. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is fully extracted into the PEG-rich phase at low pH, while organic mercury (CH3Hg+) shows no extraction. The method provides selective extraction and preconcentration of Hg2+ from water samples containing up to 200 mg/L inorganic mercury. Spectrophotometric detection using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol allows quantification of Hg2+ in the range of 10-100 mg/L with good
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
This document summarizes a dissertation submitted by Nur Fatin Dariah binti Mohamad Daud in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Chemical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in September 2015. The dissertation investigates the aqueous phase reforming of sorbitol over supported Ni/Alumina catalysts promoted with calcium. Various characterization techniques such as TGA, SEM, and H2-TPR were used to analyze the catalysts. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in a batch reactor to identify the value-added chemicals produced from sorbitol, which were analyzed using GCMS and HPLC. The addition of the cheap promoter calcium was studied
—Nuclear energy plays a key role in long-term development plans and can guarantee the supply of electricity to some regions. On the other hand, the implementation of these projects tends to require long maturation periods, require high investment costs and may be a source of pollutants, such as Lead (Pb). For this reason, the periodic environmental monitoring of the concentration of pollutants becomes necessary, according to the current legislation. Thus, the present work presents as a proposal a method of optimization of Pb quantification in environmental analyzes. The study was developed through the monitoring of wastewater samples from INB – Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil. From the Fractional Factorial Design(FFD) the most representative variables of the Pb isolation process were determined, and through the Central Composite Design (CCD) the response surface was found, generating a regression model that represents the system. The results indicated that the optimization of the chemical yield of Pb is associated to the higher dosages of Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) and Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4) in the samples. The optimum yield condition was obtained in the region of 200 ml of H 2 SO 4 and 4.0 g of NTA, considering the range tested. The proposal proved to be effective for the validation tests of the model, obtaining an increase of up to 32% in the Pb yields of the analyzes.
The document discusses finite element analysis (FEA) to model temperature distribution during the turning process. It begins with an introduction to turning and FEA modeling of machining processes. It then discusses heat generation zones in turning and methods for measuring temperatures, including thermocouples and pyrometers. The literature review covers previous research using FEA to study temperature, forces, stresses and strains in machining. The goal of the research is to develop an FEA simulation model to determine temperature distributions under different cutting conditions and tool materials.
The document describes using fuzzy logic to determine the optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in a power distribution system. It involves calculating power loss and voltage sensitivity indices from load flow analysis, which are then used as inputs to a fuzzy inference system. The output is a distributed generator suitability index that indicates the best location for DG installation. For the sample IEEE 33-bus system, bus 2 is identified as having the highest index and therefore being the optimal location. A procedure is also provided to calculate the optimal size of the DG unit based on equations involving branch currents and voltages. The goal is to minimize losses and improve the voltage profile through optimal DG placement and sizing.
This paper mainly discusses about the Transparent Antenna’s introduction, design, their feeding methods, the future scope and finally transition from 2D to 3D.
This document summarizes research on using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to remove Chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, interfering ions, and temperature on the adsorption process. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with temperature, reached equilibrium within 40 minutes, and was most effective at low pH between 2-7. Kinetic and thermodynamic models indicated the adsorption was physical and endothermic in nature. Overall, the study demonstrated activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to be an effective ad
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
Wet air oxidation is a process that uses air as an oxidant to oxidize hazardous organic chemicals and wastes in an aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures. It is more energy efficient than incineration and can fully mineralize wastes into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts. The wet air oxidation process involves two main stages - a physical stage of oxygen transfer from the gas to liquid phase, and a chemical stage of free radical reactions between oxygen and organic compounds. Kinetics studies show the reaction rate depends on temperature, oxygen pressure, and organic compound concentration. Catalysts can significantly reduce the operating conditions required by improving chemical reaction rates.
The document discusses precipitating indium from pressure leaching liquor using sodium tripolyphosphate. Various factors that influence indium precipitation were evaluated, including pH, temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of sodium tripolyphosphate to indium. Over 95% of indium was precipitated under optimal conditions of pH 2.6, reaction time of 1.5 hours, and molar ratio of sodium tripolyphosphate to indium of 0.91. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the main component of the precipitates was NaIn3(P3O10)2·12H2O.
Revised hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
This document summarizes Debesh Samanta's research project on hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It discusses various solid-state hydrogen storage methods and their advantages. Complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4 are promising due to their high gravimetric hydrogen densities. NaBH4 hydrolysis is exothermic and produces over 10 wt% hydrogen. Transition metals like cobalt are effective catalysts for this reaction. Further research aims to improve catalyst stability and recyclability while managing heat release during hydrolysis.
This document describes an experimental study on treating landfill leachate concentrate by coagulation. The document includes sections on materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. For the materials and methods, it describes the experimental apparatus including a jar tester and centrifuge. It also describes the leachate sample from a landfill in Germany and the coagulants tested - ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and ferrous sulfate. The experimental procedure involves jar testing to mix the coagulants into the leachate at different dosages and pH levels, followed by centrifugation and analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) removal.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
This document provides information on measuring dissolved oxygen including:
- The significance of dissolved oxygen measurement for monitoring aquatic life and waste treatment.
- Standards for minimum dissolved oxygen levels in surface waters.
- How the solubility of oxygen depends on temperature, salinity, and pressure.
- Details of the Winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen concentration through chemical reactions and titration.
- Considerations for sample collection and potential interferences like nitrite that can affect results.
Hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
The document discusses hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It summarizes different solid hydrides used for hydrolysis including metal hydrides like MgH2 and light metal complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4. NaBH4 hydrolysis produces the highest gravimetric hydrogen density of 10.8 wt%. The document also discusses various catalysts used for hydrolysis including transition metals and noble metals. Key issues discussed are water handling during the reaction, maintaining catalytic activity over multiple cycles, and managing the heat generated by the exothermic hydrolysis reactions.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment St...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Jon Smoyer P.G., PA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), “Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment Strategy”
Hydrogen Peroxide has been used to oxidize and remove ferrous iron from mine drainage for decades. It is a relatively inexpensive and effective oxidant that can be used to achieve rapid ferrous iron oxidation in many active and semi-passive mine drainage treatment systems. This presentation outlines the physical properties, concentrations, and available delivery options for hydrogen peroxide.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Treatment of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewater by wet ai...Muhammad Moiz
The document discusses green manufacturing and wet air oxidation for treating refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. Wet air oxidation involves treating wastewater at high temperature and pressure to oxidize pollutants into less harmful byproducts like CO2 and H2O. It can achieve high removal rates of chemicals like phenols and is more environmentally friendly than incineration. The document also examines the reaction mechanisms, kinetics, advantages and disadvantages of wet air oxidation as a promising technology for treating difficult to degrade pollutants in an economical way.
