A production inventory model with Just-In-Time (JIT) set-up cost has been developed in which inflation and time value of money are considered under an imperfect production process. The demand rate is considered to be a function of advertisement cost and selling price. Unit production cost is considered incorporating several features like energy and labour cost, raw material cost and development cost of the manufacturing system. Development cost is assumed to be a function of reliability parameter.
Considering these phenomena, an analytic expression is obtained for the total profit of the model. The model provides an analytical solution to maximize the total profit function.A numerical example is presented to illustrate the model along with graphical analysis. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to identify the most sensitive parameters of the model.
Inventory Model with Different Deterioration Rates for Imperfect Quality Item...IJLT EMAS
1. The document presents an inventory model that considers imperfect quality items with different deterioration rates over time. Demand is dependent on both time and price, and there is a permissible delay in payments.
2. Differential equations are developed to model the inventory level at any time, taking into account factors like screening defective items, deterioration rates that change over time, and time-dependent demand and holding costs.
3. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the model and parameters.
Optimal Pricing Policy for a Manufacturing Inventory Model with Two Productio...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: When a new product is launched, a manufacturer applies the strategy of offering a quantity incentive initially for some time to boost up the demand of the product. The present paper describes a manufacturing inventory model with price sensitive demand enhanced by a quantity incentive. Later on demand becomes time increasing also. Inventory cycle starts with low production rate which is followed by higher production rate when demand is boosted up. Shortages are not allowed in this model. Presentation of numerical examples, tables, graphs and sensitivity analysis describes the model very well. Lastly case without incentive illustrates that usually the quantity incentive offered initially is beneficial.
This document presents a multi-item inventory model that considers lead time. It includes demand-dependent production costs and set-up costs in a fuzzy environment. The model formulations account for holding costs, set-up costs, lead time crashing costs, and storage space constraints. Due to uncertainty, all cost parameters and storage space are defined as generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy multi-objective inventory problem is then solved using several techniques, including geometric programming, fuzzy programming with hyperbolic membership functions, fuzzy nonlinear programming, and fuzzy additive goal programming.
This document discusses production functions and their key concepts. It defines a production function as expressing the relationship between physical inputs and physical output of a firm for a given technology. It describes factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. It also discusses the difference between short-run and long-run production functions, fixed and variable factors, laws of variable proportions and returns to scale.
Production transforms inputs into outputs through a process. A production function shows the relationship between inputs like capital and labor to the output quantity. There are three stages of production - initially increasing returns as marginal product rises, then diminishing returns as marginal product falls, and eventually negative returns. Isoquants illustrate combinations of two variable inputs that produce the same output amount. Returns to scale refer to the percentage change in output from a percentage change in all inputs. There can be increasing, constant, or decreasing returns to scale. Large-scale production can create internal economies from specialization and external economies from industry concentration.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Procurement Strategy for Manufacturing and JITIJERD Editor
Procurement involves the purchase of goods and services from the suppliers for the manufacturing units. Procuring the items in the most optimized way is very much desired to implement JIT effectively. Manufacturer-supplier relationship is very crucial for effective procurement policy. The present paper deals with various procurement strategies of manufacturing that include the optimization of manufacturing quantity along with the procurement of multiple input items. The procurement cycles for input items are considered in small lot sizes, which are essential for the effective implementation of JIT. The method of integer programming has been used to find the optimum integer values of number of orders for procuring the input items, which is usually found to be in fraction for a real manufacturing environment.
Application of dynamic programming model to production planning, in an animal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study applying a dynamic programming model to production planning in an animal feedmill. The model aims to minimize total production and inventory costs while meeting customer demand over multiple periods. Data on demand, costs, and other factors were collected from the feedmill. The Wagner-Whitin solution procedure was used to determine the optimal production quantities and inventory levels for each period. The results showed the amounts to produce and carry between periods to minimize total costs while satisfying all demand.
Inventory Model with Different Deterioration Rates for Imperfect Quality Item...IJLT EMAS
1. The document presents an inventory model that considers imperfect quality items with different deterioration rates over time. Demand is dependent on both time and price, and there is a permissible delay in payments.
2. Differential equations are developed to model the inventory level at any time, taking into account factors like screening defective items, deterioration rates that change over time, and time-dependent demand and holding costs.
3. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the model and parameters.
Optimal Pricing Policy for a Manufacturing Inventory Model with Two Productio...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: When a new product is launched, a manufacturer applies the strategy of offering a quantity incentive initially for some time to boost up the demand of the product. The present paper describes a manufacturing inventory model with price sensitive demand enhanced by a quantity incentive. Later on demand becomes time increasing also. Inventory cycle starts with low production rate which is followed by higher production rate when demand is boosted up. Shortages are not allowed in this model. Presentation of numerical examples, tables, graphs and sensitivity analysis describes the model very well. Lastly case without incentive illustrates that usually the quantity incentive offered initially is beneficial.
This document presents a multi-item inventory model that considers lead time. It includes demand-dependent production costs and set-up costs in a fuzzy environment. The model formulations account for holding costs, set-up costs, lead time crashing costs, and storage space constraints. Due to uncertainty, all cost parameters and storage space are defined as generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy multi-objective inventory problem is then solved using several techniques, including geometric programming, fuzzy programming with hyperbolic membership functions, fuzzy nonlinear programming, and fuzzy additive goal programming.
This document discusses production functions and their key concepts. It defines a production function as expressing the relationship between physical inputs and physical output of a firm for a given technology. It describes factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. It also discusses the difference between short-run and long-run production functions, fixed and variable factors, laws of variable proportions and returns to scale.
Production transforms inputs into outputs through a process. A production function shows the relationship between inputs like capital and labor to the output quantity. There are three stages of production - initially increasing returns as marginal product rises, then diminishing returns as marginal product falls, and eventually negative returns. Isoquants illustrate combinations of two variable inputs that produce the same output amount. Returns to scale refer to the percentage change in output from a percentage change in all inputs. There can be increasing, constant, or decreasing returns to scale. Large-scale production can create internal economies from specialization and external economies from industry concentration.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Procurement Strategy for Manufacturing and JITIJERD Editor
Procurement involves the purchase of goods and services from the suppliers for the manufacturing units. Procuring the items in the most optimized way is very much desired to implement JIT effectively. Manufacturer-supplier relationship is very crucial for effective procurement policy. The present paper deals with various procurement strategies of manufacturing that include the optimization of manufacturing quantity along with the procurement of multiple input items. The procurement cycles for input items are considered in small lot sizes, which are essential for the effective implementation of JIT. The method of integer programming has been used to find the optimum integer values of number of orders for procuring the input items, which is usually found to be in fraction for a real manufacturing environment.
Application of dynamic programming model to production planning, in an animal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study applying a dynamic programming model to production planning in an animal feedmill. The model aims to minimize total production and inventory costs while meeting customer demand over multiple periods. Data on demand, costs, and other factors were collected from the feedmill. The Wagner-Whitin solution procedure was used to determine the optimal production quantities and inventory levels for each period. The results showed the amounts to produce and carry between periods to minimize total costs while satisfying all demand.
