As Diabetes Mellitus combined with other ailments will become a deadly combination, hence there
is an urgent need to break the link between diabetes and its related complications. For this purpose image
processing based analysis can potentially be helpful for earlier detection, education and treatment. Medical
image analysis of Diabetic patients with its related complications such as DR, CVD & Diabetic
Myonecrosis (i.e. on Retinal Images, Coronary angiographs, Electron micrographs, MRI etc) is to be the
aprioristic because of its more prevalence. Thus the main work of this paper is on literature review about
Diabetes and Imaging such as the Prevalence, Classification, Causes and Medical Imaging & Survey of
Image processing methods applied on Diabetic Related Causes.
Keywords — Image, segmentation, retinopathy, Myonecrosis,
Study of Clinical Evaluation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Type 2 DMiosrjce
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is usually less recognizable than diabetic sensory motor
peripheral neuropathy early in the course of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subclinical autonomic nerve damage
occurs more widely in patients with diabetes mellitus than was hitherto suspected and is assuming greater
importance because of the implications for morbidity and mortality. By the time symptoms have developed,
autonomic damage in majority of the organs is irreversible and carries a poor prognosis. There is a need to
detect autonomic neuropathy at an early stage.
In view of this we studied on 100 patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended Diabetic Clinic (Every
Friday) in Government General Hospital, Vijayawada. With the simple non invasive tests of cardiovascular
reflex function, objective assessment of autonomic neuropathy was made. Ewing, et al introduced a test battery
for studying autonomic damage in diabetic patients. This battery has been widely accepted as a means to
classify autonomic neuropathy in terms of its severity. Detecting autonomic dysfunction using cardiovascular
autonomic function tests might help to improve the quality of life and expectancy of affected patient.
The document discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, risk factors, complications, and findings from major clinical trials on diabetes control and treatment. It summarizes results from studies like the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) which showed that intensive glucose control can reduce diabetes complications. More recent trials found benefits but also risks of intensive control, depending on individual patient factors. The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) provides public education materials on diabetes control and management.
Screening for asymptomatic cad in diabetesShyam Jadhav
Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting over 246 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for those with diabetes. While diabetes itself increases the risk of cardiovascular events, controlling individual risk factors can help prevent related complications. There is ongoing debate around screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Supporters argue early detection could improve outcomes, but critics note current tests are not perfect and may lead to unnecessary invasive procedures. Further research is still needed to identify high-risk groups who could benefit most from screening.
This document discusses prevention of diabetes-related visual impairment and blindness. It notes that diabetes contributes to many eye diseases that can lead to vision loss or blindness, including cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is responsible for about 1% of global vision impairment and blindness. The document provides global and regional statistics on the prevalence of DR and projections for how these numbers will increase in the future given the rising rates of diabetes worldwide. It also discusses the economic burden of DR and strategies for prevention and management of DR through control and surveillance programs integrated into overall non-communicable disease control efforts.
Trategies for preventing type 2 diabetes an update for cliniciansRodrigo Diaz
The document discusses strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes. It provides background on the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity globally. Individuals with prediabetes, defined as impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle interventions targeting diet and exercise changes are the main strategy recommended for preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals.
Effect of cardiac rehabilitation program on lifestyle pattern of patients wit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on lifestyle practices of patients who had a myocardial infarction. The study included 50 adult patients admitted to hospitals in Mansoura, Egypt. Patients completed a questionnaire before and after a cardiac rehabilitation program that provided education on managing risk factors and lifestyle. The results found that after the program, patients showed highly statistically significant improvements in various lifestyle practices like nutrition, exercise, medical follow-up, health management skills, and coping with stress/emotions. This suggests that cardiac rehabilitation programs can positively influence lifestyle changes in patients with myocardial infarction.
- It is not wise to delay prevention and early detection of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Waiting until symptoms become severe or obvious to seek treatment can lead to terrible health outcomes or death.
- Many major non-communicable diseases account for over half of all deaths in India. By 2033, diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are projected to cause even more deaths than infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS.
- Early detection through regular health screenings and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce risks and catch diseases in earlier, more treatable stages. Ignoring prevention and putting off treatment is a dangerous approach with serious health consequences.
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR CO...Abith Baburaj
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
-A PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDY
-assessment of cost of treatment of diabetis with its macrovascular complication patients
Study of Clinical Evaluation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Type 2 DMiosrjce
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is usually less recognizable than diabetic sensory motor
peripheral neuropathy early in the course of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subclinical autonomic nerve damage
occurs more widely in patients with diabetes mellitus than was hitherto suspected and is assuming greater
importance because of the implications for morbidity and mortality. By the time symptoms have developed,
autonomic damage in majority of the organs is irreversible and carries a poor prognosis. There is a need to
detect autonomic neuropathy at an early stage.
In view of this we studied on 100 patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended Diabetic Clinic (Every
Friday) in Government General Hospital, Vijayawada. With the simple non invasive tests of cardiovascular
reflex function, objective assessment of autonomic neuropathy was made. Ewing, et al introduced a test battery
for studying autonomic damage in diabetic patients. This battery has been widely accepted as a means to
classify autonomic neuropathy in terms of its severity. Detecting autonomic dysfunction using cardiovascular
autonomic function tests might help to improve the quality of life and expectancy of affected patient.
The document discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, risk factors, complications, and findings from major clinical trials on diabetes control and treatment. It summarizes results from studies like the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) which showed that intensive glucose control can reduce diabetes complications. More recent trials found benefits but also risks of intensive control, depending on individual patient factors. The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) provides public education materials on diabetes control and management.
Screening for asymptomatic cad in diabetesShyam Jadhav
Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting over 246 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for those with diabetes. While diabetes itself increases the risk of cardiovascular events, controlling individual risk factors can help prevent related complications. There is ongoing debate around screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Supporters argue early detection could improve outcomes, but critics note current tests are not perfect and may lead to unnecessary invasive procedures. Further research is still needed to identify high-risk groups who could benefit most from screening.
This document discusses prevention of diabetes-related visual impairment and blindness. It notes that diabetes contributes to many eye diseases that can lead to vision loss or blindness, including cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is responsible for about 1% of global vision impairment and blindness. The document provides global and regional statistics on the prevalence of DR and projections for how these numbers will increase in the future given the rising rates of diabetes worldwide. It also discusses the economic burden of DR and strategies for prevention and management of DR through control and surveillance programs integrated into overall non-communicable disease control efforts.
Trategies for preventing type 2 diabetes an update for cliniciansRodrigo Diaz
The document discusses strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes. It provides background on the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity globally. Individuals with prediabetes, defined as impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle interventions targeting diet and exercise changes are the main strategy recommended for preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals.
Effect of cardiac rehabilitation program on lifestyle pattern of patients wit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on lifestyle practices of patients who had a myocardial infarction. The study included 50 adult patients admitted to hospitals in Mansoura, Egypt. Patients completed a questionnaire before and after a cardiac rehabilitation program that provided education on managing risk factors and lifestyle. The results found that after the program, patients showed highly statistically significant improvements in various lifestyle practices like nutrition, exercise, medical follow-up, health management skills, and coping with stress/emotions. This suggests that cardiac rehabilitation programs can positively influence lifestyle changes in patients with myocardial infarction.
- It is not wise to delay prevention and early detection of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Waiting until symptoms become severe or obvious to seek treatment can lead to terrible health outcomes or death.
- Many major non-communicable diseases account for over half of all deaths in India. By 2033, diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are projected to cause even more deaths than infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS.
- Early detection through regular health screenings and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce risks and catch diseases in earlier, more treatable stages. Ignoring prevention and putting off treatment is a dangerous approach with serious health consequences.
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR CO...Abith Baburaj
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
-A PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDY
-assessment of cost of treatment of diabetis with its macrovascular complication patients
Clinical Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome among Young AdultsPremier Publishers
Acute Coronary Syndrome accounts for 30% of hospital admissions with cardiovascular diseases. The risk of this syndrome is increasing among the younger adults, and a deep insight into the clinical profile among these patients will help in devising a preventive strategy, in order to alleviate the morbidity and mortality due to the syndrome. A cross sectional study was done among 125 subjects admitted to our tertiary care hospital with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Their risk factors were assessed and a 12 Lead electrocardiogram and 2D Echocardiogram were taken. Cardio III panel which consists of Troponin I, CK MB, BNP by COBAS meter machine was also measured. STEMI was present in 73.6% of the patients, while unstable angina was present in 16%. About 90% of STEMI patients were males and 62% of them were hypertensives. LV Ejection Fraction <30% was found in 9% of STEMI patients. This study elucidates the need for a preventive strategy for primordial prevention of cardiovascular events among young adults. The study envisaged the male, urban preponderance towards these events.