This document summarizes a study on producing granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Activated sludge was obtained from a dairy wastewater treatment plant and chemically activated using sulfuric acid. The resulting activated carbon was characterized based on its physical properties, structure, and ability to adsorb pesticides. Testing showed the activated carbon had a high surface area of 580 m2/g and effectively adsorbed pesticides, fitting the BET adsorption model well. The maximum pesticide adsorption capacity was 110 mg/g at pH 3. Activated sludge is shown to be a promising low-cost precursor for producing activated carbon.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
This document describes a method for discriminating between inorganic and organic mercury species using cloud point extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG alone forms a cloud at a high temperature, but adding sodium sulfate lowers the cloud point to 35°C. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is fully extracted into the PEG-rich phase at low pH, while organic mercury (CH3Hg+) shows no extraction. The method provides selective extraction and preconcentration of Hg2+ from water samples containing up to 200 mg/L inorganic mercury. Spectrophotometric detection using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol allows quantification of Hg2+ in the range of 10-100 mg/L with good
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
This document summarizes a dissertation submitted by Nur Fatin Dariah binti Mohamad Daud in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Chemical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in September 2015. The dissertation investigates the aqueous phase reforming of sorbitol over supported Ni/Alumina catalysts promoted with calcium. Various characterization techniques such as TGA, SEM, and H2-TPR were used to analyze the catalysts. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in a batch reactor to identify the value-added chemicals produced from sorbitol, which were analyzed using GCMS and HPLC. The addition of the cheap promoter calcium was studied
—Nuclear energy plays a key role in long-term development plans and can guarantee the supply of electricity to some regions. On the other hand, the implementation of these projects tends to require long maturation periods, require high investment costs and may be a source of pollutants, such as Lead (Pb). For this reason, the periodic environmental monitoring of the concentration of pollutants becomes necessary, according to the current legislation. Thus, the present work presents as a proposal a method of optimization of Pb quantification in environmental analyzes. The study was developed through the monitoring of wastewater samples from INB – Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil. From the Fractional Factorial Design(FFD) the most representative variables of the Pb isolation process were determined, and through the Central Composite Design (CCD) the response surface was found, generating a regression model that represents the system. The results indicated that the optimization of the chemical yield of Pb is associated to the higher dosages of Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) and Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4) in the samples. The optimum yield condition was obtained in the region of 200 ml of H 2 SO 4 and 4.0 g of NTA, considering the range tested. The proposal proved to be effective for the validation tests of the model, obtaining an increase of up to 32% in the Pb yields of the analyzes.
The document discusses finite element analysis (FEA) to model temperature distribution during the turning process. It begins with an introduction to turning and FEA modeling of machining processes. It then discusses heat generation zones in turning and methods for measuring temperatures, including thermocouples and pyrometers. The literature review covers previous research using FEA to study temperature, forces, stresses and strains in machining. The goal of the research is to develop an FEA simulation model to determine temperature distributions under different cutting conditions and tool materials.
The document describes using fuzzy logic to determine the optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in a power distribution system. It involves calculating power loss and voltage sensitivity indices from load flow analysis, which are then used as inputs to a fuzzy inference system. The output is a distributed generator suitability index that indicates the best location for DG installation. For the sample IEEE 33-bus system, bus 2 is identified as having the highest index and therefore being the optimal location. A procedure is also provided to calculate the optimal size of the DG unit based on equations involving branch currents and voltages. The goal is to minimize losses and improve the voltage profile through optimal DG placement and sizing.
This paper mainly discusses about the Transparent Antenna’s introduction, design, their feeding methods, the future scope and finally transition from 2D to 3D.
The document defines and studies the properties of g#p-continuous maps between topological spaces. It is shown that:
1. Every pre-continuous, α-continuous, gα-continuous and continuous map is g#p-continuous.
2. The class of g#p-continuous maps properly contains and is properly contained in other classes of generalized continuous maps.
3. g#p-continuity is independent of other properties like semi-continuity and β-continuity.
4. The composition of two g#p-continuous maps need not be g#p-continuous.
Network Forensic Investigation of HTTPS ProtocolIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Driver Fatigue Monitoring System Using Eye ClosureIJMER
Now-a-days so many road accidents occur due to driver distraction while he is driving.
Those accidents are broadly depends upon wide range of driver state such as drowsy state, alcoholic
state, depressed state etc. Even driver distraction and conversation with passengers during driving
can lead in major problems. To address the problem we propose a Driver fatigue Monitoring and
warning system based on eye-tracking, which is consider as active safety system. This system is useful
and helpful for drivers to be alert while driving. Eye tracking is one of the major technologies for
future driver system since human eyes contains much information. Sleepiness reduces reaction time of
safe driving. The driver distraction is measured by the person eye closure rate for certain period while
driving. It is implemented by comparing the image extracted from video and the video that is currently
performing. The percentage of eyes is compared from both the frames, if the driver is suspected to be
sleeping then a warning alarm is given to alert the driver.
A Study of Secure Efficient Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocols for MANETsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Reduction of Topology Control Using Cooperative Communications in ManetsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document summarizes a study on the bogie and suspension system of the Indian Railways' WAP-4 electric locomotive. Key points:
- The WAP-4 locomotive was introduced in 1994 to haul heavier passenger trains at higher speeds of up to 140 km/h.
- It has a Co-Co wheel arrangement with 6 traction motors powered by a transformer and silicon rectifiers. The bogies use Flexicoil design with primary and secondary springs suspending the axle boxes and bogie frame.