This document discusses production functions and concepts related to production analysis. It defines a production function as relating inputs like labor, capital, materials and machinery to outputs. It describes short-run and long-run production functions, as well as isoquants which show combinations of inputs producing the same output, and isocosts which represent input combinations costing the same amount. The Cobb-Douglas production function is presented. Concepts around returns to scale and factor productivity are also summarized.
This document summarizes a study that empirically assesses whether integration into global commodity chains leads to industrial upgrading in the denim apparel industry of Torreon, Mexico. The study develops models to measure the impact of firms moving from assembly to original equipment manufacturing on value added. The models find no correlation between integration and increased value added. Instead, gains in value added are correlated with declining fabric prices and productivity gains, but productivity is not associated with knowledge transfer from foreign buyers. The study provides a measurable definition of upgrading and learning but is limited by availability of data points.
An Inventory Model with Variable Demand Rate for Deteriorating Items under Pe...Editor IJCATR
A continuous production control inventory model for deteriorating items with variable demand rate is developed. Demand
rate is the linear function of time. In this paper we have done all work in the environment of permissible delay of payments. A number
of structural properties of the inventory system are studied analytically. We have discussed the minimum total system cost under the
condition of permissible delay is relaxed to that at the end of the credit period, the retailer will make a partial payment on total
purchasing cost to the supplier and pay off the remaining balance by loan from the bank. Numerical examples are taken to illustrate the
procedure of finding the optimal total inventory cost and production cycle time. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to demonstrate the
effects of changing parameter values on the optimal solution of the system.
This document outlines an assignment for material management at Alpha industry. It includes the following:
1. An economic order quantity (EOQ) calculation problem to determine the optimal order size for an order of 2000 units per year.
2. Questions on integrated material management concepts like inventory control, purchasing systems, storage management, and material planning.
3. Steps for a successful vendor evaluation process, including aligning technology with strategic goals, conducting a technology assessment, defining critical business needs, selecting preliminary vendors, issuing a request for proposal, and evaluating vendor responses.
Estimation of Manufacturing Costs in the Early Stages of Product Development ...IJMER
The document summarizes a research paper about estimating manufacturing costs in the early stages of product development. It describes a software prototype developed by the author that uses the Lucas method to calculate cost estimates. The Lucas method takes a simple part with known costs and applies factors to estimate costs. The software allows comparing costs for different materials, manufacturing methods, and lot sizes. The results generated by the software were compared to other cost estimation methods and found to work surprisingly well in the early design stages when details are unclear. The software provides a simple way for designers to consider manufacturing costs early in the design process.
The document discusses production functions and their importance in managerial decision making. It covers topics such as the relationship between inputs and outputs, total product, average product, marginal product, short-run and long-run production functions, returns to scale, and examples of how production functions are used for capacity planning and in various industries. Estimating production functions using statistical methods and examples of common production function forms are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of facility layout and maintenance management concepts. It discusses types of plant layouts including product oriented, process oriented, fixed position, and combination layouts. Factors affecting layout and objectives of layout design are outlined. Material handling equipment types are described including hoists, conveyors, surface equipment, robotics, and computer controlled conveyors. Flexible manufacturing systems are defined including components, types based on operations and flexibility level. Finally, the document covers maintenance management topics such as types of maintenance, reasons for maintenance, costs of maintenance activities, and advantages and disadvantages of different maintenance approaches.
This document presents a model of an economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory system where demand is stock dependent and items received contain imperfect quality items. Two cases are considered: 1) imperfect items are sold in a single batch after screening or 2) imperfect items are sold immediately after detection. Approximate optimal solutions are derived for order quantity, cycle time, and expected total profit in each case. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the model and sensitivity analysis shows the effects of imperfect quality items on optimal order quantity and profit.
1. Supply represents producers and their willingness to offer goods and services for sale. It increases as price rises and decreases as price falls.
2. Producers supply more goods at higher prices as it is more profitable. The relationship between price and quantity supplied is direct.
3. Determinants of supply include technology, costs of production, number of sellers, prices of other goods, and taxes/subsidies. A change in any determinant causes supply to increase or decrease.
This document provides an introduction to production possibility curves (PPC) and production possibility frontiers (PPF). It defines a PPC/PPF as a graph showing the different rates of production for two goods that an economy can produce efficiently with limited resources. It outlines key assumptions and discusses constant, increasing, and decreasing opportunity costs as shapes of PPC curves. It then lists concepts to consider when constructing PPC graphs, such as full employment and scarcity. Finally, it discusses how shifts in resources can cause the PPC to shift left or right and provides examples of special cases to graph.
1) The document presents a simple market model that includes demand, supply, and equilibrium.
2) Demand is influenced by lower prices, higher income, tastes, and related goods prices. Supply is influenced by higher prices, lower input prices, and technology.
3) Demand and supply are shown graphically and through equations, where the intercepts and slopes provide information about quantity and price changes. Equilibrium is reached where the demand and supply curves intersect.
STRATEGIES OF DELAY DELIVERY AND CONTROLLABLE LEAD TIME IN SUPPLY CHAIN CONSI...IAEME Publication
This paper describes about two strategies in consignment inventory based supply
chain with controllable lead time and delaying last delivery comprising a two level
supply chain involving single vendor and multi buyers. This model would give
minimum joint total expected cost of the strategies involving vendor and buyer,
simultaneously to optimize quantitative decision variables. Numerical examples are
presented to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effect of
changes on the cost and parameters are studied.
“Activity based costing ' a project report @doms Babasab Patil
This document provides an executive summary and overview of a study on implementing Activity Based Costing (ABC) at Akash Industries, a manufacturing company in Belgaum, India. The study involves analyzing the company's current costing method, identifying the activities and costs involved in manufacturing a specific product (UC Range series 4 end cover), calculating the product's cost using ABC, and comparing it to the company's traditional costing method. The document outlines the company and industry profiles, research methodology, data collection sources, and provides a table of contents for the full study report.
The (R, Q) Control of A Mixture Inventory Model with Backorders and Lost Sale...irjes
This document summarizes an inventory model that considers a mixture of backorders and lost sales when stockouts occur. The model has the following key features:
1) The set-up cost and lead time are controllable variables that can be optimized.
2) Instead of minimizing stockout costs, the model employs a service level constraint to bound the stockout level per cycle.
3) The model is solved using a genetic algorithm approach to find optimal values for ordering quantity, set-up cost, and lead time that minimize total costs while satisfying the service level constraint.
Economics project on Production Possibilty CurveNiraj Kumar
A full economics project for the first time ever. Economics project on PPC. PPC a topic from book. This project includes everything realted to PPC. This project had covered each and every corner of this topic.
Compiled By: Mr. Gokul O
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor
According to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Syllabus
Subject- Industrial Engineering
Course code- ME404
Managerial Economics | Overview and SummaryMBA ASAP
Managerial economics deals with the application of the economic concepts, theories, tools and methodologies to solve practical problems in a business. It helps the manager in decision making and acts as a link between practice and theory.
This document discusses price and cost analysis techniques used to evaluate whether proposed prices or costs from suppliers are reasonable. It outlines sources of published price data, how to analyze direct and indirect costs, and concludes that conducting a price or cost analysis is an important step before negotiation to ensure fair and reasonable terms.