Coronary artery disease among asymptomatic diabetic and non-diabetic patients...SHAPE Society
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic diabetic and nondiabetic patients using coronary CT angiography (CCTA). The study found CAD was present in 93% of asymptomatic diabetics compared to 73% of nondiabetics. Obstructive CAD was more common in diabetics at 29% versus 6.6% in nondiabetics. Diabetics also had higher total Agatston scores and more coronary segments with atherosclerosis. The results indicate asymptomatic diabetics have a high prevalence of CAD, suggesting CCTA may be useful for evaluating subclinical disease in this high risk group.
2014 Report: Medicines in Development for DiabetesPhRMA
Nearly 26 million Americans are affected by diabetes—including 7 million people who are unaware they have the disease. One of the top 10 causes of death in the United States, diabetes has far-reaching implications for patients and their families and our health care system.
Biopharmaceutical Research Companies Are Developing 180 Medicines to Treat Diabetes and Related Conditions.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
The document discusses the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. It notes that NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and this proportion is projected to increase further. The major NCDs affecting India are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. The rising burden is linked to lifestyle changes like increasing tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and urbanization. Managing NCDs poses challenges for India's healthcare system due to the country's large population and diversity.
Prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in indiaSujay Iyer
The ICMR-INDIAB study found high prevalences of noncommunicable diseases in India, with nearly two-thirds of individuals estimated to have diabetes or prediabetes. Results showed the highest diabetes prevalence was in Tamil Nadu (10.4%) and Chandigarh (13.6%), while obesity was most common in Chandigarh (31.3%). Hypertension prevalence was highest in Tamil Nadu (27.6%) and dyslipidemia affected nearly 80% of the population overall. Less than a third of individuals exhibited good glycemic control, highlighting the need for improved disease management and prevention through increased physical activity and healthier diets.
This document provides an outline and summary of a presentation on diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It discusses:
1. The epidemiology, presentation, and trends of DKD.
2. The pathology and biomarkers of DKD.
3. The management of DKD, including the use of RAAS blockers, anti-hyperglycemic drugs like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 RAs, and renal replacement therapies.
4. It concludes with a discussion of taking a holistic approach to DKD and lessons that can be learned from basic research on autophagy.
This document presents standards of care for diabetes established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). It discusses:
1) Classification of diabetes into four types: type 1, type 2, other specific types, and gestational diabetes.
2) Diagnosis of diabetes based on plasma glucose criteria or A1C levels, with a revised grading system to evaluate evidence supporting each recommendation.
3) Screening, diagnostic, and treatment recommendations to improve health outcomes for patients with diabetes.
Epidemiology and outcome of mild TBI / concussion – Indian and international ...Amit Agrawal
1) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem, with mild TBI (mTBI) accounting for 70-90% of cases. mTBI is associated with a variety of cognitive, somatic, and emotional symptoms.
2) While most patients resume normal function within weeks of an mTBI, about 15% have persistent symptoms at one year. Non-injury factors like depression or litigation are associated with poorer outcomes.
3) Defining and diagnosing mTBI poses challenges due to a lack of baseline data, objective measures, and the multitude of non-injury influences. Further research is needed on predictors of recovery timelines and outcomes after mTBI
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States. It notes that CKD is a major public health problem, with millions of Americans affected and kidney failure deaths exceeding many common cancers. The economic costs of CKD are also high. The document calls for increased screening and treatment of at-risk groups like diabetics and hypertensives to slow CKD progression and reduce complications. Primary care providers have an important role to play in early detection and management of CKD to reduce burden.
Rotarians and Diabetes Prevention Developing Healthy Communities: Part 1 rag ...KouameK
he Rotarian Action Group for Diabetes is working to stop the global epidemic of the disease. Come learn how Rotarians can lead communities to better health and prevent children dying from lack of insulin. Learn about model programs of prevention and service that your club can institute to improve health in your own community.
Co-moderators:
C. Wayne Edwards, Past District Governor
Rotary Club of Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Larry C. Deeb, Member, The Rotary Foundation Cadre of Technical Advisers
Rotary Club of Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem
worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of CKD has increased in
various countries such as the U.S. (13.1%), Taiwan (9.8-11.9%),
Norway (10.2%), Japan (12.9-15.1%) China (3.2-11.3%), Korea (7.2- 13.7%), Thailand (8.45-16.3%), Singapore (3.2-18.6%), and Australia(11.2%)
This study assessed the impact of austerity measures in Greece on survival rates of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Data was collected from a Greek hospital on immediate and 24-hour survival pre-crisis (2007-2010) and during the crisis (2011-2014). Results showed no significant difference in return of spontaneous circulation or 24-hour survival between the two periods, suggesting healthcare workers were working hard to maintain standards despite budget cuts. However, overall survival rates remained low compared to international studies, highlighting the need for more Greek data on cardiac arrests.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between electrocardiographic Q waves and evidence of myocardial infarction detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study followed 36 patients with diabetes and no history of coronary heart disease over 5 years, recording annual electrocardiograms. Some patients developed new Q waves that often resolved within 2 years. Cardiac MRI detected prior myocardial infarction in only 3 patients, and these findings did not correlate with Q wave patterns on electrocardiograms. The results suggest Q waves may be unreliable indicators of silent myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes.
This study examined the morbidity profile of 362 elderly people aged 65 and older in urban and rural areas of Chandigarh, India. The main findings were:
1) A large number (89%) of subjects suffered from at least one medical problem, with urban subjects having higher rates of morbidity than rural subjects.
2) The most common presenting symptoms were pain/swelling of joints (36.5%), limited movement (20.2%), indigestion/heartburn (17.7%), and backache (17.4%).
3) The most prevalent diseases were hypertension (58%), osteoarthritis (50.5%), cataract (18.5%), gastritis (17.7
Nursesí practices and perception of delirium in the intensive care units of ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed critical care nurses' practices and perceptions of delirium among critically ill patients in Egyptian intensive care units. The study found that nurses ranked delirium assessment as their fourth priority and that more than half of nurses never assessed for delirium in patients. All nurses reported never receiving training on assessing or managing delirium. While delirium is common in ICU patients and associated with poor outcomes, the study results indicate that it remains under-recognized and under-assessed among ICU patients in Egypt due to lack of protocols, tools, and education for nurses. The study highlights the need to incorporate delirium assessment and management into nursing education and daily ICU care to improve outcomes for critically ill patients.
This document provides an overview of diabetic retinopathy diagnosis through the analysis of retinal images. It discusses the aims of identifying patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy. The stages of diabetic retinopathy and associated symptoms are defined. Pre-processing steps like color conversion, filtering and segmentation are described. A proposed methodology includes blood vessel and lesion detection through morphological operations, texture analysis, feature extraction and classification. Results of optic disc detection, blood vessel segmentation and texture analysis are shown. The conclusion discusses developing more accurate detection techniques and extracting smaller blood vessels to aid in diagnosis.
Sagar Suraj Lachure is seeking a position that allows him to apply his knowledge and skills in computer science and keep up with new technologies. He has an M.Tech in computer science from Government College of Engineering, Amravati and a B.E. in IT from H.V.P.M COET, Amravati. His experience includes 6 months of teaching and working as an Assistant Professor at Yashawantrao Cavan College of Engineering since 2013. He has published several papers on topics like diabetic retinopathy detection and participated in various conferences. His skills include programming in C, C++, Java and MATLAB as well as using operating systems, databases and documentation software.
1. The document proposes a new approach for detecting microaneurysms in retinal images that combines multiple preprocessing methods and candidate extraction techniques before classification.
2. An ensemble-based system is used that applies various preprocessing like contrast enhancement and candidate extractors like circular Hough transformation before detecting microaneurysms, to improve flexibility and detection results.
3. Experimental results show the proposed combining approach outperforms individual candidate extraction methods for microaneurysm detection.
Suneel Kumar Padala is seeking a position in the IT field. He has a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SIR CR Reddy College of Engineering with a score of 7.2/10. His technical skills include Quality Centre, QTP, Core Java, Windows, Ubuntu, manual and automation testing, and VB scripting. He completed a project in MATLAB on detecting and grading severity levels of exudates using SVM classifier. His experience includes working as team lead on an HRMS project. He holds certifications in ISTQB foundation level and software testing. He has participated in academic and extracurricular activities and describes himself as a quick learner and team player.
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that can be detected through automated analysis of fundus images. The document proposes using support vector machines to build a model that can robustly detect four key features of diabetic retinopathy - hard exudates, soft exudates, microaneurysms, and hemorrhages. The model is trained on a standardized set of fundus images and achieves over 95% accuracy on classification, providing an affordable solution to diagnose a disease affecting many people.