- Over 800 WAP-4 locomotives are in service. Newer versions have improved diagnostics, static converters, and roof-mounted dynamic brakes. The locomotive can haul
This document discusses websockets and their use for real-time communication. It begins with a definition of websockets as providing full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection. It then notes some key aspects of websockets like sending UTF-8 text or binary data, built-in heartbeating support, and browser support issues. The document highlights benefits of websockets like two-way communication and real-time data transfer without firewall interference but also notes compatibility concerns. It describes the websocket lifecycle and then outlines a project using websockets with Nginx, Node.js, and CoffeeScript for high-performance real-time applications across browsers.
This document summarizes a strategy for choosing optimal process parameters for operating a nutrient mist reactor to grow hairy roots. It presents a theoretical model and numerical simulations.
The model describes the evolution of liquid holdup and nutrient concentration in the root bed under intermittent misting cycles. Guidelines are provided for selecting the feed concentration, flow rate, and durations of mist-ON and mist-OFF cycles. Numerical simulations show that the reactor can be run with very low cumulative mist-ON duration (e.g. 10% of total time) while keeping the mist-OFF for most of the time (e.g. 90%), to prevent nutrient deficiency or waterlogging in the root bed. The optimal durations of misting cycles depend on
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using indium arsenide instead of silicon in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs to increase carrier mobility. The paper models and simulates the performance of both SOI and indium arsenide on insulator (XOI) MOSFETs using a three surface potential model. Simulation results show that XOI MOSFETs have higher drain current, transconductance, and unity gain frequency than SOI MOSFETs, indicating better high-speed performance and lower power consumption. XOI MOSFETs also exhibit very low threshold voltages. Therefore, replacing the silicon channel with indium arsenide has the potential to
A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation an...IJMER
A production inventory model with Just-In-Time (JIT) set-up cost has been developed in which inflation and time value of money are considered under an imperfect production process. The demand rate is considered to be a function of advertisement cost and selling price. Unit production cost is considered incorporating several features like energy and labour cost, raw material cost and development cost of the manufacturing system. Development cost is assumed to be a function of reliability parameter.
Considering these phenomena, an analytic expression is obtained for the total profit of the model. The model provides an analytical solution to maximize the total profit function.A numerical example is presented to illustrate the model along with graphical analysis. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to identify the most sensitive parameters of the model.
Effect of Molybdenum Disulphide on Physical Properties of Neodymium-Iron-Boro...IJMER
The present paper reports the effect of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on magnetic and
mechanical properties of neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) bonded magnet. Powder metallurgy process
has been used to prepare the test samples containing 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percentage of MoS2. Compact
and hardness tests have been performed to measure the physical properties of samples. Saturation
magnetization, remanence and intrinsic coercivity have been checked using vibrating sample
measurement (VSM) test
Significancy Test For The Control Parameters Considered In Weld Bead Geometry...IJMER
Here in this work, an attempt has been made to find the interaction between control
parameters and weld bead geometry for fillet welding in mild steel specimen using Gas Metal Arc
Welding process. Accordingly control parameters have been adjusted to find the optimal bead geometry.
Initially the equations involving control parameters and bead geometry were developed by multiple
regression analysis method. The ANOVA technique is then employed to calculate the significant
difference between the means of the control parameters ,Also this justifies the range of the control
parameters considered for the experiment.
Information Communication Technology: Practices for AcademiaIJMER
The document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in academia. It outlines several challenges facing the current educational system, including issues with teaching, learning, assessment, and service delivery. The document then explores how ICT can help address these challenges through tools like cognitive tutors, simulation-based teaching, and online assessment systems. It concludes by recommending increased ICT integration, infrastructure development, training, and public-private partnerships to maximize the benefits of technology for education.
In this paper, we give several new fixed point theorems to extend results [3]-[4] ,and we apply
the effective modification of He’s variation iteration method to solve some nonlinear and linear equations are
proceed to examine some a class of integral-differential equations and some partial differential equation, to
illustrate the effectiveness and convenience of this method(see[7]). Finally we have also discussed Berge type
equation with exact solution
Finding Truth: Rendering Justice – A Myth or RealityIJMER
The document discusses the duties and responsibilities of advocates and judges in India's justice system. It notes that advocates have a duty to bring both supporting and opposing legal perspectives to the court's attention, rather than just advocating for their client. Judges similarly have a responsibility to consider all relevant case law and legal positions, not just those presented by advocates. The document also outlines the structure of India's court system, with High Courts at the state level below the Supreme Court. It emphasizes that an independent judiciary is essential for upholding the Constitution and ensuring justice.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
1. The document describes an experiment on reducing NOx emissions from a diesel engine fueled with Pongamia pinata methyl ester using urea injection and a marine ferromanganese nodule as a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.
2. Tests were conducted at various urea solution concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) and flow rates with the SCR catalyst installed. The highest NOx reduction of 64% was achieved with 30% urea solution at a flow rate of 0.60 liters/hour.
3. Marine ferromanganese nodules were selected as the SCR catalyst due to their high porosity, surface area, structural stability, and ability
IRJET- A Review of Emission Control by Urea and Ammonia Solution in Diese...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for reducing emissions such as NOx, SO2, CO, and particulate matter from diesel engines and industries using urea and ammonia solutions. It discusses selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems using urea injection and reviews literature on removing NOx using urea solutions in fluidized bed reactors. The document also examines removing NOx and SO2 simultaneously using wet scrubbing with urea solution and absorbing carbon dioxide using ammonia solutions in microchannels. Overall, the document provides an overview of research on controlling emissions from diesel engines and industries through chemical reactions with urea and ammonia solutions in various reactor systems.