The document defines and discusses the importance of production functions. It defines a production function as the relationship between inputs of productive services and the rate of output. Production functions are important because they (1) help estimate production levels for given inputs, (2) indicate how firms can substitute inputs without changing output, and (3) help firms select the lowest cost combination of inputs to achieve a desired output level. Production functions also explain relationships like variable proportions and returns to scale and show the maximum output achievable from chosen input quantities. They assume no changes in technology, use of best techniques, divisibility of inputs, and applicability to short or long run periods.
Structural Monitoring Of Buildings Using Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
1) The document discusses using wireless sensor networks and smart sensors to monitor buildings and structures for risks from natural hazards like earthquakes as well as man-made risks like fires.
2) It specifically examines using the Berkeley Mote and MICAz OEM Edition Mote wireless sensor platforms to monitor factors like structural performance, damage, gas leaks, and fires in buildings.
3) The MICAz Mote is highlighted as a potential wireless sensor that could be deployed to monitor building performance and check for risks, though more research is needed on effective communication modes for a full wireless sensor network for building risk monitoring.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
This document summarizes and reviews various routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by describing the characteristics and design objectives of wireless sensor networks. It then discusses the design constraints for routing in these networks, including autonomy, energy efficiency, scalability, resilience, and heterogeneity. The document classifies routing protocols into three categories: data-centric/negotiation-based, hierarchical/cluster-based, and location-based. Examples like SPIN, directed diffusion, LEACH, and PEGASIS are described for each category. Location-based protocols such as GAF that use node positions are also mentioned.
This document discusses production functions and concepts related to production analysis. It defines a production function as relating inputs like labor, capital, materials and machinery to outputs. It describes short-run and long-run production functions, as well as isoquants which show combinations of inputs producing the same output, and isocosts which represent input combinations costing the same amount. The Cobb-Douglas production function is presented. Concepts around returns to scale and factor productivity are also summarized.
This document summarizes a study that empirically assesses whether integration into global commodity chains leads to industrial upgrading in the denim apparel industry of Torreon, Mexico. The study develops models to measure the impact of firms moving from assembly to original equipment manufacturing on value added. The models find no correlation between integration and increased value added. Instead, gains in value added are correlated with declining fabric prices and productivity gains, but productivity is not associated with knowledge transfer from foreign buyers. The study provides a measurable definition of upgrading and learning but is limited by availability of data points.
An Inventory Model with Variable Demand Rate for Deteriorating Items under Pe...Editor IJCATR
A continuous production control inventory model for deteriorating items with variable demand rate is developed. Demand
rate is the linear function of time. In this paper we have done all work in the environment of permissible delay of payments. A number
of structural properties of the inventory system are studied analytically. We have discussed the minimum total system cost under the
condition of permissible delay is relaxed to that at the end of the credit period, the retailer will make a partial payment on total
purchasing cost to the supplier and pay off the remaining balance by loan from the bank. Numerical examples are taken to illustrate the
procedure of finding the optimal total inventory cost and production cycle time. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to demonstrate the
effects of changing parameter values on the optimal solution of the system.
This document outlines an assignment for material management at Alpha industry. It includes the following:
1. An economic order quantity (EOQ) calculation problem to determine the optimal order size for an order of 2000 units per year.
2. Questions on integrated material management concepts like inventory control, purchasing systems, storage management, and material planning.
3. Steps for a successful vendor evaluation process, including aligning technology with strategic goals, conducting a technology assessment, defining critical business needs, selecting preliminary vendors, issuing a request for proposal, and evaluating vendor responses.
Estimation of Manufacturing Costs in the Early Stages of Product Development ...IJMER
The document summarizes a research paper about estimating manufacturing costs in the early stages of product development. It describes a software prototype developed by the author that uses the Lucas method to calculate cost estimates. The Lucas method takes a simple part with known costs and applies factors to estimate costs. The software allows comparing costs for different materials, manufacturing methods, and lot sizes. The results generated by the software were compared to other cost estimation methods and found to work surprisingly well in the early design stages when details are unclear. The software provides a simple way for designers to consider manufacturing costs early in the design process.
The document discusses production functions and their importance in managerial decision making. It covers topics such as the relationship between inputs and outputs, total product, average product, marginal product, short-run and long-run production functions, returns to scale, and examples of how production functions are used for capacity planning and in various industries. Estimating production functions using statistical methods and examples of common production function forms are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of facility layout and maintenance management concepts. It discusses types of plant layouts including product oriented, process oriented, fixed position, and combination layouts. Factors affecting layout and objectives of layout design are outlined. Material handling equipment types are described including hoists, conveyors, surface equipment, robotics, and computer controlled conveyors. Flexible manufacturing systems are defined including components, types based on operations and flexibility level. Finally, the document covers maintenance management topics such as types of maintenance, reasons for maintenance, costs of maintenance activities, and advantages and disadvantages of different maintenance approaches.
This document presents a model of an economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory system where demand is stock dependent and items received contain imperfect quality items. Two cases are considered: 1) imperfect items are sold in a single batch after screening or 2) imperfect items are sold immediately after detection. Approximate optimal solutions are derived for order quantity, cycle time, and expected total profit in each case. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the model and sensitivity analysis shows the effects of imperfect quality items on optimal order quantity and profit.
1. Supply represents producers and their willingness to offer goods and services for sale. It increases as price rises and decreases as price falls.
2. Producers supply more goods at higher prices as it is more profitable. The relationship between price and quantity supplied is direct.
3. Determinants of supply include technology, costs of production, number of sellers, prices of other goods, and taxes/subsidies. A change in any determinant causes supply to increase or decrease.
This document provides an introduction to production possibility curves (PPC) and production possibility frontiers (PPF). It defines a PPC/PPF as a graph showing the different rates of production for two goods that an economy can produce efficiently with limited resources. It outlines key assumptions and discusses constant, increasing, and decreasing opportunity costs as shapes of PPC curves. It then lists concepts to consider when constructing PPC graphs, such as full employment and scarcity. Finally, it discusses how shifts in resources can cause the PPC to shift left or right and provides examples of special cases to graph.
1) The document presents a simple market model that includes demand, supply, and equilibrium.
2) Demand is influenced by lower prices, higher income, tastes, and related goods prices. Supply is influenced by higher prices, lower input prices, and technology.
3) Demand and supply are shown graphically and through equations, where the intercepts and slopes provide information about quantity and price changes. Equilibrium is reached where the demand and supply curves intersect.
STRATEGIES OF DELAY DELIVERY AND CONTROLLABLE LEAD TIME IN SUPPLY CHAIN CONSI...IAEME Publication
This paper describes about two strategies in consignment inventory based supply
chain with controllable lead time and delaying last delivery comprising a two level
supply chain involving single vendor and multi buyers. This model would give
minimum joint total expected cost of the strategies involving vendor and buyer,
simultaneously to optimize quantitative decision variables. Numerical examples are
presented to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effect of
changes on the cost and parameters are studied.