Clinical Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome among Young AdultsPremier Publishers
Acute Coronary Syndrome accounts for 30% of hospital admissions with cardiovascular diseases. The risk of this syndrome is increasing among the younger adults, and a deep insight into the clinical profile among these patients will help in devising a preventive strategy, in order to alleviate the morbidity and mortality due to the syndrome. A cross sectional study was done among 125 subjects admitted to our tertiary care hospital with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Their risk factors were assessed and a 12 Lead electrocardiogram and 2D Echocardiogram were taken. Cardio III panel which consists of Troponin I, CK MB, BNP by COBAS meter machine was also measured. STEMI was present in 73.6% of the patients, while unstable angina was present in 16%. About 90% of STEMI patients were males and 62% of them were hypertensives. LV Ejection Fraction <30% was found in 9% of STEMI patients. This study elucidates the need for a preventive strategy for primordial prevention of cardiovascular events among young adults. The study envisaged the male, urban preponderance towards these events.
Coronary artery disease among asymptomatic diabetic and non-diabetic patients...SHAPE Society
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic diabetic and nondiabetic patients using coronary CT angiography (CCTA). The study found CAD was present in 93% of asymptomatic diabetics compared to 73% of nondiabetics. Obstructive CAD was more common in diabetics at 29% versus 6.6% in nondiabetics. Diabetics also had higher total Agatston scores and more coronary segments with atherosclerosis. The results indicate asymptomatic diabetics have a high prevalence of CAD, suggesting CCTA may be useful for evaluating subclinical disease in this high risk group.
2014 Report: Medicines in Development for DiabetesPhRMA
Nearly 26 million Americans are affected by diabetes—including 7 million people who are unaware they have the disease. One of the top 10 causes of death in the United States, diabetes has far-reaching implications for patients and their families and our health care system.
Biopharmaceutical Research Companies Are Developing 180 Medicines to Treat Diabetes and Related Conditions.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
The document discusses the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. It notes that NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and this proportion is projected to increase further. The major NCDs affecting India are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. The rising burden is linked to lifestyle changes like increasing tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and urbanization. Managing NCDs poses challenges for India's healthcare system due to the country's large population and diversity.
Prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in indiaSujay Iyer
The ICMR-INDIAB study found high prevalences of noncommunicable diseases in India, with nearly two-thirds of individuals estimated to have diabetes or prediabetes. Results showed the highest diabetes prevalence was in Tamil Nadu (10.4%) and Chandigarh (13.6%), while obesity was most common in Chandigarh (31.3%). Hypertension prevalence was highest in Tamil Nadu (27.6%) and dyslipidemia affected nearly 80% of the population overall. Less than a third of individuals exhibited good glycemic control, highlighting the need for improved disease management and prevention through increased physical activity and healthier diets.
This document provides an outline and summary of a presentation on diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It discusses:
1. The epidemiology, presentation, and trends of DKD.
2. The pathology and biomarkers of DKD.
3. The management of DKD, including the use of RAAS blockers, anti-hyperglycemic drugs like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 RAs, and renal replacement therapies.
4. It concludes with a discussion of taking a holistic approach to DKD and lessons that can be learned from basic research on autophagy.
This document presents standards of care for diabetes established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). It discusses:
1) Classification of diabetes into four types: type 1, type 2, other specific types, and gestational diabetes.
2) Diagnosis of diabetes based on plasma glucose criteria or A1C levels, with a revised grading system to evaluate evidence supporting each recommendation.
3) Screening, diagnostic, and treatment recommendations to improve health outcomes for patients with diabetes.
Epidemiology and outcome of mild TBI / concussion – Indian and international ...Amit Agrawal
1) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem, with mild TBI (mTBI) accounting for 70-90% of cases. mTBI is associated with a variety of cognitive, somatic, and emotional symptoms.
2) While most patients resume normal function within weeks of an mTBI, about 15% have persistent symptoms at one year. Non-injury factors like depression or litigation are associated with poorer outcomes.
3) Defining and diagnosing mTBI poses challenges due to a lack of baseline data, objective measures, and the multitude of non-injury influences. Further research is needed on predictors of recovery timelines and outcomes after mTBI
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States. It notes that CKD is a major public health problem, with millions of Americans affected and kidney failure deaths exceeding many common cancers. The economic costs of CKD are also high. The document calls for increased screening and treatment of at-risk groups like diabetics and hypertensives to slow CKD progression and reduce complications. Primary care providers have an important role to play in early detection and management of CKD to reduce burden.
Rotarians and Diabetes Prevention Developing Healthy Communities: Part 1 rag ...KouameK
he Rotarian Action Group for Diabetes is working to stop the global epidemic of the disease. Come learn how Rotarians can lead communities to better health and prevent children dying from lack of insulin. Learn about model programs of prevention and service that your club can institute to improve health in your own community.
Co-moderators:
C. Wayne Edwards, Past District Governor
Rotary Club of Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Larry C. Deeb, Member, The Rotary Foundation Cadre of Technical Advisers
Rotary Club of Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem
worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of CKD has increased in
various countries such as the U.S. (13.1%), Taiwan (9.8-11.9%),
Norway (10.2%), Japan (12.9-15.1%) China (3.2-11.3%), Korea (7.2- 13.7%), Thailand (8.45-16.3%), Singapore (3.2-18.6%), and Australia(11.2%)
This study assessed the impact of austerity measures in Greece on survival rates of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Data was collected from a Greek hospital on immediate and 24-hour survival pre-crisis (2007-2010) and during the crisis (2011-2014). Results showed no significant difference in return of spontaneous circulation or 24-hour survival between the two periods, suggesting healthcare workers were working hard to maintain standards despite budget cuts. However, overall survival rates remained low compared to international studies, highlighting the need for more Greek data on cardiac arrests.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between electrocardiographic Q waves and evidence of myocardial infarction detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study followed 36 patients with diabetes and no history of coronary heart disease over 5 years, recording annual electrocardiograms. Some patients developed new Q waves that often resolved within 2 years. Cardiac MRI detected prior myocardial infarction in only 3 patients, and these findings did not correlate with Q wave patterns on electrocardiograms. The results suggest Q waves may be unreliable indicators of silent myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes.
This study examined the morbidity profile of 362 elderly people aged 65 and older in urban and rural areas of Chandigarh, India. The main findings were:
1) A large number (89%) of subjects suffered from at least one medical problem, with urban subjects having higher rates of morbidity than rural subjects.
2) The most common presenting symptoms were pain/swelling of joints (36.5%), limited movement (20.2%), indigestion/heartburn (17.7%), and backache (17.4%).
3) The most prevalent diseases were hypertension (58%), osteoarthritis (50.5%), cataract (18.5%), gastritis (17.7
Nursesí practices and perception of delirium in the intensive care units of ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed critical care nurses' practices and perceptions of delirium among critically ill patients in Egyptian intensive care units. The study found that nurses ranked delirium assessment as their fourth priority and that more than half of nurses never assessed for delirium in patients. All nurses reported never receiving training on assessing or managing delirium. While delirium is common in ICU patients and associated with poor outcomes, the study results indicate that it remains under-recognized and under-assessed among ICU patients in Egypt due to lack of protocols, tools, and education for nurses. The study highlights the need to incorporate delirium assessment and management into nursing education and daily ICU care to improve outcomes for critically ill patients.
This document provides an overview of diabetic retinopathy diagnosis through the analysis of retinal images. It discusses the aims of identifying patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy. The stages of diabetic retinopathy and associated symptoms are defined. Pre-processing steps like color conversion, filtering and segmentation are described. A proposed methodology includes blood vessel and lesion detection through morphological operations, texture analysis, feature extraction and classification. Results of optic disc detection, blood vessel segmentation and texture analysis are shown. The conclusion discusses developing more accurate detection techniques and extracting smaller blood vessels to aid in diagnosis.
Sagar Suraj Lachure is seeking a position that allows him to apply his knowledge and skills in computer science and keep up with new technologies. He has an M.Tech in computer science from Government College of Engineering, Amravati and a B.E. in IT from H.V.P.M COET, Amravati. His experience includes 6 months of teaching and working as an Assistant Professor at Yashawantrao Cavan College of Engineering since 2013. He has published several papers on topics like diabetic retinopathy detection and participated in various conferences. His skills include programming in C, C++, Java and MATLAB as well as using operating systems, databases and documentation software.
1. The document proposes a new approach for detecting microaneurysms in retinal images that combines multiple preprocessing methods and candidate extraction techniques before classification.
2. An ensemble-based system is used that applies various preprocessing like contrast enhancement and candidate extractors like circular Hough transformation before detecting microaneurysms, to improve flexibility and detection results.
3. Experimental results show the proposed combining approach outperforms individual candidate extraction methods for microaneurysm detection.
