This document discusses prevention of diabetes-related visual impairment and blindness. It notes that diabetes contributes to many eye diseases that can lead to vision loss or blindness, including cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is responsible for about 1% of global vision impairment and blindness. The document provides global and regional statistics on the prevalence of DR and projections for how these numbers will increase in the future given the rising rates of diabetes worldwide. It also discusses the economic burden of DR and strategies for prevention and management of DR through control and surveillance programs integrated into overall non-communicable disease control efforts.
As Diabetes Mellitus combined with other ailments will become a deadly combination, hence there
is an urgent need to break the link between diabetes and its related complications. For this purpose image
processing based analysis can potentially be helpful for earlier detection, education and treatment. Medical
image analysis of Diabetic patients with its related complications such as DR, CVD & Diabetic
Myonecrosis (i.e. on Retinal Images, Coronary angiographs, Electron micrographs, MRI etc) is to be the
aprioristic because of its more prevalence. Thus the main work of this paper is on literature review about
Diabetes and Imaging such as the Prevalence, Classification, Causes and Medical Imaging & Survey of
Image processing methods applied on Diabetic Related Causes.
Keywords — Image, segmentation, retinopathy, Myonecrosis,
Slides on Diabetes in the South Focus on Prevention.2018hivlifeinfo
Learn how to overcome common barriers to diabetes prevention with this downloadable slideset.
Richard E. Pratley, MD
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File Size: 3.16 MB
Released: October 23, 2018
Alcohol and chronic diseases: complex relations. Guillemont J. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).
This 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas once again sets the standard for evidence on the global epidemiology of diabetes. The new estimates build on the groundwork laid by previous editions, and confirm the precipitous rise in diabetes over
the last few years. An astounding 382 million people are estimated to have diabetes, with dramatic increases seen in countries all over the world. The overwhelming burden of the disease continues to be shouldered by low- and middleincome
countries, where four out of five people with diabetes are living. Socially and economically disadvantaged people in every country carry the greatest burden of diabetes and are often the most
affected financially.
As Diabetes Mellitus combined with other ailments will become a deadly combination, hence there
is an urgent need to break the link between diabetes and its related complications. For this purpose image
processing based analysis can potentially be helpful for earlier detection, education and treatment. Medical
image analysis of Diabetic patients with its related complications such as DR, CVD & Diabetic
Myonecrosis (i.e. on Retinal Images, Coronary angiographs, Electron micrographs, MRI etc) is to be the
aprioristic because of its more prevalence. Thus the main work of this paper is on literature review about
Diabetes and Imaging such as the Prevalence, Classification, Causes and Medical Imaging & Survey of
Image processing methods applied on Diabetic Related Causes.
Keywords — Image, segmentation, retinopathy, Myonecrosis,
Slides on Diabetes in the South Focus on Prevention.2018hivlifeinfo
Learn how to overcome common barriers to diabetes prevention with this downloadable slideset.
Richard E. Pratley, MD
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File Size: 3.16 MB
Released: October 23, 2018
Alcohol and chronic diseases: complex relations. Guillemont J. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).
This 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas once again sets the standard for evidence on the global epidemiology of diabetes. The new estimates build on the groundwork laid by previous editions, and confirm the precipitous rise in diabetes over
the last few years. An astounding 382 million people are estimated to have diabetes, with dramatic increases seen in countries all over the world. The overwhelming burden of the disease continues to be shouldered by low- and middleincome
countries, where four out of five people with diabetes are living. Socially and economically disadvantaged people in every country carry the greatest burden of diabetes and are often the most
affected financially.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
What are the cardiovascular disorders?
Public Health importance
Burden of disease
Risk factors of cardiovascular disorders
Causation
Prevention strategies
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs
India - National programme (NPCDCS)
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE is a modern epidemic in india. due to changes in living conditions and habits its prevalence is increasing day by day . in this presentation i have explained the various risk factors and innovations in diagnosis of CAD. IT is very useful for primary health care physicians and community medicine specialist
this book having four doctors if you need you can get
Dr Abdifatah dahir nor ( manager)
Dr osman abas mohamed
Dr ibrahim sacid
Dr abdalla mohamud mohamed
Global Medical Cures™ | Kidney Disease Statistics for USA
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Vol 1,issue 7 Leptin receptor rs1137101 variant is risk factor for obesity an...IJAMHC
Genetic variations at the leptin receptor gene locus have been linked to diseases accompanying obesity and/or
obesity-related diseases in different populations.