“Activity based costing ' a project report @doms Babasab Patil
This document provides an executive summary and overview of a study on implementing Activity Based Costing (ABC) at Akash Industries, a manufacturing company in Belgaum, India. The study involves analyzing the company's current costing method, identifying the activities and costs involved in manufacturing a specific product (UC Range series 4 end cover), calculating the product's cost using ABC, and comparing it to the company's traditional costing method. The document outlines the company and industry profiles, research methodology, data collection sources, and provides a table of contents for the full study report.
The (R, Q) Control of A Mixture Inventory Model with Backorders and Lost Sale...irjes
This document summarizes an inventory model that considers a mixture of backorders and lost sales when stockouts occur. The model has the following key features:
1) The set-up cost and lead time are controllable variables that can be optimized.
2) Instead of minimizing stockout costs, the model employs a service level constraint to bound the stockout level per cycle.
3) The model is solved using a genetic algorithm approach to find optimal values for ordering quantity, set-up cost, and lead time that minimize total costs while satisfying the service level constraint.
Economics project on Production Possibilty CurveNiraj Kumar
A full economics project for the first time ever. Economics project on PPC. PPC a topic from book. This project includes everything realted to PPC. This project had covered each and every corner of this topic.
Compiled By: Mr. Gokul O
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor
According to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Syllabus
Subject- Industrial Engineering
Course code- ME404
Managerial Economics | Overview and SummaryMBA ASAP
Managerial economics deals with the application of the economic concepts, theories, tools and methodologies to solve practical problems in a business. It helps the manager in decision making and acts as a link between practice and theory.
This document discusses price and cost analysis techniques used to evaluate whether proposed prices or costs from suppliers are reasonable. It outlines sources of published price data, how to analyze direct and indirect costs, and concludes that conducting a price or cost analysis is an important step before negotiation to ensure fair and reasonable terms.
The document defines and discusses the importance of production functions. It defines a production function as the relationship between inputs of productive services and the rate of output. Production functions are important because they (1) help estimate production levels for given inputs, (2) indicate how firms can substitute inputs without changing output, and (3) help firms select the lowest cost combination of inputs to achieve a desired output level. Production functions also explain relationships like variable proportions and returns to scale and show the maximum output achievable from chosen input quantities. They assume no changes in technology, use of best techniques, divisibility of inputs, and applicability to short or long run periods.
Structural Monitoring Of Buildings Using Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
1) The document discusses using wireless sensor networks and smart sensors to monitor buildings and structures for risks from natural hazards like earthquakes as well as man-made risks like fires.
2) It specifically examines using the Berkeley Mote and MICAz OEM Edition Mote wireless sensor platforms to monitor factors like structural performance, damage, gas leaks, and fires in buildings.
3) The MICAz Mote is highlighted as a potential wireless sensor that could be deployed to monitor building performance and check for risks, though more research is needed on effective communication modes for a full wireless sensor network for building risk monitoring.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
This document summarizes and reviews various routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by describing the characteristics and design objectives of wireless sensor networks. It then discusses the design constraints for routing in these networks, including autonomy, energy efficiency, scalability, resilience, and heterogeneity. The document classifies routing protocols into three categories: data-centric/negotiation-based, hierarchical/cluster-based, and location-based. Examples like SPIN, directed diffusion, LEACH, and PEGASIS are described for each category. Location-based protocols such as GAF that use node positions are also mentioned.
The document discusses finite element analysis (FEA) to model temperature distribution during the turning process. It begins with an introduction to turning and FEA modeling of machining processes. It then discusses heat generation zones in turning and methods for measuring temperatures, including thermocouples and pyrometers. The literature review covers previous research using FEA to study temperature, forces, stresses and strains in machining. The goal of the research is to develop an FEA simulation model to determine temperature distributions under different cutting conditions and tool materials.
El documento presenta el nuevo sistema constructivo USG TABLAROCA® ANTI MOHO, un tablero de yeso tratado con inhibidores que combaten los hongos no solo en la superficie sino también en el núcleo. Incluye dos sistemas: USG TABLAROCA® ANTI MOHO para humedad y hongos, y USG TABLAROCA® ANTI MOHO FIRECODE® para humedad, hongos y fuego. Describe isométricos para muros y plafones corridos, incluyendo especificaciones como bastidores metá
Implementation of High Throughput Radix-16 FFT ProcessorIJMER
The extension of radix-4 algorithm to radix-16 to achieve the high throughput of 2.59 giga-samples/s for WPAN’s.We are also reformulating radix-16 algorithm to achieve low-complexity and
low area cost and high performance. Radix-16 FFT is obtained by cascaded the radix -4 butterfly
units. It facilitates low-complexity realization of radix-16 butterfly operation and high operation speed
due to its optimized pipelined structure. Besides, a new three-stage multiplier for twiddle factor
multiplication is also proposed, which has lower area and power consumption than conventional
complex multipliers
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using indium arsenide instead of silicon in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs to increase carrier mobility. The paper models and simulates the performance of both SOI and indium arsenide on insulator (XOI) MOSFETs using a three surface potential model. Simulation results show that XOI MOSFETs have higher drain current, transconductance, and unity gain frequency than SOI MOSFETs, indicating better high-speed performance and lower power consumption. XOI MOSFETs also exhibit very low threshold voltages. Therefore, replacing the silicon channel with indium arsenide has the potential to
The document discusses how the creator used, developed, and challenged existing codes and conventions of soap operas and melodrama genres when creating their own soap opera trailer. They researched conventions of genres like social realism and melodrama to ensure their trailer followed expectations. Scenes and shots from Hollyoaks were analyzed and used as inspiration. Existing front covers and billboards were also examined to incorporate standard design elements while also adding new creative elements to conventions.
An Algorithm Based Simulation Modeling For Control of Production SystemsIJMER
This document describes an algorithm-based simulation approach for modeling and controlling flexible production systems. The approach models both the physical production system and the control system to evaluate their integrated performance. Key features include:
1) The approach integrates control system design into the physical simulation to evaluate their combined impact.
2) The algorithm-based design is extensible and allows modeling of different control programs and production system designs.
3) Finite automata formalism provides a mathematical foundation for logical and quantitative analysis of the system.
4) The framework facilitates robust controller models that can resolve issues like deadlocks and accommodate failures.
5) Analysts can evaluate how different control programs and production system designs impact
The document proposes a strategy for clustering distributed databases using self-organizing maps (SOM) and K-means algorithms. The strategy applies SOM locally to each distributed data set to obtain representative subsets, then combines the results and applies SOM and K-means globally. Specifically, it performs local SOM clustering, sends representative data to a central site, applies SOM again on the combined data, then uses K-means on the unified map to produce the final clustering result.
This document discusses the effect of sweep angle on the rolling moment derivative of an oscillating supersonic or hypersonic delta wing. It presents analytical expressions derived using piston theory and similitude to model the pressure distribution on the wing. The results show that the rolling moment derivative decreases continuously with increasing sweep angle and Mach number. For lower sweep angles, the magnitude of decrease in the rolling moment derivative is much larger than for higher sweep angles. The rolling moment derivative also increases with angle of attack. Effects of wave reflection, leading edge bluntness and viscosity are not considered in the analysis. Results are obtained for a range of sweep angles, Mach numbers, planform areas and angles of attack.