Suneel Kumar Padala is seeking a position in the IT field. He has a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SIR CR Reddy College of Engineering with a score of 7.2/10. His technical skills include Quality Centre, QTP, Core Java, Windows, Ubuntu, manual and automation testing, and VB scripting. He completed a project in MATLAB on detecting and grading severity levels of exudates using SVM classifier. His experience includes working as team lead on an HRMS project. He holds certifications in ISTQB foundation level and software testing. He has participated in academic and extracurricular activities and describes himself as a quick learner and team player.
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that can be detected through automated analysis of fundus images. The document proposes using support vector machines to build a model that can robustly detect four key features of diabetic retinopathy - hard exudates, soft exudates, microaneurysms, and hemorrhages. The model is trained on a standardized set of fundus images and achieves over 95% accuracy on classification, providing an affordable solution to diagnose a disease affecting many people.
Manjushree Mashal is seeking a position in electronics and communication engineering where she can utilize her skills and help the organization achieve its goals. She has a Master's degree in digital communication and networking and relevant technical skills. During her internship at Saankhya Labs, she gained experience in wireless and digital communication areas like rural broadband products. She has published technical papers and completed projects on topics like diabetic retinopathy analysis and wireless sensor network performance comparison. She is self-motivated, hard-working and has participated in various academic and technical competitions.
Detection of Exudates Caused By Diabetic Retinopathy in Fundus Retinal Image ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a method for detecting exudates caused by diabetic retinopathy in fundus retinal images using fuzzy K-means clustering and a neural network. It begins with background on the anatomy of the eye, retinal images, diabetes, and diabetic retinopathy. Exudates are described as lipid and protein accumulations in the retina. The method involves pre-processing images using histogram equalization, fuzzy K-means clustering to identify exudates, and a backpropagation neural network. Results on normal and abnormal images show the method can efficiently detect exudates within a short time compared to other techniques. The accuracy of diagnosing retinal diseases from images is improved.
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a final year engineering project analyzing retinal images to quantify changes in blood vessel geometry and texture associated with increased vitamin C supplementation. The student developed image analysis methods to directly measure variation across retinal images taken over 6 months from a healthy male taking vitamin C. Models of vessel intensity profiles were applied to images to analyze vessel changes. Results found quantification of variation was achieved but limited by equipment accuracy and image quality. More accurate measurement requires improving instrumentation and diagnostic techniques.
Mark Cahill, Global Vision National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening ProgrammeInvestnet
This document summarizes Ireland's National Diabetic Retinal Screening Programme. It discusses that diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and annual screening can prevent blindness in 96% of cases. The programme screens over 145,000 people with diabetes annually using digital photographs of the retina that are graded by qualified reviewers. Those found to have signs of diabetic retinopathy or macular edema are referred to hospital treatment centers for further evaluation and care. The programme aims to screen 30% of the eligible population in its first year and 70% in the second year.
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy using Kirsch Edge Detection and Watershed T...IJARIIT
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common retinal complication associated with diabetics. A complication of diabetes is that it can also affect various parts of the body. When the small blood vessels have a high level of glucose in the retina, the vision will be blurred and can cause blindness eventually, which is known as diabetic retinopathy. However, if symptoms are identified in the early stage then proper treatment can be provided to prevent blindness. Usually the retinal images obtained from the fundus camera are examined directly and diagnosed. Due to this certain abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy are not directly visible through the naked eye .Hence by using the image processing techniques these abnormalities can be extracted accurately and required treatments and precautions can be taken. And this also reduces the time for the ophthalmologists to detect the disease and give accurate treatments.
Automatic Detection of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fundus Im...iosrjce
To diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) it is the prime cause of blindness in the working age
population of the world. Detection method is proposed to detect dark or red lesions such as microaneurysms
and hemorrhages in fundus images.Developed during this work, this first is for collection of lesion data
information and was used by the ophthalmologist in marking images for database while the automatic
diagnosing and displaying the diagnosis result in a more friendly user interface and is as shown in chapter
three of this report. The primary aim of this project is to develop a system that will be able to identify patients
with BDR and PDR from either colour image or grey level image obtained from the retina of the patient. The
algorithm was tested fundus images. The Operating Characteristics (ROC) was determined for red spot lesion
and bleeding, while cross over points were only detected leaving further classification as part of future work
needed to complete this global project. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated for the algorithm is given
respectively as 96.3% and 95.1%
Detection of eye disorders through retinal image analysisRahul Dey
This document describes methods for detecting eye disorders through retinal image analysis. It discusses segmenting blood vessels and the optic disk using algorithms. It also covers applying fuzzy logic image processing to enhance edge detection of blood vessels. The proposed approach uses a Mamdani fuzzy inference system on a moving window to classify edges based on gradient inputs and Gaussian membership functions. Simulation results show the fuzzy method enhances edge detection compared to common methods like Canny, Sobel, and Prewitt.
The document presents a method for the automatic detection of blood vessels in retinal images. The method uses preprocessing, Hessian multiscale enhancement filtering, and adaptive thresholding. It is tested on three retinal image databases and achieves higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy than some state-of-the-art methods. Automatic detection of blood vessels is important for diagnosing and treating retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy.
This document describes a method for identifying diabetic retinopathy using retinal images. The aim is to efficiently identify diabetic retinopathy by detecting exudates, a key feature. Exudates are identified using k-means clustering and a naive Bayes classifier. The method involves pre-processing images, segmenting images using k-means clustering to label pixels, extracting features based on color and texture, and classifying images as exudates or non-exudates using naive Bayes. The approach detects exudates with 98% success rate and could potentially be expanded to detect other features of diabetic retinopathy like microaneurysms.
Automatic Blood Vessels Segmentation of Retinal ImagesHarish Rajula
The document discusses automatic segmentation of blood vessels in retinal images. It presents a proposed system that uses morphological operations and an SVM classifier for blood vessel segmentation. The system first enhances retinal images using histogram equalization. It then processes the green channel using morphological operations like dilation and erosion. Features are extracted from the processed image and used to train an SVM classifier to detect and segment blood vessels. The proposed method achieved an average sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 97.99%, and accuracy of 99.6% on retinal images.
Screenless display technology allows for the projection of visual information without the use of a physical screen. It has several applications, including retinal displays which project images directly onto the retina, and brain-computer interfaces which transmit visual signals directly to the brain. Current technologies include holograms, which reflect light to form three-dimensional images in air, and Google Glass, which projects augmented reality images in front of the eye. Future developments may allow completely screenless computing through technologies like synaptic interfaces. Screenless displays have the potential to benefit many areas by providing new accessible computing options.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is a microvascular complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus that can cause retinal damage and vision loss. It defines the different classifications of diabetic retinopathy from non-proliferative to proliferative stages. Signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathogenesis, differential diagnoses, screening recommendations, and treatment options such as laser photocoagulation are described in detail. Case studies are suggested to apply the concepts.
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
APPROACH TO DIABETES DIAGNOSIS A ReviewClaire Webber
This document discusses approaches to diagnosing diabetes. It begins by providing background on diabetes as a global epidemic. There are various types of diabetes classified as type 1 and type 2. Blood samples are used to check glycemia levels through tests like oral glucose tolerance tests and HbA1c levels. Urine can also indicate sugar levels. Early diagnosis is important to minimize complications like damage to nerves, eyes, heart, and kidneys. The document focuses on the importance of HbA1c testing to assess glycemia over the past 3 months and improve patient care and monitoring of their condition.
This document discusses how diabetes can potentially cause blindness through diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. It notes that diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common causes of vision loss in people with diabetes, affecting over 35% of patients. Left untreated, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema can lead to vision impairment and even blindness. The document provides an overview of diabetic eye diseases, their symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options to help manage and prevent vision loss.
Ueda2016 workshop - diabetes in the elderly - mesbah kamelueda2015
This document discusses diabetes management challenges in elderly patients. It notes that the prevalence of diabetes increases with age and peaks between 60-74 years of age. Screening and diagnosing diabetes in elderly patients can be difficult due to non-specific symptoms. Management goals aim to avoid hypoglycemia and other adverse drug reactions while controlling hyperglycemia and risk factors. The risk of hypoglycemia, functional decline, depression and other geriatric issues increases with age, requiring special consideration in diabetes management for frail elderly patients.
Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and to find the associated risk factors of DR among known Type II DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional and single center study was conducted among Type II DM patients with and without DR in the department of Endocrinology with a sample size of 150 with DM patients in 2018. Data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, proportions, Chi-Square, t-test test and Binary Logistic Regression analysis.
Results: Diabetic patients 150 were identified as Type II DM as per inclusion criteria with aged 30 years and above. Among 150 Diabetic patients, 39 (26%) patients had Diabetic Retinopathy and 111 (74%) patients were not having Diabetic Retinopathy. The association between groups (with and no DR) and duration of DM were very highly significant with p-value < 0.01. DR prevalence was higher in female when compared with male population.
Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the prevalence of DR was very high. DR was strongly associated with HbA1C, FBS, duration of DM, medication, duration of hypertension and smoking. Hence, there is a need for regular screening check-up with ophthalmologist to prevent diabetic retinopathy or to prolong or to escape from the vision loss.
Keywords: type II diabetic mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors
The growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly due to the micro- and macrovascular complications associated with the disease. A growing body of evidence suggests that although the risk of developing complications is greater with glucose levels beyond the established
Ueda2015 prevention of cv diseade in dm dr.yehia kishkueda2015
1) Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes place a huge burden on health in Egypt, being among the top causes of death. Intensive control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids is effective for secondary prevention of CVD in diabetes patients.
2) Primary prevention approaches target prediabetes through lifestyle changes like weight loss and exercise to prevent progression to diabetes, along with screening and treatment of other risk factors.
3) The DPP clinical trial showed that lifestyle interventions can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 58% in those with prediabetes. Intensive management of multiple risk factors is key to reducing complications in those with diabetes or CVD.
IRJET- Predictive Analysis for Claims in Insurance Industry using Machine Lea...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict complications from type 2 diabetes using patient data. It aims to predict complications like heart disease and nephropathy to provide useful information to patients and help insurance companies. The document tests algorithms like logistic regression, support vector machines, random forests and naive bayes on patient data containing features like age, blood pressure and glucose levels to determine which algorithm most accurately predicts complications. The results could help develop decision support systems for doctors and help patients choose insurance plans.
IRJET - Complications of Diabetes with Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnostic usi...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used fuzzy set theory to develop a diagnostic system for complications of cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients. The system uses 8 input parameters (blood sugar, heart rate, chest pain, blood pressure, cholesterol, ST depression, physical activity, smoking) and 2 output parameters (complications risk and precaution recommendations). Membership functions were created to evaluate each parameter from 0 to 1. 100 patient records were used to create fuzzy rules relating input and output parameters. The system achieved 93% accuracy in diagnosing complications risk compared to cardiologists. It provides a tool for doctors to assess risk of cardiovascular issues in diabetic patients.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Concerned Complications and Target OrgansApollo Hospitals
Diabetes has been considered as the most dreaded non-communicable disease consuming the mankind rapidly. WHO has predicted the number of diabetics to be approximately 366 millions by 2030. The disease is characterized by hyperglycemia and the basic symptoms are polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria. The autoimmune type 1 diabetes represent almost 1% of the total diabetic population, the rest being that of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Type 2 diabetes has been linked to a variety of factors such as heredity, environmental factors, unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, stress etc. The uncontrolled hyperglycemia has profound deleterious effects on almost all the organs and results in various cardiovascular disorders, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Recent studies have revealed an array of pulmonary dysfunctions related with T2D ranging from respiratory defects to tuberculosis. Diabetes also predisposes the person to hepatic dysfunctions like NAFLD and HCC and a range of infections at various sites which are difficult to manage. Post-surgical infections are of special interest for subjects with uncontrolled hyperglycemia prior to surgery. Scientists all over the world are revealing different pathways and associated therapies for type 2 diabetes in order to control the pathological effects covering almost whole body physiology.
diabetes Orientation Talk The dealing with diabetic complications pptxGovindRankawat1
When and how to screen Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) And what is the role of Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR)
All patients with type 2 diabetes must be screened for diabetic nephropathy at the time of diagnosis.
Patients with type 1 diabetes should be screened five years after diagnosis and at puberty. If the initial test reveals negative result then the test has to be repeated annually for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Early Diabetic kidney disease expressed as Microalbuminuria (if urinary albumin excretion is 30 - 300 mg/24 h.
Random urine samples should be used and the results of albumin measurement in spot collection may be expressed as urinary albumin concentration (mg/dL) or as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/g or mg/mmol).
This method is often found to be the easiest to carry out in an office setting, generally provides accurate information, and is therefore preferred;
This study examined the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital in Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 69 patients. The majority were male, over age 60, and married. Most common complications were heart and leg issues. Over half did not have kidney disease, but 18% did, with 11 receiving dialysis 1-3 times per week. About a quarter reported numbness in their legs. The study provides insight into the burden of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in Somalia.
This document presents information on diabetic retinopathy including its causes, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an introduction by Sonali Diwate and objectives of the presentation. It then outlines the topics to be discussed and provides details on the types and pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild nonproliferative to proliferative are explained. Risk factors, diagnostic tests, management approaches like laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections, potential biomarkers and conclusions are summarized. The document aims to raise awareness of diabetic retinopathy as a public health problem and discuss treatments and management of the disease.
DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - THE CONTINUUMPraveen Nagula
DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES WORLD WIDE.
EVERY 6 SECONDS ONE PERSON IS AFFECTED BY DIABETES..
THEME FOR 2014-2016
LETS UNITE FOR DIABETES
This document summarizes a study on mortality trends among type 2 diabetes patients in two hospitals in Nigeria. The study found that diabetic foot ulcer had the highest percentage of deaths at 42.8% of cases. Other leading causes of death were diabetic ketoacidosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Married patients accounted for the majority of diabetes-related deaths at both hospitals. The study aimed to identify causes of premature death in diabetes patients to help reduce complications and mortality.
This document discusses diabetic ophthalmopathy, a common sight-threatening complication of diabetes. It begins by stating that diabetes affects about 3% of the global population. Next, it describes the various extra-retinal effects diabetes can have on the eye, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal vascular diseases, and infections. A major section then focuses on diabetic retinopathy, including its pathogenesis, risk factors, various stages from non-proliferative to proliferative, and management through careful monitoring, laser treatment, and in advanced cases, vitreo-retinal surgery. The document aims to outline the ocular effects of diabetes and treatment approaches for associated conditions like diabetic retinopathy.
Rheumatic Manifestations in Diabetes Mellitus PatientsApollo Hospitals
Rheumatic manifestations of DM are the commonest of all
described endocrine rheumatic manifestations. These manifestations have generally been under-recognized and poorly treated, compared to the other complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. These manifestations, involve not only the joints, but also the soft tissues and the bones. In 2004, the National Health Interview Survey in US determined that 58%of diabetic patients will develop functional disability.The percentage of diabetic patients with functional disability will increase as the number of diabetic patients increases.Recent data reveals that the prevalence of rheumatic manifestations in the hands and shoulders in patientswith type 1 or type 2 diabetes is 30%.3These manifestations are closely
linked to age,4 prolonged disease duration,5,6 and vascular
complications like retinopathy.7
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
This Presentation is Briefly Discussing Diabetes in General,
Anti-Diabetic Venomous Animals and the Role of Naja Naja Snake Venom in The Treatment of it.
This document summarizes several non-communicable diseases including their causes, risk factors, classification, and methods of prevention and control. It discusses cancers, diabetes, blindness, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, stroke, and rheumatic heart disease. The key points are that non-communicable diseases are chronic diseases caused by multiple factors rather than being infectious, and that prevention focuses on reducing risk factors like smoking, diet, exercise and controlling conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
Similar to [IJET-V1I4P17] Authors: Fahimuddin. Shaik, Dr.Anil Kumar Sharma, Dr.Syed.Musthak Ahmed (20)
These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.This value will continue to grow if no proper solution is found. Internet of Things (IoT) technology developments allows humans to control a variety of high-tech equipment in our daily lives. One of these is the ease of checking health using gadgets, either a phone, tablet or laptop. we mainly focused on the safety measures for both driver and vehicle by using three types of sensors: Heartbeat sensor, Traffic light sensor and Level sensor. Heartbeat sensor is used to monitor heartbeat rate of the driver constantly and prevents from the accidents by controlling through IOT.
ABSTRACT The success of the cloud computing paradigm is due to its on-demand, self-service, and pay-by-use nature. Public key encryption with keyword search applies only to the certain circumstances that keyword cipher text can only be retrieved by a specific user and only supports single-keyword matching. In the existing searchable encryption schemes, either the communication mode is one-to-one, or only single-keyword search is supported. This paper proposes a searchable encryption that is based on attributes and supports multi-keyword search. Searchable encryption is a primitive, which not only protects data privacy of data owners but also enables data users to search over the encrypted data. Most existing searchable encryption schemes are in the single-user setting. There are only few schemes in the multiple data users setting, i.e., encrypted data sharing. Among these schemes, most of the early techniques depend on a trusted third party with interactive search protocols or need cumbersome key management. To remedy the defects, the most recent approaches borrow ideas from attribute-based encryption to enable attribute-based keyword search (ABKS
This document reviews the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than 5. The response of deep beams differs from regular beams due to the influence of shear deformations and stresses. Failure modes include flexure, flexural-shear, and diagonal cracking. Previous studies investigated factors affecting shear strength such as concrete strength, reinforcement, and loading conditions. Equations have been proposed to predict shear strength based on test results.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
This document summarizes a study that determined the liberation size of gold ore from the Iperindo-Ilesha deposit in Nigeria and assessed its amenability to froth flotation. Samples of the ore were collected and subjected to sieve analysis to determine particle size fractions. Chemical analysis found that the actual and economic liberation sizes were 45μm and 250μm, respectively. Froth flotation experiments at 45μm particle size and varying collector dosages achieved a maximum gold recovery of 78.93% at 0.3 mol/dm3 collector dosage, with concentrate grade of 115 ppm Au. These parameters will be used for further processing to extract gold from this deposit.