However, the results from Previous studies have reported conflicting results. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LEPR gene SNP Gln223Arg (rs1137101) is associated with obesity and type II diabetes in Saudi adult women.
Therefore, SNP rs1137101 in LEPR gene in a total of 425 women (150 obese diabetic, 130 obese non-diabetic, and 145 normal weight) was investigated using PCR and sequencing techniques.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
What are the cardiovascular disorders?
Public Health importance
Burden of disease
Risk factors of cardiovascular disorders
Causation
Prevention strategies
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs
India - National programme (NPCDCS)
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE is a modern epidemic in india. due to changes in living conditions and habits its prevalence is increasing day by day . in this presentation i have explained the various risk factors and innovations in diagnosis of CAD. IT is very useful for primary health care physicians and community medicine specialist
this book having four doctors if you need you can get
Dr Abdifatah dahir nor ( manager)
Dr osman abas mohamed
Dr ibrahim sacid
Dr abdalla mohamud mohamed
Global Medical Cures™ | Kidney Disease Statistics for USA
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Vol 1,issue 7 Leptin receptor rs1137101 variant is risk factor for obesity an...IJAMHC
Genetic variations at the leptin receptor gene locus have been linked to diseases accompanying obesity and/or
obesity-related diseases in different populations.
However, the results from Previous studies have reported conflicting results. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LEPR gene SNP Gln223Arg (rs1137101) is associated with obesity and type II diabetes in Saudi adult women.
Therefore, SNP rs1137101 in LEPR gene in a total of 425 women (150 obese diabetic, 130 obese non-diabetic, and 145 normal weight) was investigated using PCR and sequencing techniques.
Acquired hemophilia is a rare disorder and if missed can cost lives. This presentation has been prepared keeping in view the non hematologist health care workers to broaden their index of suspicion and increase their awareness. The target people are medical residents those who work in ER and ICUs.
Diabetes has already reached global epidemic proportions. Pills aren't the long-term solution and diet alone doesn't work. The missing piece is exercise. But what if you hurt when you walk? Read this presentation to find the answer.
Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and to find the associated risk factors of DR among known Type II DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional and single center study was conducted among Type II DM patients with and without DR in the department of Endocrinology with a sample size of 150 with DM patients in 2018. Data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, proportions, Chi-Square, t-test test and Binary Logistic Regression analysis.
Results: Diabetic patients 150 were identified as Type II DM as per inclusion criteria with aged 30 years and above. Among 150 Diabetic patients, 39 (26%) patients had Diabetic Retinopathy and 111 (74%) patients were not having Diabetic Retinopathy. The association between groups (with and no DR) and duration of DM were very highly significant with p-value < 0.01. DR prevalence was higher in female when compared with male population.
Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the prevalence of DR was very high. DR was strongly associated with HbA1C, FBS, duration of DM, medication, duration of hypertension and smoking. Hence, there is a need for regular screening check-up with ophthalmologist to prevent diabetic retinopathy or to prolong or to escape from the vision loss.
Keywords: type II diabetic mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors
65 million (17%) of 387 million persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) globally reside in India.The prevalence of DR in urban areas is between 13–18% and in rural areas is 9–10%.In India, in 1970–1975 DR was the 20th cause of blindness, and today, it is the 6th cause of blindness.
Review on the effect of regular physical exercise on the diabetic peripheral ...Dr. Anees Alyafei
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Regular physical exercise has an effective influence on the control and improvement of peripheral neuropathy.
Class presentation at Pokhara University, MPH program
Point wise data on situation of cardiovascular disease focused on ischemic heart disease in Nepal.
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A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
Prevention of Diabetes visual impairment and blindness
1. PREVENTION OF DIABETES
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND
BLINDNESS
Dr. Abdulaziz AlRajhi
- Secretary General, National Prevention of Blindness
Committee (NPBC)
- Managing Director, Prevention of Blindness Union (PBU)
3. I do not object to people looking at their watches
when I’m speaking….