Significancy Test For The Control Parameters Considered In Weld Bead Geometry...IJMER
Here in this work, an attempt has been made to find the interaction between control
parameters and weld bead geometry for fillet welding in mild steel specimen using Gas Metal Arc
Welding process. Accordingly control parameters have been adjusted to find the optimal bead geometry.
Initially the equations involving control parameters and bead geometry were developed by multiple
regression analysis method. The ANOVA technique is then employed to calculate the significant
difference between the means of the control parameters ,Also this justifies the range of the control
parameters considered for the experiment.
The document discusses vocabulary words that are important to know for the SAT. Mastering a wide range of vocabulary words is key to doing well on the SAT, as the test includes many questions that require understanding the meanings of words in different contexts. Learning prefixes, suffixes, and roots can help students more easily determine the definitions of unfamiliar words on the SAT.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Lexical Pattern- Based Approach for Extracting Name AliasesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document provides tips for taking photos to accompany articles, emphasizing the importance of capturing stories through photos and taking multiple photos from different angles and perspectives to ensure the subject is captured effectively. Photographers are advised to get close to their subject, be aware of lighting, include action shots with emotion, vary high and low angles, focus on details, include repetition, and be patient when taking photos to tell the story. The assignment is to take at least 100 original photos during lunch without posed "grab and grin" shots.
The document summarizes a research study on the effect of case hardening treatment on the structure and properties of automobile gears. Specifically, it analyzes three gear materials: EN353, 20MNCR5, and SAE8620. The study examines the heat treatment procedures, microstructure, inclusion ratings, hardness gradients, and conclusions. Key findings include that inclusion ratings were within desired limits for all materials, 20MNCR5 showed the highest hardness gradient, and EN353 exhibited a sudden drop in hardness at the case depth of 0.6mm likely due to its lower chromium content.
The document discusses e-corpus, a digital library developed by CCL to provide access to written and iconographic heritage collections. It notes that digitalization allows immense cultural treasures to be transformed into a living, coherent corpus accessible to all via the internet. E-corpus catalogs and disseminates documents from over 250 institutions in 26 countries. It includes over 2 million documents accessible through simple searches. The platform also allows institutions to create specialized digital libraries on shared subjects.
The document describes using fuzzy logic to determine the optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in a power distribution system. It involves calculating power loss and voltage sensitivity indices from load flow analysis, which are then used as inputs to a fuzzy inference system. The output is a distributed generator suitability index that indicates the best location for DG installation. For the sample IEEE 33-bus system, bus 2 is identified as having the highest index and therefore being the optimal location. A procedure is also provided to calculate the optimal size of the DG unit based on equations involving branch currents and voltages. The goal is to minimize losses and improve the voltage profile through optimal DG placement and sizing.
Customized IVR Implementation Using Voicexml on SIP (Voip) Communication Plat...IJMER
This document discusses implementing customized interactive voice response (IVR) applications using VoiceXML on a VoIP communication platform. It provides an overview of key concepts like VoIP, SIP, IPPBX, and VoiceXML. VoIP allows voice calls over IP networks using protocols like SIP. An IPPBX functions similar to a traditional PBX but routes calls over an IP network. VoiceXML is used to build voice dialog applications with features like speech recognition, prompts, and grammars. The document proposes using a VoiceXML browser integrated with an Asterisk gateway and IPPBX to enable voice applications with speech input/output that can be customized for different organizations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Fuzzy Arithmetic Approach for Perishable Items in Discounted Entropic Order...Waqas Tariq
This paper uses fuzzy arithmetic approach to the system cost for perishable items with instant deterioration for the discounted entropic order quantity model. Traditional crisp system cost observes that some costs may belong to the uncertain factors. It is necessary to extend the system cost to treat also the vague costs. We introduce a new concept which we call entropy and show that the total payoff satisfies the optimization property. We show how special case of this problem reduce to perfect results, and how post deteriorated discounted entropic order quantity model is a generalization of optimization. It has been imperative to demonstrate this model by analysis, which reveals important characteristics of discounted structure. Further numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the relative performance between the fuzzy and crisp cases in EnOQ and EOQ separately.
A MULTIPLE PRODUCTION SETUPS INVENTORY MODEL FOR IMPERFECT ITEMS CONSIDERING ...orajjournal
This paper presents an imperfect manufacturing system in which production ability can produce items in m
production setups and rework the imperfect quality items in one rework setup. Rework is one of the main
issues in reverse logistic and green supply chain to reduce production cost and environmental problem.
The aim of this research is to minimize the total inventory cost by determining the optimal cycle time and
the optimal number of production setups. The convexity of the inventory model is derived by using
mathematical software. The result is illustrated with numerical example for the model. The effects of the
problem parameters upon the optimal solution are examined numerically. This model can be applied to
optimizing the total inventory cost for the business enterprises where production rate and demand rate are
time dependent and salvage value is incorporated to the deteriorated items.
Value Engineering is a technique for determining the manufacturing requirements of a
product/service; it is concerned with its evaluation and finally the selection of less costly
conditions. VE is a process for achieving the optimal result in a way that quality, safety, reliability
and convertibility of every monetary unit are improved.
Here theory of Value Engineering along with case study of UTM is presented.
Modelling of repairable items for production inventory with random deteriorationiosrjce
This document presents a production inventory model that incorporates repairing of deteriorating items over an infinite time horizon. The model considers both a forward production system and a reverse repairing system. Deterioration occurs randomly and demand increases exponentially over time. Optimal parameters are derived that minimize the total average cost, including production time, collection time, repair time, maximum inventory levels, and maximum shortage levels. Differential equations model the changing inventory levels over time for both the production and repairing systems.
A Broad Study on Lead Time Reduction using Value Stream Mapping Techniques in...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using value stream mapping techniques to reduce lead time in manufacturing industries. Value stream mapping is a lean tool that visually depicts the flow of materials and information currently and in the future state to identify and eliminate waste. The study reviews literature on applications of value stream mapping in various industries like electronics, automotive, and garment manufacturing. Implementing value stream mapping and other lean tools helped industries reduce lead time, work in process inventory, and improve productivity and throughput.
The document provides an overview of method study, which is a technique used in work study to analyze and improve work methods. It discusses the basic approach and steps in method study, which include selecting a process to study, recording the current process using charts and diagrams, examining each activity through a series of questions, developing alternative methods, evaluating the alternatives, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. The objectives and scope of method study are also outlined. Method study aims to systematically analyze work processes and eliminate unnecessary operations to develop more efficient methods of performing work.
The proposed approach involves two stages to estimate product costs using historical data. In the preparatory stage, standard routings are extracted from past products and a generic activity hierarchy is established. Time-estimating relationships are determined by analyzing standard times. Cost-estimating relationships are set by allocating overhead costs. In the production stage, cost-related design features are induced from a new design to estimate a standard time using the relationships. Total product cost is then compiled using material costs and cost-estimating relationships. This allows for rapid cost estimation early in the design process using a common time measurement without detailed design or manufacturing knowledge.