Influence of Synthesis Route on the Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Properties of Ni...IJMERJOURNAL
This document discusses the influence of synthesis route on the formaldehyde gas sensing properties of nickel oxide nanostructures. Nickel oxide powders were synthesized via four different methods: sol-gel from nickel chloride, precipitation from nickel malonate and nickel sulfate precursors, and hydrothermal from nickel nitrate. Thick films of the nickel oxide nanostructures were then tested for their response to low concentrations of formaldehyde gas at different temperatures. The morphology, particle size, and crystal structure of the nickel oxide samples differed based on the synthesis method used. The formaldehyde gas sensing performance was also found to vary, with the sample prepared via precipitation from malonate exhibiting the best response at 250°C, while samples from sol-gel and
This document summarizes a study on removing NOx from gases using ozone oxidation and absorption. The study was conducted using a pilot plant installation with an air flow of 200 m3/h, simulating a boiler flue gas duct and wet scrubber. Ozone was used to oxidize NO to NO2 and further to N2O5, which is more soluble and can be absorbed in sodium hydroxide solutions. Testing showed that with an ozone to NO molar ratio of 1.5 or higher, over 90% of NO could be converted to N2O5 and removed from the gas stream. However, higher molar ratios, around 2.75, were needed to achieve effectiveness of over 90%
IRJET- Mass Transfer Performance of Al2O3 Nanofluids for CO2 Absorption in a ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mass transfer performance of Al2O3 nanofluids for CO2 absorption in a wetted wall column. The researchers prepared Al2O3/water nanofluids with 0.2-1.0% volume fractions of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Experiments were conducted in a wetted wall column under counter-current gas-liquid flow of CO2 and the nanofluids. The molar flux of CO2 absorption increased with higher nanoparticle concentrations and gas flow rates. The maximum enhancement in molar flux occurred at a nanoparticle concentration of 0.6% volume fraction across all gas flow rates tested of 30, 40 and 50 LPH. The improved mass transfer is attributed
Parametric studies of the effectiveness of NO oxidation process by ozoneMaciej Jakubiak
The document discusses the process of NO pre-oxidation by ozone in a laboratory apparatus using air as the carrier gas. Ozone was produced using a dielectric barrier discharge nonthermal plasma reactor. The temperature was varied from 17 to 170°C. The O3/NO ratio was 0.8-3.8 and residence time was 4.3-8 seconds. Testing showed that NO can be effectively oxidized to higher nitrogen oxides like NO2 and N2O5 using ozone, which are then water soluble and can be removed by scrubbing. The efficiency of NOx removal depends on factors like temperature, residence time, mixing and water dispersion.
Catalytic Decomposition of N2O: Best Achievable Methods and Processesdrboon
In the current review paper, the N2O direct decomposition was investigated over a series of different catalytic systems, containing metals, zeolites, cobalt spinels. The N2O split via catalysis and the use of membrane systems in the separation to molecules N2 and O2 were studied, too. Decomposition of N2O has been studied in the temperature rate of 673 to 873 K over supported catalysts of chemical elements: Pd, Rh, Ru, Ni, Pt, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ir, over γ- Al2O3 showing their best catalytic activity. M-zeolites, (M = Cu, Fe, Co, etc.) supported on perovskite or precious metals such as Pd, Rh zeolites and dominant iron and copper catalytic structures such as ZSM-5, MFI, BEA, BETA investigated in the temperature rate of 583 to 775 K with best catalytic activity. Iron zeolites are more prevalent at high concentrations showing good catalytic behavior only at high temperatures. The spinel catalyst Zn0.36Co0.64Co2O4 and Rh/Mullite catalyst offer up to complete N2O conversion.
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
Robust Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalyst for N2O abatement – Valid...CarmenMoncada10
Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalysts were developed, optimizing washcoating procedure, active phase loading, and its deposition method via impregnation and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, μRS, SEM/EDS, and BET, revealing that the catalyst layer deposited over cordierite carrier, consists of a washcoated micrometric α-Al2O3 (0.1–0.3 µm grains), where spinel nanocrystals (30–50 nm) were uniformly dispersed. It was found out that the SCS method to synthesize and finely disperse spinel nanoparticles results in significant better catalytic performance in low-temperature N2O decomposition than the classic impregnation method. The effectiveness factor evaluated, based on catalyst morphological features and deN2O catalytic results, was found to be ≈1. The determined mass transfer coefficients and type of the catalyst working regime (purely kinetic in the whole temperature range) provide the useful platform for rational design of a real deN2O catalyst.
IRJET- Capturing carbon dioxide from air by using Sodium hydroxide (CO2 T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for capturing carbon dioxide from air using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The authors designed and tested a prototype air purifier that uses a mist of NaOH solution to absorb CO2 from ambient air as it passes through a filtration structure. CO2 reacts with NaOH to form sodium carbonate, which is then reacted with calcium hydroxide to regenerate the NaOH solution. Experimental results show removal efficiencies up to 63% for air with 4% CO2 concentration when using a 3% NaOH solution at 100°C. Higher NaOH concentrations and temperatures increased CO2 absorption. The system aims to directly capture CO2 from the air as a way to reduce greenhouse gas levels in a
The document discusses selective catalytic reduction (SCR) which uses a catalyst to convert nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gas into nitrogen and water. SCR involves injecting an aqueous urea solution into the exhaust of a diesel engine. The urea then decomposes into ammonia, which reacts with NOx over an SCR catalyst. Common reducing agents for SCR include anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia, and urea solution. Urea is preferred because it is non-toxic, easy to transport and dose, and can reduce NOx emissions by up to 90% while also reducing other emissions and improving fuel economy. The document concludes that SCR and other aftertreatment devices are required to meet increasingly
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
This document summarizes a study on removing NOx from flue gas via NO ozonation and absorption into a NaOH solution. A pilot plant was used to inject ozone into flue gas from a coal boiler, which oxidized NO to NO2 and higher nitrogen oxides. These products were then absorbed in a wet scrubbing column using an NaOH solution. Tests examined the effect of varying the molar ratio of ozone to initial NO (X), the NaOH concentration, liquid-gas ratio, and initial NOx concentration. When X was below 1, NO was mainly oxidized to NO2, which was not fully removed. At higher X ratios above 2.25, over 95% of NOx
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced during combustion processes and can harm human health and the environment. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a process that uses a catalyst to convert NOx in exhaust gases into less harmful nitrogen and water. SCR systems inject ammonia or urea into exhaust to facilitate the reaction on the catalyst. Proper operation of SCR systems and monitoring of emissions helps control NOx and improve air quality.
Description of nitric acid manufacturing processSameer Pandey
Nitric acid is manufactured through the Ostwald process which involves oxidizing ammonia with air over a platinum-rhodium catalyst at 850°C to produce nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed in water to form nitric acid. The manufacturing process can operate at single or dual pressures and involves filtering air, oxidizing and absorbing NO to form weak nitric acid, and concentrating the weak acid through extractive distillation with sulfuric acid to produce strong nitric acid at 99% concentration. Emissions are controlled by further absorbing tail gases to produce sodium nitrate and nitrite or with wet scrubbers.