This document presents a proposal for an IOT-based intelligent baby care system with a web application for remote baby monitoring. The system uses sensors to automatically swing a cradle when a baby cries, sound alarms if the baby cries for too long or the mattress is wet, and sends alerts to a web page for parents to monitor the baby's status from anywhere via internet connection. The proposed system aims to help working parents manage childcare remotely using sensors, a Raspberry Pi, web camera, and cloud server to detect the baby's activities and notify parents through a web application on their phone.
This document discusses various sources of water pollution and new techniques being developed for water purification. It begins by outlining how water pollution occurs from industrial wastes like mining and manufacturing, agricultural runoff containing pesticides, and domestic waste. It then examines some specific pollutants in more depth from these sources. New techniques under research for water purification are also mentioned, with the goal of developing more affordable methods. The document aims to analyze the impact of pollutants on water and introduce promising new purification techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper on using big data methodologies with IoT and its applications. It discusses how big data analytics is being used across various fields like engineering, data management, and more. It also discusses how IoT enables the collection of massive amounts of data from sensors and devices. Machine learning techniques are used to analyze this big data from IoT and enable communication between devices. The document provides examples of domains where big data and IoT are being applied, such as healthcare, energy, transportation, and others. It analyzes the similarities and differences in how big data techniques are used across these IoT domains.
The document describes a proposed smart library automation and monitoring system using RFID technology. The system uses RFID tags attached to books and student ID cards. An RFID scanner reads the tags to automate processes like tracking student entry and exit, book check-in/check-out, and inventory management. This allows transactions to occur without manual intervention. The system also includes an Android app for students to search books and check availability. The goals are to streamline library operations, prevent unauthorized access, and help locate misplaced books. Raspberry Pi hardware and a MySQL database are part of the proposed implementation.
This document discusses congestion control techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs, noting their use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication to share information. Congestion can occur when there is a sudden increase in data from nodes in the network. The document then reviews different existing congestion control schemes, which vary in how they adjust source sending rates and handle transient congestion. It proposes a priority-based congestion control technique using dual queues, one for transit packets and one for locally generated packets. This approach aims to route packets along less congested paths when congestion is detected based on buffer occupancy.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes applying principles of Vedic mathematics to optimize the design of multipliers, squarers, and cubers. It begins by providing background on multipliers and their importance in electronic systems. It then reviews related work applying Vedic mathematics to multiplier design. The document outlines the methodology for performing multiplication, squaring, and cubing according to Vedic mathematics principles. It presents simulation and synthesis results comparing the proposed Vedic designs to traditional array-based designs, finding improvements in speed, power, and area. The document concludes that Vedic mathematics provides an effective approach for optimizing the design of these fundamental arithmetic components.
Cloud computing is the one of the emerging techniques to process the big data. Large collection of set or large
volume of data is known as big data. Processing of big data (MRI images and DICOM images) normally takes
more time compare with other data. The main tasks such as handling big data can be solved by using the concepts
of hadoop. Enhancing the hadoop concept it will help the user to process the large set of images or data. The
Advanced Hadoop Distributed File System (AHDF) and MapReduce are the two default main functions which
are used to enhance hadoop. HDF method is a hadoop file storing system, which is used for storing and retrieving
the data. MapReduce is the combinations of two functions namely maps and reduce. Map is the process of
splitting the inputs and reduce is the process of integrating the output of map’s input. Recently, in medical fields
the experienced problems like machine failure and fault tolerance while processing the result for the scanned
data. A unique optimized time scheduling algorithm, called Advanced Dynamic Handover Reduce Function
(ADHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function. Enhancement of hadoop and cloud introduction of
ADHRF helps to overcome the processing risks, to get optimized result with less waiting time and reduction in
error percentage of the output image
Text mining has turned out to be one of the in vogue handle that has been joined in a few research
fields, for example, computational etymology, Information Retrieval (IR) and data mining. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) methods were utilized to extricate learning from the textual text that is
composed by people. Text mining peruses an unstructured form of data to give important
information designs in a most brief day and age. Long range interpersonal communication locales
are an awesome wellspring of correspondence as the vast majority of the general population in this
day and age utilize these destinations in their everyday lives to keep associated with each other. It
turns into a typical practice to not compose a sentence with remedy punctuation and spelling. This
training may prompt various types of ambiguities like lexical, syntactic, and semantic and because of
this kind of indistinct data; it is elusive out the genuine data arrange. As needs be, we are directing
an examination with the point of searching for various text mining techniques to get different
textual requests via web-based networking media sites. This review expects to depict how
contemplates in online networking have utilized text investigation and text mining methods to
identify the key topics in the data. This study concentrated on examining the text mining
contemplates identified with Facebook and Twitter; the two prevailing web-based social networking
on the planet. Aftereffects of this overview can fill in as the baselines for future text mining research.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has potential to spread within the peritoneal cavity, and this transcoelomic
dissemination is termed “peritoneal metastases” (PM).The aim of this article was to summarise the current
evidence regarding CRC patients at high risk of PM. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK. Prompt investigation of suspicious symptoms is important, but there is increasing evidence that
screening for the disease can produce significant reductions in mortality.High quality surgery is of paramount
importance in achieving good outcomes, particularly in rectal cancer, but adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy
have important parts to play. The treatment of advanced disease is still essentially palliative, although surgery for
limited hepatic metastases may be curative in a small proportion of patients.
This document summarizes a research paper on the thermal performance of air conditioners using nanofluids compared to base fluids. Key points:
- Nanofluids, which are liquids containing nanoparticles, can improve heat transfer in heat pipes and cooling systems due to their higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids.
- The document reviews how factors like nanofluid type, nanoparticle size and concentration affect thermal efficiency and heat transfer limits. It also examines using nanofluids to enhance heat exchange in transmission fluids.
- An experimental setup is described to study heat transfer and friction factors of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a horizontal tube under constant heat flux. Temperature, pressure and flow rate are measured
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
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[IJET-V1I4P17] Authors: Fahimuddin. Shaik, Dr.Anil Kumar Sharma, Dr.Syed.Musthak Ahmed
1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 99
Review of Image Processing Methods on Diabetic
Related Images
Fahimuddin.Shaik1
, Dr.Anil Kumar Sharma 2
, Dr.Syed.Musthak Ahmed3
1
(Research Scholar, Electronics & Communication Engineering, SunRise University-Alwar, Rajasthan)
2
(Professor & Principal, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Alwar, Rajasthan)
3
(Professor and HOD, Department of ECE, SREC, Warangal, Telangana State )
1. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is the biggest health challenge of
the 21st century. Diabetes is a chronic
condition characterized by raised blood
glucose levels. It develops when the pancreas
does not produce enough insulin or when the
body cannot effectively use the insulin it
produces. It is the major cause of blindness,
obesity, ageing population, heart disease,
stroke, amputations and renal failure in the
world.
1.1 Prevalence of Diabetes
Nowhere is the diabetes epidemic more
pronounced than in India as the World Health
Organization (WHO) reports show that 32
million people had diabetes in the year 2000
[5]. From the graphical figure 1 the
International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
estimates the total number of diabetic subjects
in India is further set to rise to 69.9 million
by the year 2025.
Fig.1 Estimated number of diabetic subjects in India
Source: Ref. [25, 26]
1.2 Classification of diabetes
Diabetes affects the body’s ability to
produce or utilize insulin, a hormone that is
needed to properly process blood glucose. As
a result, diabetics must regulate their own
blood sugar levels through diet and insulin
injections. The key point in the regulation of
blood sugar is the accurate measurement of the
blood sugar level. [6].
The classification of diabetes falls under three
categories:
• DM type 1 results from the failure of body
to produce insulin and therefore requires
an injection of insulin. This type is most
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
As Diabetes Mellitus combined with other ailments will become a deadly combination, hence there
is an urgent need to break the link between diabetes and its related complications. For this purpose image
processing based analysis can potentially be helpful for earlier detection, education and treatment. Medical
image analysis of Diabetic patients with its related complications such as DR, CVD & Diabetic
Myonecrosis (i.e. on Retinal Images, Coronary angiographs, Electron micrographs, MRI etc) is to be the
aprioristic because of its more prevalence. Thus the main work of this paper is on literature review about
Diabetes and Imaging such as the Prevalence, Classification, Causes and Medical Imaging & Survey of
Image processing methods applied on Diabetic Related Causes.