Improvement of Productivity Using Value Stream Mappingijsrd.com
one of the most appropriate ways to emerge the productivity for the particular area is through Lean Manufacturing. Value stream mapping is that lean manufacturing tool which helps to improve the productivity for the area through its detailed mapping. It is the visualize tool which describes the current state map followed by lean techniques resulting into the final state map that aiming at reduction of the non-value added activities throughout its phase. This paper illustrates the review of VSM techniques and its benefits in machining industry. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effective utilization of the VSM tools for process and productivity improvements.
IRJET - An Optimization Model for a Forward Supply Chain Management SystemIRJET Journal
The document presents an optimization model for a forward supply chain management system with a single manufacturer, distributor, and retailer, but multiple customers. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the supply chain, which includes production, ordering, and transportation costs. Key parameters and constraints of the model are defined and the model is demonstrated through a numerical example.
Economic analysis of lead time using value stream mapping (vsm) in company o...Jéssica M. Miloco
This document discusses using Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to analyze the economic impact of lead time in production processes for a capital goods company. VSM is a tool that maps the entire production process to identify waste and inefficiencies that increase lead time. The study uses VSM to examine a large Brazilian capital goods company with long lead times partly due to importing raw materials. It finds the company's cycle efficiency index is consistent with literature values, indicating potential for lead time and cost reductions through eliminating non-value-added activities.
1. The document provides questions for an assignment on Managerial Economics. It includes questions on production functions, estimating demand for new products using survey methods, cost concepts and cost curves, inflation, price and income elasticity of demand, and revenue concepts.
2. The response summarizes the key details about production functions, including short-run and long-run production functions and how they differ. It also defines total fixed cost, total variable cost, total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost, average cost, and marginal cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate the various cost curves.
3. The response further describes two consumer survey methods - opinion surveys and direct interview methods - to estimate demand for new products.
An EOQ Model for Weibull Deteriorating Items With Price Dependent DemandIOSR Journals
In the present paper we developed an economic order quantity model for Weibull deteriorating items with price dependent demand rate together with a replenishment policy for profit maximization. The demand rate is a continuous and differentiable function of price. The variable items deteriorate with time shortages are allowed and completely back-ordered. Further it is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.
Investigation on Cycle Time Reduction in Production and Implementation of an ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing lean practices and an inventory model in an apparel industry to reduce cycle times and costs. It found that long material delivery times caused production delays. By analyzing activities, it identified fabric delivery as the bottleneck. It then implemented an inventory model using ABC analysis and continuous review to reduce material wait times. This allowed sections to start earlier, reducing cycle time from 27 to 11 days. It concluded that inventory management improved on-time delivery and reduced costs by 6.66% by preventing excess orders.
OR is defined as a scientific approach to optimal decision making through modelling of
deterministic and probabilistic systems that originate from real life.
Scientific approach: LPP, PERT/CPM, Queueing model, NLP, DP,MILP, Game
theory, heuristic programming.
Deterministic system: - a system which gives the same result for a particular set of
input, no matter how many times we recalculate it
This document provides an overview of a research paper that evaluates different postponement strategies for mass customization operations with service guarantees. It describes a model where a manufacturer produces common components early in the production process and customizes products to individual orders later based on component inventory. The document discusses two postponement strategies - product redesign and process reversal - that involve changing where in the process the point of differentiation occurs. It also notes that the processing time and value added at different stages are important factors in determining the optimal postponement strategy. Key aspects of the model like notation, assumptions, and performance measures like customer wait time and order fill rates within a target period are defined.
This document presents a mathematical model for developing optimal inventory ordering and pricing policies for deteriorating items under inflation and permissible delay in payments. Some key points:
- The model assumes a Weibull distribution for item lifetimes and a power pattern for time-dependent demand.
- Differential equations are used to determine the inventory level at any time, and costs like ordering, deterioration, carrying inventory, interest charged and earned are calculated.
- The net profit rate function is maximized to determine the optimal cycle length and selling price.
- Two cases are considered: when the cycle length is greater than or equal to the permissible delay, and when it is not.
- Numerical examples are provided to illustrate
Impact of Variable Ordering Cost and Promotional Effort Cost in Deteriorated ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The instantaneous economic order quantity (EOQ) profit optimization model for deteriorating items is introduced for analyzing the impact of variable ordering cost and promotional effort cost for leveraging profit margins in finite planning horizons. The objective of this model is to maximize the net profit so as to determine the order quantity and promotional effort factor. For any given number of replenishment cycles the existence of a unique optimal replenishment schedule are proved and further the concavity of the net profit function of the inventory system in the number of replenishments is established. The numerical analysis shows that an appropriate policy can benefit the retailer, especially for deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analyses with respect to the major parameters are also studied to draw managerial decisions in production systems.
This document defines production and costs of production. It discusses:
- Factors of production including land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
- Production functions showing the relationship between inputs and outputs.
- The law of diminishing marginal returns and how it impacts total, average and marginal product.
- Short and long run production functions and the law of returns to scale.
- Cost concepts including explicit, implicit, opportunity and social costs.
- Cost curves including total, average and marginal costs in the short and long run.
- Economies of scale and how costs are impacted by scale of production.
Similar to A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of money in an imperfect production process (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of money in an imperfect production process
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 57 |
A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating
inflation and time value of money in an imperfect production
process
R. Chakrabarty1
T. Roy2
and K. S. Chaudhuri3
1
Department of Mathematics, Vidyasagar College for Women, 39, Sankar Ghosh Lane, Kolkata-700006, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Vidyasagar College for Women, 39, Sankar Ghosh Lane, Kolkata-700006, India
3
Department of Mathematics,Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
I. Introduction
In the manufacturing system, a production process is not completely perfect. Producer may produce
defective items from the very beginning or it may happen that at the beginning of the production process, all the
produced items are non-defective. Consumers in the super market judge the goods on the basis of both quality
depending upon defective or non-defective goods and price. The choice of quality is often an important factor to
an industry. A lower quality product results in lower effectiveness with which a manufacturer meets consumers’
demands. Productivity of a manufacturer is also a measure of transformation of efficiency and is considered as
the inventory turnover ratio. The higher turnover causes much more productivity with which a manufacturer
uses its inventory. Considering all the above factors , our attention is to determine the quality factor and
maximum stock level so that the integrated total profit is maximized.
Volume flexibility is a major factor of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) which helps to meet the
market-demand at the optimal level. Many researchers have published their article in this direction. Sethi and
Sethi (1990) presented five flexibilities at the system level and these are based on producers, routing, product
and volume flexibility. Yan and Chang (1998) analyzed a general production inventory model in which there
were production rate, deterioration rate and demand rate as a function of time. Skouri and Papachristos (2003)
extended the model of Yan and Chang (1998) considering the backlogging rate which is a time dependent
function and they introduced an algorithm for the solution of this problem. Rosenblatt and Lee (1986) and
Porteus (1986) proposed an EMQ (economic manufacturing quantity) model. In these models, they assumed that
the manufacturing process is in control state at the beginning of the production run and it may be shifted to an
out-of-control state after a certain time. These defective products are repaired/reworked at a cost. Khouja and
Mehrez (1994) extended a classical inventory model to the production model in which the production rate is a
variable under managerial control and production cost is a function of production rate. Sana et al. (2007 a,b)
discussed the EMQ model in an imperfect production system in which the defective items are sold at a reduced
price. In this model, the demand function of defective items is a non-linear function of reduction rate. Some of
the works in this direction are due to Khouja (1995), Mondal and Maiti (1997), Bhandari and Sharma (1971)
and Bhunia and Maiti (1997). Recently Sana (2010) discussed a production-inventory model in an imperfect
production process over a finite time horizon was considered. The production rate varies with time. The unit
production cost is a function of production rate and product reliability parameter.