Modification of CWZ-22 with KOH to enhance CO2 adsorptionumut mutlu
This document summarizes a study on modifying a commercial activated carbon, CWZ-22, with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to enhance its carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption capacity. Various ratios of KOH to CWZ-22 were tested. Characterization of the modified samples found that specific surface area and pore volume increased with higher KOH ratios from 1 to 2, but then increased only slightly with further increases in KOH ratio. CO2 adsorption capacity was also evaluated at different temperatures.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is a process that uses a catalyst to convert nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel exhaust into nitrogen, water, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. It reduces NOx emissions by 70-95% and allows diesel engines to meet strict emission regulations. SCR systems use ammonia or urea as a reductant over either vanadium-based or zeolite-based catalysts. The catalysts promote reactions that break NOx down into less harmful components while also converting other pollutants in the exhaust. SCR is currently the most effective method for lowering NOx and helps engines comply with emissions standards, though it requires storage of reductants and large catalyst volumes
The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the process by which nitrogen is converted between various chemical forms through biological and physical processes. It describes the major steps of the nitrogen cycle as nitrogen fixation, nitrogen assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and sedimentation. Nitrogen fixation involves converting nitrogen gas from the air into biologically useful forms through biological, physiochemical and industrial processes. Nitrification and denitrification are processes by which microorganisms convert nitrogen between its inorganic and organic forms.
This document presents a detailed reaction mechanism for hydrogen production via hydrogen sulphide (H2S) thermolysis and oxidation. The authors propose a reaction mechanism that captures the chemistry involved in the high temperature decomposition of H2S. They validate the mechanism by comparing simulation results to a wide range of experimental data from different reactor types. The mechanism is then used to investigate the major reactions involved in hydrogen production and examine the effect of adding small amounts of oxygen to the H2S feed stream, finding a synergistic effect that enhances hydrogen yield.
This document presents a study comparing the photocatalytic degradation of Violet GL2B azo dye using calcium oxide (CaO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. CaO nanoparticles were synthesized using a solution combustion method, and characterized using XRD and SEM techniques. TiO2 nanoparticles less than 25 nm in size were purchased commercially. Experiments investigated the photocatalytic degradation of Violet GL2B dye under visible light irradiation using CaO and TiO2 nanoparticles. Results showed that the synthesized CaO nanoparticles achieved 97% degradation of the dye, significantly higher than the 7.95% degradation achieved using TiO2 nanoparticles under the same conditions. Further experiments optimized the degradation by varying catalyst concentration, pH, and dye concentration.
Similar to Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution in Packed Column (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
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In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
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Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution in Packed Column
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 |23|
Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution
in Packed Column
Dr. Jafar Ghani Majeed
Department of Materials Engineering College of Engineering Al-Mustansiryia University, Baghdad, Iraq
I. Introduction
The most important gas- purification is the chemical absorption in which one or more soluble
components of a gas mixture are dissolved in the solution. The sources of emissions of toxic gases to
atmospheric air are chemical factories as a result of certain chemical reactions or producing different chemical
products [1, 2]. Absorption of toxic gases from gas mixtures into chemical solutions is very important task for
environment protection. Nitrogen oxides belong to the most troublesome gaseous components polluting
atmospheric air. Among several nitrogen oxides (N2O3 NO3 N2O3, NO2, N2O4, N2O5), the most common in
atmospheric air are nitrogen mono oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) [1, 3, 4]. In combustion techniques,
the total content of (NO + NO2 converted to NO2) is marked with a common symbol NOx [1, 3]. Those
pollutions are heavily toxic for human environment. In concentrated nitric acid producing plant, the colorless
nitrogen mono oxide (NO) is one of the emissions gases of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to atmospheric air. The NO
gas produces commercially by oxidizing of ammonia gas by air as shown in the chemical equation (1):
(1)
Oxidation of nitrogen mono oxide (NO) gas by pure oxygen in presence platinum as catalyst producing
brown color gas nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as seen in the equation (2):
(2)
The applied methods of absorption of nitrogen oxides from flue gases in recent years belong to
following groups [1, 5]:
* Catalytic reduction (non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR).
* Adsorption.
* Absorption (acid and alkaline).
Catalytic reduction is an efficient but very expensive method of gas treatment. It used mainly in highly
industrialized countries to neutralize nitrogen oxides from energetic exhaust fumes and from industrial flue
gases, which formed during production of nitric acid [1, 5]. Absorption methods exploiting traditional
adsorbents have not been commonly used in installation for absorption nitrogen oxides from industrial flue
ABSTRACT: Absorption of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas from (NO2/Air or NO2/N2) gas mixture into
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) alkaline solution was performed using packed column in pilot scale. The
aim of the study was to improve the Absorption efficiency of this process, to find the optimal operation
conditions, and to contribute to the application of this process in the industry. Absorption efficiency (η)
was measured by using various operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (QG) of 20-30 m3/h,
nitrogen dioxide inlet concentration (YNO2) of 500-2500 ppm, experimental temperature (T) of 30-50
℃, Na2CO3 solution concentration (CNa2CO3) of 10-30 wt %, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of
0.02-0.03 m3according to experimental design. The measured η was in the range of η = 60.80-89.43 %,
and of η = 60.10-91.50 % respectively depending on the operating parameters investigated. Computer
program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear models of η in terms
of (QG, YNO2, CNa2CO3, T, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. The accuracy of η
models is ± 2.3 %. The linear models of η were adequate, the operating parameters were significant, and
the interactions were negligible. Results of η obtained reveal that a negligible influence of oxidation with
a maximum deviation of 2.2 %.
Keywords: Packed column, NO2 absorption, Na2CO3 solution, Absorption efficiency.
2. Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution in Packed Column
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 |24|
gases, mainly for economical reasons and because of difficulties connected with regeneration of adsorbent or its
utilization. Methods of absorption of nitrogen oxides in solutions belong to the earliest ones in technology of
industrial flue gases treatment. Those methods are based on fundamental properties of nitrogen oxides present in
gases: their solubility in water [1] or in solutions of nitric acid [6] and sulphuric acid [7] as well as their ability
to form appropriate salts, nitrates, and nitrites in reactions with substrate of alkaline character [8]. Application of
the alkaline absorption to protect environment is determined by physicochemical properties of nitrogen oxides.