But I strongly object when they start shaking
them to make certain they are still going
Lord Birkett
4. Facts and Figures
• There are 346 million people worldwide with
diabetes mellitus
• More than 80% of diabetes deaths are in low
and middle-income countries.
• The overall risk of dying among people with
diabetes is at least double the risk of their
peers without diabetes
• WHO projects that diabetes deaths will double
between 2005 and 2030.
WHO Fact sheet N 312 August 2011
5. Complications
• Cardiovascular
– 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular
disease (primarily heart disease and stroke).
– Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy in
the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and
eventual limb amputation.
• Nephropathy
– 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney
failure.
• Neuropathy
– Diabetic neuropathy affects up to 50% of diabetics.
WHO Fact sheet N 312 August 2011
6. Ocular Complications
Diabetes contributes to many eye diseases that may lead to
Visual Impairment or blindness. These include:
• Cataract
– Opacification of crystalline lens
causing VI and blindness. Diabetics
have higher risks of cataract.
– Cataract is the major causes of
blindness globally responsible for
more than half of all blindness (51%).
– However there are no studies that
outline the contribution of diabetes to
the global burden of cataract
Pascolini D, Mariotti SPM. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. British Journal Ophthalmology
Online First published December 1, 2011 as 10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2011-300539.
7. Ocular Complications
• Glaucoma
– Higher risks of
Open Angle
Glaucoma,
Neovascular
Glaucoma – a rare
form of Glaucoma
– Glaucoma is
responsible for
about 8% of world
blindness.
Pascolini D, Mariotti SPM. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. British Journal Ophthalmology
Online First published December 1, 2011 as 10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2011-300539.
8. Ocular Complications
• Extra Ocular muscle nerve palsies
• Optic neuropathy
• Transient Refractive errors
Pascolini D, Mariotti SPM. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. British Journal Ophthalmology
Online First published December 1, 2011 as 10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2011-300539.
9. Ocular Complications
Diabetic Retinopathy
(DR)
• This is the easily
identifiable and
quantifiable effect of
diabetes in the eye.
• It is responsible for about 1% of global VI and
blindness.
• In some regions of the world, like the EMR, it
constitutes over 3% of blindness.
10. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
• It occurs in about 77% of persons having Type 2
Diabetes for 10 years and almost all persons Type 1
disease.
“WHO Fact sheet N 312 August 2011”
• After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people
become blind and about 10% develop severe VI.
Pascolini D, Mariotti SPM. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. British Journal Ophthalmology Online
First published December 1, 2011 as 10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2011-300539
• Associated risk factors to DR include long duration of
diabetes, poor control, high blood pressure, high
serum cholesterol, nephropathy etc
“A. Abu El-Asrar, K. Al-Rubeaan, S. Al-Amro, D. Kangave, O. Moharram. Risk factors for
diabetic retinopathy among Saudi diabetics. International Ophthalmology 22: 155–161, 1999”
11.
12. Global picture of DR
• A systematic review of 35 studies (1980-2008) provided data
from 22,896 individuals with diabetes.
• The overall prevalence of DR was 34.6%
– For proliferative DR it was 6.96%
– For diabetic macular edema 6.81%
– For Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy (VTDR) it was 10.2%.
• There are approximately:
– 93 million people with DR,
– 17 million with proliferative DR,
– 21 million with diabetic macular edema
– 28 million with VTDR worldwide.
• With increasing incidence of Diabetes globally due to
increasing longevity and changing life style and diets it is
expected that these figures will increase.
Yau JW, Rogers SL. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic
retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):556-64. Epub 2012 Feb 1
13. Projection for the year 2050
Projection made by the Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention in Atlanta
America World
40 years 40 years
2005 2050 2005 2050
DR 5.5 M 16.0 M 93 M 280 M
VTDR 1.2 M 3.4 M 28 M 196 M
14.
15. Data from EMR
• Total number of people with Diabetes has been
estimated to be 44.43 million
• The Prevalence of DR has been estimated to be
24.6%, (ranges from 10%-64.1%) .