In present competitive market situation, the selling of product and the marketing policies depend on
display of stock and advertisement. Advertisement through T.V, Newspaper, Radio, etc., and also through
salesman have motivational effect on the customer to buy more. It is seen in the market that lesser selling price
causes increase in demand whereas higher selling price decreases the demand. So, we can conclude that the
Abstract: A production inventory model with Just-In-Time (JIT) set-up cost has been developed in which
inflation and time value of money are considered under an imperfect production process. The demand
rate is considered to be a function of advertisement cost and selling price. Unit production cost is
considered incorporating several features like energy and labour cost, raw material cost and
development cost of the manufacturing system. Development cost is assumed to be a function of reliability
parameter.
Considering these phenomena, an analytic expression is obtained for the total profit of the model. The
model provides an analytical solution to maximize the total profit function.A numerical example is
presented to illustrate the model along with graphical analysis. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out
to identify the most sensitive parameters of the model.
Keywords: Inventory, variable setup cost, imperfect production, product reliability.
2. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 58 |
demand of an item is a function of selling price and advertisement cost. Kolter(1971) analyzed marketing
policies into inventory decisions and discussed the relationship between economic order quantity and decision.
Other notable papers are due to Ladany and Sternleib (1974), Urban(1992), Goyal and Gunasekaran (1997),
Leo(1998), etc., inventory models were discussed incorporating the effects of price variations and advertisement
cost in demand.
Most of the articles do not take into account the effect of inflation and time-value of money. In the
present economic situation, many countries have worsened due to large scale inflation and consequent sharp
decline in the purchasing power of money. Therefore, effects of inflation and time-value of money can no longer
be ignored in the present economy. The first article in this direction was presented by Buzacott (1975), taking
inflation into account. Misra (1975) also analyzed an article incorporating inflationary effects. Many other
researchers extended their ideas to other inventory situations by considering time-value of money, different
inflation rates for the internal and external costs, finite replenishment rate, shortage, etc.. Other articles in this
direction come from Bierman and Thomas (1977), Datta and Pal(1991), Bose et al.(1995), Ray and Chaudhuri
(1997), Roy and Chaudhuri (2006), Roy and Chaudhuri (2007), Sana (2010), Roy and Chaudhuri (2011). Taking
the above features into consideration, we develop a production-inventory model with variable set-up cost
incorporating inflation and time value of money in an imperfect production process. Demand rate is a linear
decreasing function of selling price and the advertisement cost. The unit production cost depends upon labour,
raw material charges, advertisement cost and product reliability parameter. In addition, effect of inflation and
time-value of money without lead time in finite time horizon are also considered. The total profit function is
maximized analytically in this model. The model has been illustrated with a numerical example along with
graphical analysis and sensitivity analysis of parameters of the total profit are presented.
II. Notations and Assumptions
This paper is developed with the following Notations and Assumptions.
Notations :
s : the selling price per unit
A : advertisement cost per unit item
hc : the holding cost per unit per unit time
sc : the shortage cost per unit per unit time
0c : the set-up cost per production run
rc : the raw material cost per unit which is fixed
1t : the time upto which the production is made and after t = 1t the production is stopped
T : one cycle time
L : fixed cost like energy and labour
D : demand rate
P : production rate which is fixed , DP always.
: product reliability factor
)(f : developement cost of the production system
)(c : unit production cost
max : maximum value of
min : minimum value of
Q : maximum stock level
)(tq : stock level at time t
R : disposal or rework cost per unit defective item
a : cost of resource, technology and design complexity for the product when max =
b : represents the difficulties in increasing reliability which depends upon the technological design complexity
and resource limitation etc
P : represents die or tool cost which is proportional to the production rate
: ir ,where r is the interest rate per unit currency and i is the inflation rate per unit currency
hg, : constant values
3. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 59 |
Assumptions :
• The demand rate D depends on the sum of the advertisement cost and is a decreasing function of the
selling price, i.e hsgAsAD =),( , where g 0> and h 0>
• The unit production cost P
P
f
cLc r
)(
=)(
• During the production period , the defective items are produced.The smaller value of provides better
quality product.The development cost of the production system is given by min
maxb
aef
)(
=)( ,
],[ maxmin
• Selling price s is determined by a mark-up over a unit production cost )(c i.e. )(= cs , is the
mark-up.
•
Q
Dc
costupJITset 0
= has been considered which depends upon the demand rate.
• Shortages are not allowed.
• Lead time is assumed to be zero.
III. Development of the model
During the interval ][0, 1t , the stock-level q(t) gradually increases due to production and demand until the
production is stopped and stock-level q(t) is at maximum level Q at 1= tt . In the interval ],[ 1 Tt only demand
occurs.So stock level q(t) gradually decreases due to demand in the interval ],[ 1 Tt until it is zero at Tt = .
The cycle repeats itself again. The pictorial representation of the model is given in the Fig.1. Insert Fig-1 here
The stock level )(tq at any time t can therefore be represented by the following differential equations :
10,=
)(
ttDP
dt
tdq
(1)
and
TttD
dt
tdq
1,=
)(
(2)
with initial and boundary conditions are )(tq = 0, when t = 0 and t =T and )(tq =Q , when t = 1t
The solution of the differential equations (1) and (2) are
10,)(=)( tttDPtq (3)
TttDtT 1,)(= (4)
From (3), we have
.=1
DP
Q
t
(5)
From (4), we have
.
)(
=
DPD
QP
T
(6)
The present value of total revenue is
dtsDeC t
T
REV
0
=
).(1= T
e
sD
(7)
The present value of production cost is
dtDecC t
T
PRO
)(=
0
4. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 60 |
).(1
)(
= T
e
Dc
(8)
The present value of holding cost is
dtQecC t
h
T
HOL
0
=
).(1= Th
e
Qc
(9)
The present value of set up cost is
dte
Q
D
cC t
T
SET
0
0=
).(1= 0 T
e
Q
Dc
(10)
The present value of reworked cost is
dtPeRC t
T
REW
0
=
).(1= T
e
PR
(11)
The total profit incorporating inflation and time value of money is given by
][=),( REWSETHOLPROREV CCCCCQ
).(1})({
1
= 0 T
h e
Q
Dc
PRDcQcsD
(12)
Now, the problem is to determine the optimal values for Q and such that in (12) is maximized.
However, it is a two dimensional decision-making problem for a retailer.