Keywords — Image, segmentation, retinopathy, Myonecrosis,
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 100
preferably called as insulin-dependent DM
(IDDM) or juvenile diabetes.
• DM type 2 results from insulin resistance,
a simple condition in which cells fail to
properly utilize insulin. Sometimes this
condition may be assumed to be absolute
insulin deficiency. This type is referred to
as non-insulin-dependent DM (NIDDM)
and also called adult onset diabetes.
• Gestational diabetes results when pregnant
women whom never had diabetes before
experience a substantial increase in blood
glucose level during pregnancy. This
condition may influence the development
of type 2 DM [20, 21].
Other forms of DM include
congenital diabetes (which occurs due to
genetic defects of insulin secretion), cystic
fibrosis-related diabetes, diabetes
(steroidal) induced by high doses of
glucocorticoids, and other forms of
monogenic diabetes.
Although there is an increase in the
prevalence of type 1 diabetes also, the
major driver of the epidemic is the more
common form of diabetes, namely type 2
diabetes, which accounts for more than 90
per cent of all diabetes cases [7].
All forms of diabetes have been
treatable for an extent since insulin became
available in 1921, and type 2 DM may be
controlled with proper timely medications.
Both type 1 and 2 DM are chronic
conditions that usually cannot be cured but
prevented to some extent. Transplantation
of pancreas has been tried as a cure but
only with limited success in type 1 DM
whereas gastric bypass surgery has been
successful in many with morbid obesity
and type 2 DM. Gestational type of DM
usually resolves after delivery. Diabetes
without proper treatment can cause many
complications. Acute complications
include hypoglycemia, diabetic
ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar
coma. Serious long-term complications in
diabetes include more chances of
cardiovascular disease, chronic renal
failure, and retinal damage. Adequate
treatment of diabetes is thus very
important, in addition to controlling blood
pressure control, taking care of lifestyle
factors such as smoking, and maintaining a
healthy body weight [20,21].
2. DIABETIC RELATED CAUSES
Cardiovascular disease is
responsible for 80% of deaths among
patients with diabetes, much of which have
been attributed to coronary artery disease
(CAD). CAD leads to atherosclerosis,
which further narrows the blood vessel due
to occlusion of the lumen. However, there
is an increasing recognition that patients
with diabetes suffer from an additional
cardiac insult termed ‘diabetic
Cardiomyopathy’.
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy refers to
a disease process which affects the
myocardium in diabetic patients causing a
wide range of structural abnormalities
eventually leading to LVH [left ventricular
(LV) hypertrophy] and diastolic and
systolic dysfunction or a combination of
these. The concept of diabetic
Cardiomyopathy is based upon the idea
that diabetes is the factor which leads to
changes at the cellular level, leading to
structural abnormalities [2]. Diabetic
Cardiomyopathy is a distinct primary
disease process, independent of CAD,
which leads to heart failure in patients with
diabetes. Epidemiological and clinical trial
data have confirmed the greater incidence
and prevalence of heart failure in patients
with diabetes [3].
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one
of the most serious complications arising
out of diabetes and a major cause of visual
morbidity. Most screening programs use
non-mydriatic digital color fundus cameras
to acquire color photographs of the back of
the eye, the retina. These photographs are
then examined for the presence of lesions
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
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indicative of DR (including micro
aneurysms, haemorrhages, exudates and
cotton wool spots). Development of
systems to automate DR screening have
received a lot of attention from the
research community [8]. At present, the
classification of DR is based on the
International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease Severity. There are five levels of
DR severity, namely no DR, mild non-
proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR),
moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and
proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
According to the Malaysia National Eye
Database 2007, among 10,856 cases with
diabetes, 36.8% has any form of DR, of
which 7.1% comprises proliferative
diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The
determination of DR severity is important
in treating the disease. At present, an
International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease Severity Scale is used in grading
of DR [1]. Using the International Clinical
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity
Scale, an ophthalmologist needs to observe
and determine DR-related abnormalities
present in the color fundus image [9].
Diabetic Myonecrosis a rare
complication of long-standing, poorly
controlled diabetes mellitus typically
presents with acute-onset muscle pain, is
self-limiting, and responds well to
conservative management. However, the
prevalence of diabetes is increasing with
sedentary lifestyles, poor diet, lack of
exercise and an aging population; we can
therefore expect the prevalence of diabetic
Myonecrosis to increase along with that of
other diabetes-related complications.
3. MEDICAL IMAGING & SURVEY
OF IMAGE PROCESSING METHODS
3.1 Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Although no single diagnostic test
for diabetic Cardiomyopathy exists, using
different imaging modalities it is possible
to detect the phenotypic cardiac features of
this condition. Currently used diagnostic
methods in clinical practice include
echocardiography, cardiac MR and cardiac
biomarkers such as NT-BNP [N-terminal
pro-BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)].
Echocardiography is an excellent non-
invasive and practical imaging tool for
defining cardiac structure and function and
allows ‘real-time’ visualization of the
cardiac cycle. Quantitative and qualitative
assessment of the heart can be made with
regard to LV(left ventricular) geometry,
regional wall motion, and systolic and
diastolic function, in addition to valvular
anatomy and function. Two-dimensional
echocardiography has traditionally been
the method of choice in detecting and
quantifying LVH(left ventricular
hypertrophy), and has been validated in the
research and clinical setting. Pulsed-wave
Doppler echocardiography is therefore the
most practical and commonly used method
[3].
The coronary angiography is an
important examination for a diagnostic
tool in cardiology. It is useful to precise
diagnosis and treatment of patients to
make an accurate analysis of vessel
morphology on the angiogram. So it is
necessary to extract vessels from the
coronary angiogram. But usually there are
several problems for extract vessels: weak
contrast between the coronary arteries and
the background, an apriority unknown and
easily deformable shape of the vessel tree,
sometimes overlapping strong shadows of
bones and so on.
For the above said reason, it is
clearly mentioned in [11] about
importance of extracting the vessels. Even
though the vessels are extracted as in [11]
there is a need of analysis of the internal
part of the blood vessels to make even a
common man to understand the
abnormality and severity of the disorder.
The consideration of cross section of blood
vessel images (also called as capillary
basement membrane) obtained from
Electron micrograph imaging modality as
mentioned in [3] is the foremost
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
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preference. Thickening of the capillary
basement membrane leading to occlusion
of lumen(as shown in Fig 2 has been
reported in humans [34, 35] a way back
but lack of availability of imaging methods
and research on the concerned images have
created an urgent situation to explicate the
problem through easiest process.
Fig.2 Lumen Occlusion in Blood Vessel
(Image Courtesy : Ref [31])
3.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
From visual inspection of Diabetic
retinopathy (DR) images, exudates appear
differently in a yellowish or white colour
with varying sizes, shape and locations.
They are often seen in either individual
streaks or clusters or in large circinate
structures surrounding clusters of micro
aneurysms. At the same time, some of
them are seen in varying sizes, shape and
locations. The fundus photographs were
taken with a non-mydriatic fundus camera
and were then scanned by a flat-bed
scanner. The retinal image of the patient
must be clear enough to show retinal
detail. Low quality images (non-uniform
illumination, low contrast, blur or faint
image) do not perform well even when
enhancement processes were included. The
examination time and effect on the patient
could be reduced if the system can succeed
on non-dilated pupils. Furthermore, many
techniques required intensive computing
power for training and classification [10].
In an earlier study presented in [12-
14], it has been shown that the
enlargement of Foveal avascular zone
(FAZ) is correlated to the progression of
DR stages. Digital image enhancement and
analysis techniques were developed to
enable the effective use of colour fundus
images instead of fluorescein angiograms
which requires injection of contrasting
agents.
In a work carried in [9], a DR
grading system based on colour fundus
imaging of FAZ enlargement has been
evaluated in an observational clinical
study. They have used two methods of
contrast enhancement used in the system,
namely Contrast Limited Adaptive
Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) and
Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
as pre-processing and as a post- processing
used segmentation process which is based
on Otsu’s thresholding [15]. Further
process conveys how the retinal blood
vessel end points at perifoveal capillary
network is detected and selected to
determine the FAZ area. This is achieved
by detecting all nearest points to the centre
of macula. The FAZ area is formed by
connecting the detected points that encircle
the perimeter of macula. In the last step, a
Gaussian Bayes classifier is used to
determine DR severity based on the
measured FAZ area (in pixels) obtained
from digital colour fundus images.
In 2008 Aliaa et al. [17] introduced
Optic disc (OD) detection for developing
computerized screening systems for
diabetic retinopathy. The OD detection
algorithm was based on matching the usual
directional pattern of the retinal blood
vessels. Hence, a simple matched filter is
projected to roughly match the direction of
the vessels at the OD vicinity of retina
image.