• Thus about 10.9 million people have been
estimated to have DR in the EMR
Khandekar R. Screening and public health strategies for diabetic retinopathy in the Eastern
Mediterranean region. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012 Apr-Jun;19(2):178-84
16. Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence Rate (Estimates 2010)
70
60
50
40
30
24.6
20
10
0
- Khandekar R.. Screening and public health strategies for DR in EMR. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012 Apr-
Jun;19(2):178-84
- Al Alawi E, Ahmed AA. Screening for diabetic retinopathy: the first telemedicine approach in a primary care setting in
Bahrain. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul;19(3):295-8
17. Country level data of DR
Saudi Arabia (≥ 50yrs) Bahrain
Oman
Iran (Diabetics
(All
Taif* Jazan Ahsa (≥ 25yrs) 24 -84
Diabetics)
yrs)
Diabetes 29.7% 22.5% 43.0%
DR 36.7% 10.1% 32.1% 37.0% 14.4% 20.0%
VTDR 17.0% 5.9% 5.7% 5.8%
* 10% of blindness and 15% of Severe visual impairment was
due to DR
18. In Saudi Arabia:
86,414 Saudi subjects from the Saudi National Diabetes Registry, had
ocular examination and were assessed for visual impairment:
6,437 had Type 1 diabetes (7.4%)
2011 annual report
19. In Saudi Arabia:
86,414 Saudi subjects from the Saudi National Diabetes Registry, had
ocular examination and were assessed for visual impairment:
79,977 had Type 2 diabetes (92.6%)
2011 annual report
20. Data from Africa
Review of 62 studies conducted 1990-2011 from 21 countries in
Africa. These studies are 3 population-based surveys; 2 cohort
studies; 5 case-control studies; 32 diabetes clinic-based, 9 eye
clinic-based and 11 other hospital-based surveys.
Prevalence
Population-based Diabetes clinic-based
studies surveys
DR 30.2 to 31.6% 7.0 to 62.4%
PDR 0.9 to 1.3% 0 to 6.9%
Maculopathy 1.2 to 4.5% 1.2 to 31.1%
22. Economic burden of DR
• In Germany the total cost of DR from a societal
perspective was calculated at €3.51 billion for
the year 2002.
Happich M, Reitberger U et al . The economic burden of diabetic retinopathy in Germany in 2002.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 Jan;246(1):151-9. Epub 2007 Apr 4.
• Out of estimated US$ 35.4 Billion economic
burden of vision loss in US, US$ 16.2 billion is
due to direct medical costs of which US$ 0.49
billion is due to Diabetic retinopathy
Rein DB, Zhang P, Wirth KE, et al. The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United
States. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(12):1754–1760.
23. Economic burden of DR
• The real financial cost of vision loss in Canada
is estimated to be $15.8 billion for 2007 –
1.19% of Canada’s GDP.
DR is responsible for 4% of vision loss in
Canada.
The Cost of Vision Loss in Canada: Summary Report www.cnib.ca
24. Direct cost of diabetes care in Saudi Arabia has been
estimated by organs affected
2011 annual report
14,000,000,000
Direct Cost in Saudi Riyals
12,040,660,918
12,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Cost in Saudi Riyals
7,698,752,450
8,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
2,000,000,000 1,302,906,537 1,362,148,435
1,608,491,048
705,186,383
481,574,500
93,750,000 150,000,000
0
Cataract Impotence Dialysis + Dental Care Foot Ulcer Blindness Drugs + Hospital Care Total Cost
Surgery Transplant Supplies
Kidney
25. Cost of Visual Cost of Visual Impairment in Saudi
Handicap Among Saudi Riyals
Diabetic Subjects 12,000,000,000 10,875,657,085
10,000,000,000
For Visual Impairment
8,388,937,783
8,000,000,000
SAR 10,875,657,085 6,000,000,000
(US$ 2.9 billion)
4,000,000,000
2,486,719,302
2,000,000,000
For Blindness 0
Type 1 Type 2 Total (Type 1 &2)
SAR 1,362,148,435
(US$ 363 million) Cost of Blindness in Saudi Riyals
1,600,000,000
With this high economic
1,362,148,435
1,400,000,000 1,289,009,632
1,200,000,000
burden due to preventable 1,000,000,000
or treatable causes eye 800,000,000
600,000,000
health cannot be excluded 400,000,000
form NCD control 200,000,000
0
73,138,803
Type 1 Type 2 Total (Type 1
&2)
The Saudi National Diabetes
Registry
2011 annual report
27. DR control & Eye health within NCD control
All the stated principles for DR
care and eye health can follow
the basic trio strategies for NCD
control:
• Prevention
• Surveillance
• Care
• Application of these may vary
among countries depending
on resources, but the basic
principles are:
28. Prevention
– Use of measures to prevent occurrence of DM as
contained in the strategies for NCD control
– Control of modifiable risk factors for NCDs: tobacco
use, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and
unhealthy diet through awareness
Awareness messages
– To increase awareness on measures to reduce risk factors
like: healthy life style and diets, losing weight, physical
activity etc.