IV. Optimal solution and theoretical results
The necessary conditions for ),( Q to be maximum are
))(1(
1
=
),(
2
To
h e
Q
Dc
c
Q
Q
0.=})({
1 0 T
h e
Q
Dc
PRDcQcsD
(13)
and
)(1){(
1
)(1}
)(
1){(
1
=
),(
ceD
cQ T
D
Q
c
ce
D
Q
c T
})(1){(
1
)(1} 00
0.=)(1)( TT
h
T
e
RPT
ePRQc
T
e
(14)
After rearranging the terms in (13) and (14), we get
).)(1(=))(( 2
0 T
h
To
h ec
Q
Dc
Q
T
e
Q
Dc
PRDcQcsD
(15)
and
})(1){(
1
)(1}
)(
1){(
1 0
Q
c
ceD
c T
5. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 61 |
0.=)(1),(
1
)(1 T
T
T
T
e
RP
Q
T
e
e
e
D
(16)
Applying (16), we have )(1 J =0 where
})(1)(1){(
)(1
)(=)( 02
1
Q
c
hchD
ce T
min
J
).,(
1
)(
1
)( 22
Q
T
e
ee
RP T
T
min
T
min
(17)
Applying (15) and (17), we have the following propositions:
Proposition 1. If oDcQch >0
2
, then 2
2
Q
is negative .
Proof. We first obtain second-order derivative of ),( Q from (13) and using (15), we have
Q
T
ec
Q
Dc
Q
T
ec
Q
Dc
e
Q
Dc
Q
T
h
T
h
T
)()(
1
)(1
2
= 2
0
2
0
3
0
2
2
QcsD
Q
T
e
Q
Dc
PRDcQcsD h
T
h
()())(( 20
2
2
0
))(
Q
T
e
Q
Dc
PRDc T
Q
T
ec
Q
Dc
Q
T
ec
Q
Dc
e
Q
Dc T
h
T
h
T
))(1()2()(1
2
= 2
0
2
0
3
0
Q
T
eDcQc
Q
e
Q
Dc T
h
To
)(
2
)(1
2
= 0
2
23
0<))(1(
1
0
2
2
Q
T
eDcQc
Q
T
h
Proposition 2. As min , )(1 J .
Proof. From (17), we have ,
)(
1
=)(
)(
1 maxmin
min
maxb
T
e
P
abe
J
T
T
e
e
Q
ch
chD
1
})(1)(1){( 0
)(
)(
)2(
),(
)(
22 maxmin
min
maxb
e
P
abh
DPD
DPQP
Q
)(1)( 2 T
min e
RP
(18)
From (18), we have )(1 J as min . So we may formulate a lemma as follows.
Lemma. If 0<)(1 maxJ , then 0=)(1 J must have at least one solution in ],[ maxmin , otherwise
0=)(1 J may have or may not have a solution in ],[ maxmin . Also the solution gives a maximum value of
6. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 62 |
, since 2
2
is negative at that solution.
V. Numerical example
To illustrate the proposed model , we consider the following parameter values of some product in appropriate
units: hc =$2, rc =$15, max =2.2, min =.01, =$.19, P =160 units, L =$2000, 0c =$50, a =$20, b =.25,
R =$15, A =$2000, g =55, h =.25, =5. We obtain the optimal solution of the model as
*
=402585,
*
Q =314.639,
*
=2.00375.
Insert Fig-2 here
VI. Sensitivity analysis
Using the Numerical Example, the sensitivity of each of the decision variables
*
Q ,
*
, and the maximum total
profit ),( ***
Q to changes in each of the 8 parameters P , a , b , 0c , , g , max , and min is examined
in Table 1. The sensitivity analysis is performed by changing each of the parameters by -25%, -10%, +10% and
+25%, taking one parameter at a time and keeping the remaining parameters unchanged.
From Table 1, we can analyze the following cases.
• When P increases by 10 % , then
*
Q decreases and the total average profit decreases by 31.88 %. When
P decreases by 10 % and 25 % respectively , then
*
Q increases but
*
decreases and the total average profit
increases by 31.48 % and 79.26 % respectively. The above discussion illustrates that the production rate
parameter is highly sensitive.
• The parameters a , b , 0c , min are insensitive.
• When is decreased by 10 % and 25 % respectively , then
*
Q increases but
*
decreases and the total
average profit is increased by 46.45 % and 138.95 % respectively. So is highly sensitive.
• When g increases , then
*
Q also increases but
*
decreases. The total average profit is increased by 92.52
% and 58.14 % due to change of g by 25 % and 10 % respectively. So it is clear that g is highly sensitive.
• When max is increased by 10 % , then
*
Q increases and the total average profit increases by 1.74 %.
Insert Table 1 here
VII. Conclusions
The following features are observed in the present model.
1. Since demand for the product in an industry is dependent on several features like price, time and
advertisement cost , so in this model, demand has been considered as a sum of two functions, advertisement
cost and linear decreasing function of selling price.
2. In this model, product quality factor is an important variable which determines the unit production cost and
development cost of the production system. Also selling price is dependent on unit production cost.
3. Since effects of inflation and time-value of money can no longer be ignored in the present economy, so we
consider here effects of inflation and time value of money.
4. Deterioration of inventory which is a common feature in the inventory of consumer goods, has been
considered in this model.
We solve this problem analytically and numerically.The sensitivity of the solution to changes in different
parameters has been discussed.
The model can be extended in several ways:
a. We might extend the proposed profit function stochastically.
b. We could extend the model by considering the production rate which is either variable or linear increasing
function of demand.
c. The model can also be extended by taking into consideration shortages and lead time.
7. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 63 |
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8. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 64 |
Table 1: Sensitivity analysis
Effects of P , a , b and 0c on profit (Example 1)
para- % change *
Q *
%
meter in the change
parameter in
+25 - - -
P +10 218.59 - -31.88
-10 404.57 1.8577 31.78
-25 522.564 1.75612 79.26
+25 313.743 - -.332
a +10 314.28 2.09023 -.134
-10 314.994 1.91292 .136
-25 315.551 1.76669 .343
+25 - - -
b +10 314.671 2.09024 -.0025
-10 314.606 1.91086 .0042
-25 314.571 1.75728 .014
+25 314.667 2.00376 -.0005
0c +10 314.65 2.00376 -.0002
-10 314.627 2.00375 .0002
-25 314.611 2.00376 .0004
Table 1: Continued
Effects of , g , max and min on profit (Example 1)
para- % change *
Q *
%
meter in the change
parameter in
+25 - - -
+10 - - -
-10 446.426 1.77377 46.45
-25 691.7 1.55078 138.95
+25 574.883 1.51213 92.52
g +10 481.597 1.64376 58.14
-10 - - -
-25 - - -
+25 - - -
max +10 318.832 - 1.74
-10 314.697 1.88921 .038
-25 314.758 1.70794 .099
+25 318.832 - 1.74
min +10 314.639 2.00423 0
-10 314.639 2.00327 0
-25 314.638 2.00253 0
9. A production - Inventory model with JIT setup cost incorporating inflation and time value of
money.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 65 |
Fig 1: Graphical representation of Model
Fig. 2: Maximum total profit π (Q, ψ) versus Q and ψ of Example