In 2010, Xu and Luo [18]
presented a technique that uses adaptive
local thresholding to produce a binary
image, and then extract bulky connected
components as large vessels. The residual
fragments in binary image including some
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 103
slight vessel segments were classified by
support vector machine. In 2010, Faust et
al. [19] presented algorithms for an
automated recognition of diabetic
retinopathy by means of Digital Fundus
images; retina images affected diabetes
and normal are classified using
characteristics such as blood vessel area,
exudates, haemorrhage microaneurysms
and texture extracted from retina image
and supplied to the classifier.
In 2011, Vijayamadheswaran et al.
[20] presented detection of diabetic
retinopathy using radial basis function.
The algorithm uses features obtained from
the retina images captured through fundus
camera. Contextual Clustering (CC)
segmentation technique is used for
classification of retina images. In 2012,
Joshi and Karule [21] discussed Retinal
Blood Vessel Segmentation. The fundus
RGB image was used for obtaining the
traces of blood vessels. The algorithm
generated uses morphological operation to
smoothen the background, retaining veins.
In 2012, Selvathi et al. [22] presented
computerized detection of diabetic
Retinopathy for early diagnosis using
feature extraction and support vector
machines. The features considered are
blood vessels, exudates & microaneurysms
in training set and in test image.
In 2013, Badsha et al. [24]
presented automated method to extract the
retinal blood vessel. The proposed method
comprises several basic image processing
techniques, namely edge growth by
standard template, noise removal,
thresholding, morphological operation and
entity classification. In 2013, Nidhal et al.
[25] introduced blood vessel segmentation
using mathematical morphology in fundus
retinal images. The method uses RGB
retina image and separates Green channel
Freon RGB image which gives good
details. Retinal images are normally noisy
and non-uniform illumination. So contrast
limited adaptive histogram equalization is
used for contrast improvement. The Top-
Hat transform is used for withdrawal of
small details from given image. In 2013,
Kavitha and kumar [26] presented edge
detection for retinal image using
Superimposing concept and Curvelet
transform, which makes the edge
recognition effectively. Back propagation
algorithm is used for blood vessel
detection which helps to find out the real
retinal blood vessels from the image to
generate the better result. In 2013, Rashid
and Shagufta [27] presented automated
method to detect exudates from low
contrast images of retinopathy patient’s
with non-dilated pupil using features based
Fuzzy cmeans clustering method with a
combination of morphology techniques &
pre-processing to improve the strength of
blood vessels and optic disk detection.
In 2014, Jefrins and Sundari [28]
presented Diabetic retinopathy, and also
cardiovascular diseases like ophthalmic
pathologies, hypertension. The work
examined the blood vessels segmentation
of two dimensional retinal images acquired
from a fundus camera.
Exudates are a visible sign of
diabetic retinopathy, which is the major
source of blindness in patients with
diabetes. If the exudates expand into the
macular area it might lead to visible
morbidity. Automated early detection of
the presence of exudates can assist
ophthalmologists to prevent the spread of
the disease more efficiently. Hence, the
detection of exudates is an important
diagnostic task. T.Vandarkuzhali et al.
presented an automated system to detect
different abnormalities due to diabetic
retinopathy in retinal images in [16] and
the work was chiefly about exudates. A
conceptual idea of fuzzy logic and neural
network is applied to distinguish the
abnormalities in the fovea. Normal retinal
images as well as affected images were
6. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
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used in this work. This system is simple
and efficient in extracting whether the
picture is normal or abnormal state.
3.2.1 Publicly available retinal image
databases
A summary of all the publicly available
retinal image databases known to us is
given in this section. Most of the retinal
vessel segmentation methodologies are
evaluated on two databases (DRIVE and
STARE). The DRIVE (Digital Retinal
Images for Vessel Extraction) is a publicly
available database, consisting of a total of
40 color fundus photographs.
DRIVE Database
The photographs were obtained from a
diabetic retinopathy screening program in
the Netherlands. The screening population
consisted of 453 subjects between 31 and
86 years of age. Each image has been
JPEG compressed, which is common
practice in screening programs. Of the 40
images in the database, 7 contain
pathology, namely exudates, hemorrhages
and pigment epithelium changes. The
images were acquired using a Canon CR5
non-mydriatic 3-CCD camera with a 45◦
field of view (FOV).
STARE database
The STARE database contains 20 images
for blood vessel segmentation; ten of these
contain pathology. The digitized slides are
captured by a TopCon TRV-50 fundus
camera at 35◦ field of view. The slides
were digitized to 605 × 700 pixels, 8 bits
per color channel. The approximate
diameter of the FOV is 650 × 500 pixels.
ARIA online
This database was created in 2006, in a
research collaboration between St. Paul’s
Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University
Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK and the
Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical
Sciences, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK . The database consists of
three groups; one has 92 images with age-
related macular degeneration, the second
group has 59 images with diabetes and a
control group consists of 61 images. The
trace of blood vessels, the optic disc and
fovea location is marked by two image
analysis experts as the reference standard.
The images are captured at a resolution of
768 × 576 pixels in RGB color with 8-bits
per color plane with a Zeiss FF450+
fundus camera at a 50◦ FOV and stored as
uncompressed TIFF files.
ImageRet
The ImageRet database was made
publicly available in 2008 and is
subdivided into two sub-databases,
DIARETDB0 and DIARETDB1.
DIARETDB0 contains 130 retinal images
of which 20 are normal and 110 contain
various symptoms of diabetic retinopathy.
DIARETDB1 contains 89 images out of
which 5 images are of a healthy retina
while the other 84 have at least some signs
of mild proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Messidor
The Messidor-project database is the
largest database of 1200 retinal images
currently available on the internet and is
provided courtesy of the Messidor
program partners. The images were
acquired at three different ophthalmology
departments using a non-mydriatic 3CCD
camera (Topcon TRC NW6) at 45◦ FOV
with a resolution of 1440 × 960, 2240 ×
1488 or 2304 × 1536 pixels and are stored
in TIFF format. Out of 1200 Images 800
are captured with pupil dilation.
Review
The Retinal Vessel Image set for
Estimation of Widths (REVIEW) was
made available online in 2008 by the
7. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 1 Issue 6, July – Aug 2015
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Department of Computing and Informatics
at the University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
The dataset contains 16 mydriatic images
with 193 annotated vessel segments
consisting of 5066 profile points manually
marked by three independent experts
ROC microaneurysm set
The ROC microaneurysm dataset is part
of a multi-year online competition of
microaneurysm detection that was
arranged by the University of Iowa in
2009. The database consists of 100 digital
color fundus photographs containing
microaneurysms and is subdivided into a
training set of 50 images and a test set of
50 images.
VICAVR database
The VICAVR database is a set of
retinal images used for the computation of
the A/V ratio. The database currently
includes 58 images. The images have been
acquired with a TopCon nonmydriatic
camera NW-100 model and are optic disc
centered with a resolution of 768 × 584.
3.3 Diabetic Myonecrosis
Diabetic Myonecrosis is a rare
complication of diabetes mellitus. Only
approximately 100 cases have been
published [29]. The prevalence of various
complications increases with the duration
of diabetes; thus, this rare complication
may be encountered in patients with long-
standing diabetes. Typically, it presents as
acute-onset muscle pain, localized in the
lower limb. The clinical features of
diabetic Myonecrosis are nonspecific;
therefore, its diagnosis and treatment are
often delayed.
Imaging has an important role to play in
the non-invasive diagnostic evaluation of
skeletal muscle necrosis. Though plain
radiography, ultrasound, and CT can serve
to locate the site and extent of the lesion,
the imaging features of these modalities
are not specific. Reports of MRI features
of skeletal Myonecrosis exist [30], but an
extensive research using Image processing
methods doesn’t exist in Literature.
Thus lot of scope for researchers
belonging to imaging technologies has
been created to investigate the methods on
MRI images related to Diabetic
Myonecrosis.
4. CONCLUSION
It is observed from the literature
review carried out above; a lot of imaging
methodologies work is implemented on
Diabetic Retinopathy. However it is a
challenge to the researchers to put lot of
efforts to investigate on other related
problems. Thus as a part of this research
work Cardiac and Myonecrosis anomalies
are considered for investigation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to
SunRise University-Alwar, Rajasthan and
Annamacharya Institute of Technology &
Sciences, Rajampet, A.P. for providing
research facilities. And also thankful to
Dr.B.Jayabhaskar Rao, Diabetalogist,
Diabetic Care Center Nandalur, A.P. for
providing the detailed explanation of
Diabetes and its abnormalities.
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[2] Sajad.A.Hayath, Billal Patel “Diabetic
Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms, Diagnosis,
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cardiology Northwick Hospital, UK,
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[3] Omar Asghar, Ahmed AL Sunni Sarah
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