– Relating to eye disease in diabetes. These should be part of
the basic package for NCD control at Primary health level
29. Surveillance
• Measures to identify persons at risk of Diabetes, all
Diabetics and complications
– Integration of NCD data in the national health
information system including: exposures,
outcomes and health systems assessments of
NCDs
– Where appropriate consider inclusion of eye
assessment in NCD surveys
– Inclusion of diabetic eye morbidity as part of
monitoring outcomes surveillance data
– Inclusion of components of DR resources in
health system assessment including DR action
plan and programs.
30. Health care
– Adequate Diabetes control
– Early Identification of persons at risk of
eye diseases and provision of care.
– Annual eye examination, through the
routine clinic based diabetic care,
through remote telemedicine, or mobile
screening services. This may reduce
vision loss by 60-70% among diabetics.
– Routine NCD screening and care
services to include basic eye and DR
assessment
31. • Referral
– Adequate referral pathways within existing health
structure for care of DR cases with universal access
– There are evidence based approaches to different stages
of DR and other eye complications like Cataract and
Glaucoma
– This should be part of the articulated all encompassing
diabetic care
• Organization of eye services within an integrated
health service
– Incorporation within primary health care package eye
screening for at risks like diabetics, elderly.
– Incorporation of eye care within an integrated
comprehensive NCD services in the health structure
Diabetes affects the eye in different ways causing many eye diseases many of which causes visual impairment or blindness. This includes:
In America, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta had made the following projections:The number of Americans 40 years or older with DR and VTDR will triple in 2050, from 5.5 million in 2005 to 16.0 million for DR and from 1.2 million in 2005 to 3.4 million for VTDR.Saaddine JB, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM, Zhang X, Klein R, Boyle JP. Projection of diabetic retinopathy and other major eye diseases among people with diabetes mellitus: United States, 2005-2050. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Dec;126(12):1740-7.Applying this American projection to the World figures suggests that by the year 2050- The number of people with DR will be about 280 million from current estimate of about 93 millionWhile number with Vision threatening DR will rise to 196 million from current estimate of about 28 million.
In a study among persons 50 years and older in Taif, Saudi Arabia, the reported Diabetes prevalence was 29.7%, DR 36.7% and VTDR 17%10% of blindness and 15% of Severe visual impairment was due to DRAl Ghamdi AH, Rabiu M, Hajar S, Yorston D, Kuper H, Polack S.Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]Similar studies in Jazan of Saudi Arabia reported Diabetes , DR and VTDR prevalence's of 22.5%, 10.1% and 5.9% respectivelyWhile in Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia Diabetes, DR and VTDR prevalences were 43%, 32.1% and 5.7%RAAB DR reports. National Prevention of Blindness Committee Saudi Arabia 2012
Prevalence of Retinal Complications
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living;[2][3] GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income
Years of potential life lost (YPLL) or potential years of life lost (PYLL), is an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely.[1] It is, therefore, a measure of premature mortality. As a method, it is an alternative to death rates that gives more weight to deaths that occur among younger people. Another alternative is to consider the effects of both disability and premature death using disability adjusted life years.