Nitrogen dioxide has sufficiently high solubility and reactivity with water and with aqueous alkaline solutions,
and as such it can be absorbed in solutions [8-10]. Generally, the methods of absorption are characterized by a
simplified technological outlines and simple, typical apparatuses.
In present work alkaline solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is used to absorb nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) from NO2/Air and NO2/N2 gas mixtures separately Solution of Na2CO3 will react with NO2 gas to
produce (NaNO3 + NaNO2) solution with evolving of CO2 gas as in the following equation (3):
(3)
It was difficult in this work to separate NaNO3 and NaNO2 solutions from each other, dilute nitric acid
of (5-7 wt % HNO3) is added to produce NaNO3 solution and could be seen in the equation (4):
(4)
NaNO3 solution and NO gas send to HNO3 producing factory for further treatment operations.
NO2 gas is more toxic than NO gas according to OSHA standard. The allowable concentrations for
exposure time of 8 hours for NO and NO2 gases are 25 ppm. and 1 ppm. respectively, where ( 1 ppm. NO =
1.227 mg/m3, while 1 ppm. NO2 = 1.882 mg/m3). Many processes have been developed for NO2 removal from
flue gases [11-14] which are based on absorption in aqueous solutions of soluble alkali metal compound.
Sodium compounds are preferred over potassium or the other alkali metals strictly on the basis of cost.
II. Experimental Work
2.1 Experimental apparatus:
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for NO2 gas absorption from gas mixture into
Na2CO3 solution in packed column.
3. Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution in Packed Column
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 |25|
The main equipment of the experimental apparatus as shown in Figure 1 is the packed column (1), and
its heat exchanger (2), the size to gather of 3.5 m height and 0.150 m in diameter. The main complementary
apparatus and pipe lines are as follows: Temperature gage (3), discharge point (4), digital pH- meter (5),
compressed nitrogen in (6), compressed air in (7), nitrogen dioxide gas in (8), nitrogen gas, air, and nitrogen
dioxide gas rotameters respectively (9), mixing chamber (10), gas mixture in (11), gas mixture out (12), Na2CO3
solution in (13), liquid recycle to top of the column (14), condenser (15), cold water in (16), cold water out (17),
NO2 gas analyzer (18), water to heat exchanger from thermostat (19), water from heat exchanger to thermostat
(20), solid Na2CO3 (21), process water (22), mixing tank to prepare Na2CO3 solution (23), feeding pump of
Na2CO3 solution to packed column (24), Na2CO3 solution tank (25), thermostat water bath (26), (Na2NO3, and
Na2NO2) solution tank (27), (Na2NO3, and Na2NO2) solution from bottom of column (28), CO2 gas out (29),
stirred tank for reaction of NaNO2 solution and (5-7 wt %) HNO3 acid (30), (5-7 wt %) HNO3 acid in (31), NO
gas to nitric acid plant (32), discharge pump of Na2NO3 solution (33), Na2NO3 solution to sub plant at nitric acid
plant for producing powder Na2NO3 (34), and drain line (35).
2.2 Operating parameters:
The preliminary experiments were carried out to absorb of NO2 gas from gas mixture into Na2CO3
solution in pilot scale packed column by using experimental apparatus as shown in Figure 1 to find the proper
operating parameters could be used in this work. Operating variable parameters were as follows:
* Gas mixture flow rate (QG): 20-30 m3
/h.
* NO2 gas inlet concentration (YNO2): 500-2500 ppm.
* Na2CO3 solution concentration (CNa2CO3): 10-30 wt %.
* Experimental temperature (T): 30-50 ℃.
* Liquid holdup in the column (VL): 0.02-0.03 m3
.
2.3 Absorption of NO2 gas from NO2/Air gas mixture into Na2CO3 solution:
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution and NO2/Air gas mixture were prepared in the following
manners:
2.3.1. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution:
Solid Na2CO3 (21) and process water (22) are added to mixing tank (23) to prepare Na2CO3 solution in
the proper concentration range of (10-30) wt % which are required to perform present study.
2.3.2. Preparation of NO2/Air gas mixture:
The valves of compressed air line (7) and NO2 gas line (8) are opened in order to measured their
volumetric flow rates by using calibrated air and NO2 rotameters (9), valves in compressed nitrogen line (6) is
closed before and after nitrogen rotameter in this case. The NO2/Air gas mixture (11) is prepared to proper
required gas mixture flow rate in the range of (20-30) m3
/h, NO2 gas inlet concentrations in the range of (500-
2500) ppm by using the valves before their rotameters, and by mixing them in mixing chamber (10). Volume
percent used to determine NO2 gas inlet concentration in the gas mixture (0.05 v/v % = 500 ppm.).
Experiments of absorption of NO2 gas from NO2/Air gas mixture into Na2CO3 solution have been
carried out using the mentioned various operating parameters by using experimental apparatus as shown in
Figure 1, according to experimental design plan seen in Table 1. The gas mixture (11) enters the packed column
(1) from lower part, while Na2CO3 solution from solution tank (25) by feeding pump (24) enters the upper part
of the column. The heat exchanger (2) is maintain the desired temperature constant in packed column (1) during
the all experiments runs by circulation water [(19), and (20)] from and to thermostat water bath (26) through the
heat exchanger (2). Gas mixture from the top of column enters the condenser (15) to condense any liquid drops
with it by cold water (16). The liquid (14) returns back to upper part of the column as recycle liquid or drain out
from drain line (35). The NO2 gas concentration in dry outlet gas mixture is measured by NO2-gas analyzer (18),
then the gas mixture (12) to atmosphere air with few traces of NO2 gas. In the column, the liquid temperature
measured by temperature gage (3), while the pH of the liquid is measured by digital pH-meter (5), the value was
in the range of (pH = 6.8- 7.3). The liquid (28) contains (NaNO3 + NaNO2) solution from downer part of column
sent to solution tank (27).The CO2 gas (29) evolves to atmosphere air. In stirred tank (30) there is (NaNO3and
NaNO2) solution, it is difficult to separate them from each other, for that reason (5-7 wt %) HNO3 acid (31) is
added to the stirred tank (30). In the tank, the dilute HNO3 acid reacts with NaNO2 solution to produce NaNO3
solution and NO gas. The NO gas (32) sends to HNO3 concentrated acid production plant to oxides it to NO2 gas
in presence of platinum as catalyst. The NO2 gas used to producing nitric acid, while the NaNO3 solution (34)
from tank (30) is transfer by using solution pump (33) to sub plant belongs to HNO3 acid plant for
concentration, crystallization, draying, and milling to produce powder NaNO3, which is demand product.
4. Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution in Packed Column
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 |26|
2.4. Absorption of NO2 gas from NO2/N2 gas mixture into Na2CO3 solution:
In order to check the effect of oxidation on the Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas absorption into
Na2CO3 solution in packed column, experiments were performed by using NO2/N2 gas mixture instead of
NO2/Air gas mixture according to experimental design plan seen in Table 1, and by using the same experimental
apparatus shown in Figure 1.
2.4.1. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution:
Na2CO3 solution in the concentration range of (10-30) wt % is prepared by the same manner mentioned
in section 2.3.1.
2.4.2. Preparation of NO2/N2 gas mixture:
From nitric acid plant, compressed nitrogen gas (N2) and nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2) are coming to
experimental apparatus via lines (6) and (8) respectively after their valves are opening and closing the valve of
compressed air line (7). Volumetric flow rates of N2 gas and NO2 gas are measured by using their calibrated
rotameters. The amount of volumetric flow rates of N2 gas and NO2 gas are regulated by valves fixed on their
lines before the rotameters. The NO2/N2 gas mixture flow rate in line (11) and the inlet NO2 gas concentration
are obtained by mixing the required amounts of flow rates of N2 gas and the NO2 gas in mixing chamber (10) by
volume relation. The gas mixture flow rate and NO2 gas inlet concentration in gas mixture were in the range of
(20-30) m3
/h and (500-2500) ppm. respectively.
Table 1: Experimental design plan for absorption of NO2 gas from gas mixture into Na2CO3 solution.
Liquid
holdup in
the column
(VL)
Experiment
temperature
(T)
Na2CO3
solution
concentration
(CNa2CO3)
NO2 gas
inlet
concentration
(YNO2)
Gas
mixture
flow rate
(QG)
Run
No.
(m3
)
(℃(
(wt %)(ppm)(m3
/h)
0.0205030500201
0.02050102500202
0.03050102500303
0.02540201500254
0.0203010500305
0.0203030500306
0.0305030500207
0.02540201500258
0.03030102500209
0.02050105002010
0.030303025002011
0.030503025003012
0.03030105002013
0.02030105002014
0.020503025003015
0.03030305003016
0.020301025003017
0.025402015002518
0.03030305002019
0.030301015003020
0.02050305003021
0.030503025002022
0.03050105003023
0.030501025002024
0.020503025002025
0.020303025003026
0.03050305003027
0.02050105003028
0.020501025003029
5. Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Sodium Carbonate Solution in Packed Column
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 |27|
0.030303025003030
0.020303025002031
0.02030305002032
0.03030105003033
0.03050105002034
0.020301025002035
III. Results and Discussion
The absorption of NO2 gas from NO2/Air gas mixture (a) into sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution
were carried out according to experimental design plan in Table 1 with the variation of gas mixture flow rate
(QG), NO2 gas inlet concentration (YNO2), experimental temperature (T), Na2CO3 solution concentration
(CNa2CO3), and liquid holdup in the column (VL).
In order to check the influence of oxidation on the Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2 gas, experiments
were performed by using NO2/N2 gas mixture (b) instead of NO2/Air gas mixture (a) using the same experiment
design plan presented in Table 1
3.1 Definition of Absorption efficiency:
The NO2 Absorption efficiency (η) was defined as [2, 15]:
(5)
Where,
η = Absorption efficiency in (%).
𝒀 𝑵𝑶𝟐,𝒊𝒏 = NO2 gas inlet concentration in gas mixture in (ppm).
𝒀 𝑵𝑶𝟐,𝒐𝒖𝒕 = NO2 gas outlet concentration in gas mixture in (ppm).
Absorption efficiency (η) was calculated by using equation (5). The Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas
absorption from gas mixture (a) was in the range of η = 60.80- 89.43 %, and the Absorption efficiency of NO2
gas absorption from gas mixture (b) was in the range of η = 60.10-91.50 %. The results of Absorption
efficiency are summarized in Table 2 and Table 3. The η increased with the increase in YNO2,in, CNaCO3, and VL,
and decreased with an increase in QG, and T. The biggest effect of operating parameters on Absorption
efficiency was the gas mixture flow rate (QG,), and smallest one was the liquid holdup in the column (VL).
Table 2: Data base of experimental design and results of NO2 gas absorption from gas mixture (NO2 /Air) into
Na2CO3 solution.
Absorption
efficiency
(η)
Liquid
holdu
p in
the
colum
n
(VL)
Experiment
temperatur
e
(T)
Na2CO3
solution
concentration
(CNa2CO3)
NO2
Gas inlet
concentration
(YNO2)
Gas
mixture
flow rate
(QG)
Ru
n
No.
(%)(m3
)(℃ )(wt %)(ppm)(m3
/h)
75.390.0205030500201
79.720.02050102500202
81.550.03050102500303
76.830.02540201500254
63.900.0203010500305
72.200.0203030500306
76.600.0305030500207
75.120.02540201500258
85.780.03030102500209
62.520.02050105002010
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89.430.030303025002011
81.300.030503025003012
70.200.03030105002013
68.330.02030105002014
79.100.020503025003015
72.440.03030305003016
79.320.020301025003017
74.100.025402015002518
77.770.03030305002019
81.550.030301015003020
65.550.02050305003021
83.380.030503025002022
62.900.03050105003023
81.670.030501025002024
86.160.020503025002025
80.130.020303025003026
68.700.03050305003027
60.800.02050105003028
77.920.020501025003029
82.500.030303025003030
88.400.020303025002031
74.920.02030305002032
65.800.03030105003033
64.860.03050105002034
83.620.020301025002035
Table 3: Data base of experimental design and results of NO2 gas absorption from gas mixture (NO2 /N2) into
Na2CO3 solution.
Absorption
efficiency
(η)
Liquid
holdup
in the
column
(VL)
Experiment
temperature
(T)
Na2CO3
solution
concentration
(CNa2CO3)
NO2
gas inlet
concentration
(YNO2)
Gas
mixture
flow rate
(QG)
Run
No.
(%)(m3
)(℃ )(wt %)(ppm)(m3
/h)
75.200.0205030500201
80.010.02050102500202
81.020.03050102500303
77.200.02540201500254
68.700.0203010500305
69.900.0203030500306
77.200.0305030500207
74.900.02540201500258
91.500.03030102500209
60.100.02050105002010
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90.100.030303025002011
80.900.030503025003012
71.200.03030105002013
68.100.02030105002014
78.100.020503025003015
75.800.03030305003016
79.900.020301025003017
73.930.025402015002518
78.110.03030305002019
81.200.030301015003020
63.100.02050305003021
82.880.030503025002022
63.200.03050105003023
81.210.030501025002024
86.900.020503025002025
80.300.020303025003026
68.800.03050305003027
61.200.02050105003028
80.000.020501025003029
81.980.030303025003030
86.000.020303025002031
75.100.02030305002032
65.230.03030105003033
64.550.03050105002034
83.420.020301025002035
3.2 Correlation models of Absorption efficiency:
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) were used to estimate the fitted linear models
of Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2 gas absorption from different gas mixtures into Na2CO3 solution in packed
column in terms of operating parameters: QG, YNO2, T, CNaCO3, and VL.
The model of η in case of NO2 gas absorption from NO2/Air gas mixture is:
η = 73.091 – 0.152 T – 0.454 QG + 180.937 VL + 0.263 CNa2CO3 + 0.007 YNO2 (6)
While, the model of η in case of NO2 gas absorption from NO2/N2 gas mixture as follows:
η = 74.229 – 0.194 T – 0.452 QG + 242.813 VL + 0.218 CNa2CO3 + 0.007 YNO2 (7)
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The validity range for the models in equation (6) and equation (7) are:
30 ≤ T ≤50 ℃
20 ≤ QG ≤30 m3
/h
0.02 ≤ VL ≤0.03 m3
10 ≤ CNa2CO3 ≤30 wt %
500 ≤ YNO2 ≤2500 ppm
The accuracy of the η models is ∓ 2.3 %.
The linear models in equation (6) and equation (7) were adequate, and the operating parameters were
significant and were in ordered of YNO2 > CNa2CO3 > QG > T > VL, and in ordered of YNO2 > QG > CNa2CO3 > T
> VL respectively. The interactions of operating parameters were negligible.
3.3. Comparison of Absorption efficiencies:
The Pareto Chart of Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2 gas absorption from NO2/Air gas mixture (a),
and from NO2/N2 gas mixture (b) could be seen in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Figure 2: Effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas
Figure 3: Effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas
The main effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas absorption from gas
mixers NO2/Air (a) and from NO2/N2 (b) are seen in following Figures (4, 5):
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Figure 4: Main effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency of NO2
Figure 5: Main effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency of NO2
The observed and predicted Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas absorption from (NO2/Air and NO2/N2)
gas mixture are represent in following Figures (6, and 7) respectively:
Figure 6: Observed vs. predicted Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas.
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Figure 7: Observed vs. predicted Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas.
Effects of (QG, YNO2, T, CNaCO3, and VL) on Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2 gas from NO2/Air gas mixture (a),
and gas NO2/N2 gas mixture (b) as shown in Figures (8, 9):
Figure 8: Effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency on of NO2
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Figure 9: Effects of operating parameters on Absorption efficiency on of NO2
Figures (8, and 9) are represent the influences of operating parameters (QG, YNO2, CNaCO3, T, and VL) on
Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2 gas absorption from gas mixtures (a and b). In general the η increases with
increasing in (YNO2, CNaCO3, and VL), and decreases with increasing of (QG, and T),
3.4. Optimal Response:
The optimum operating parameters for present work were obtained using the computer program to
analyze the experimental results. The goal of optimizing was to maximize the Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2
gas absorption from different gas mixtures. The results of optimizing were summarized in Table 4:
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Table 4: Optimum operating parameters and optimum Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas.
Operating parameters Low value High value Optimum
value
Gas mixture flow rate (m3
/h):
NO2 gas inlet conc. (ppm):
Na2CO3 solution conc. (wt %):
Experimental temperature (℃):
Liquid hold up in column (m3
):
20
500
10
30
0.02
30
2500
30
50
0.03
20
2500
30
30
0.03
Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas from NO2/Air gas mixture (%): 89.88
Absorption efficiency of NO2 gas from NO2/N2 gas mixture (%): 90.38
IV. Conclusions
* Absorption of NO2 gas from (NO2/Air or NO2/N2) gas mixture into Na2CO3 solution was carried out in pilot
scale packed column. The Absorption efficiency (η) of NO2 gas was measured at various operating conditions
(QG, YNO2, T, CNaCO3, and VL) according to experimental design. The measured Absorption efficiency was in the
range of η = 60.80-89.43 %, and of η = 60.10-91.50 % respectively. The η could be improved and increases by
increasing in the YNO2, CNaCO3, and VL and with decreasing of QG, and T.
* A negligible influence of oxidation on Absorption efficiency was observed in this work with a maximum
deviation of 2.2 %. For economical reasons we conclude to absorb NO2 gas from gas mixture by using Air as
carrier gas instead of N2 in the gas mixture.
* A computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the linear fitted models of
Absorption efficiency (η) in terms of operating conditions (QG, YNO2, T, CNaCO3, and VL. Both linear fitted
models of η were adequate, and operating parameters were significant, while the interactions were negligible.
The accuracy of Absorption efficiency models is ± 2.3 %.
* Using the same computer program the optimum operating conditions were obtained with values of QG = 20
m3
/h, YNO2 = 2500 ppm, CNaCO3 = 30 wt %, T = 30 ℃, and VL = 0.03 m3
. The optimum Absorption efficiency (η)
was in values of 89.88 % and 90.38 % respectively.
* On the base of results of measured Absorption efficiency, we conclude to scaling up the size of the pilot plant
used in this study by 3-4 times to commercial size plant and using the optimum operating parameters obtained in
future work.
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