This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
Class-20 These slides explain about the basic approach and requirements of re synchronization of micro-grid to utility grid. Other names very often used in place of re-synchronization are re-connection or transition. Later , I will explain about the implementation of one approach through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
Class-20 These slides explain about the basic approach and requirements of re synchronization of micro-grid to utility grid. Other names very often used in place of re-synchronization are re-connection or transition. Later , I will explain about the implementation of one approach through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuations in Power System Using STATCOMIJERA Editor
Wind energy being a renewable source of energy is enjoying a rapid growth globally. However, wind energy being an uncontrollable source of energy coupled with the fact that it uses distributed induction generators for power conversion poses a challenge in integrating a large scale wind-farm into a weak power system. An actual weak power system with two large Wind-Farms (WFs) coupled to it is introduced as part of this study. A model of this integrated system along with a STATCOM for steady state and dynamic impact study is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The power quality issues are highlighted and a centralized STATCOM is proposed to solve the issue of the voltage fluctuations in particular in addition to addressing the other issues. Based on the results obtained from the simulation, the system voltage control issues are analyzed and the location of STATCOM is assessed. Finally, a STATCOM control strategy for suppression of voltage fluctuations is presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
A Voltage Controlled Dstatcom for Power Quality Improvementiosrjce
Due to increasing complexity in the power system, voltage sag is becoming one of the most significant
power quality problems. Voltage sag is a short reduction voltage from nominal voltage, occurs in a short time.
If the voltage sags exceed two to three cycles, then manufacturing systems making use of sensitive electronic
equipments are likely to be affected leading to major problems. It ultimately leads to wastage of resources (both
material and human) as well as financial losses. This is possible only by ensuring that uninterrupted flow of
power is maintained at proper voltage levels. This project tends look at the solving the sag problems by using
custom power devices such as Distribution Static compensator (D-STATCOM).Proposed scheme follows a new
algorithm to generate reference voltage for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in
voltage-control mode. The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor (UPF) is achieved at the load
terminal during nominal operation, which is not possible in the traditional method. Also, the compensator
injects lower currents therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source inverter. Further, a saving in
the rating of DSTATCOM is achieved which increases its capacity to mitigate voltage sag. Nearly UPF is
maintained, while regulating voltage at the load terminal, during load change. The state-space model of
DSTATCOM is incorporated with the deadbeat predictive controller for fast load voltage regulation during
voltage disturbances. With these features, this scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality issues by
providing power factor correction, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based on the
load requirement.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
Enhancement of Reactive Power Compensation in PV Grid System To Increase The ...IJSRD
This project existing models force limits on the allowable feeder voltage variety in a disseminate environment. These stipulations must be regarded by the disseminated power generators (suppliers), which put a top on the entrance level. This project proposes a novel plan, where an assistant circuit (including an inverter and responsive force bank, RPB), in conjunction with a PV-lattice framework, builds the framework’s receptive force pay limit up to 300% contrasted with the first or devoted VAR limit of the primary PV inverter. In resentment of utilizing just the routine discrete type of capaci-tor/inductor bank, the whole VAR reach can be controlled.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...csandit
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution and its implementation in
isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited and it is common using the same
applications as in continental power systems. This means that lot of functionalities do not apply
and computational burden generates high response times. A fuzzy controller, with logic
guidelines embedded based upon heuristic rules resulting from operators at dispatch control
center past experience, has been designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under
real conditions and it has managed the operation during a whole day in a distribution
substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the system, the controller maintained
successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98 and it has ostensibly
improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuations in Power System Using STATCOMIJERA Editor
Wind energy being a renewable source of energy is enjoying a rapid growth globally. However, wind energy being an uncontrollable source of energy coupled with the fact that it uses distributed induction generators for power conversion poses a challenge in integrating a large scale wind-farm into a weak power system. An actual weak power system with two large Wind-Farms (WFs) coupled to it is introduced as part of this study. A model of this integrated system along with a STATCOM for steady state and dynamic impact study is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The power quality issues are highlighted and a centralized STATCOM is proposed to solve the issue of the voltage fluctuations in particular in addition to addressing the other issues. Based on the results obtained from the simulation, the system voltage control issues are analyzed and the location of STATCOM is assessed. Finally, a STATCOM control strategy for suppression of voltage fluctuations is presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
A Voltage Controlled Dstatcom for Power Quality Improvementiosrjce
Due to increasing complexity in the power system, voltage sag is becoming one of the most significant
power quality problems. Voltage sag is a short reduction voltage from nominal voltage, occurs in a short time.
If the voltage sags exceed two to three cycles, then manufacturing systems making use of sensitive electronic
equipments are likely to be affected leading to major problems. It ultimately leads to wastage of resources (both
material and human) as well as financial losses. This is possible only by ensuring that uninterrupted flow of
power is maintained at proper voltage levels. This project tends look at the solving the sag problems by using
custom power devices such as Distribution Static compensator (D-STATCOM).Proposed scheme follows a new
algorithm to generate reference voltage for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in
voltage-control mode. The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor (UPF) is achieved at the load
terminal during nominal operation, which is not possible in the traditional method. Also, the compensator
injects lower currents therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source inverter. Further, a saving in
the rating of DSTATCOM is achieved which increases its capacity to mitigate voltage sag. Nearly UPF is
maintained, while regulating voltage at the load terminal, during load change. The state-space model of
DSTATCOM is incorporated with the deadbeat predictive controller for fast load voltage regulation during
voltage disturbances. With these features, this scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality issues by
providing power factor correction, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based on the
load requirement.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
Enhancement of Reactive Power Compensation in PV Grid System To Increase The ...IJSRD
This project existing models force limits on the allowable feeder voltage variety in a disseminate environment. These stipulations must be regarded by the disseminated power generators (suppliers), which put a top on the entrance level. This project proposes a novel plan, where an assistant circuit (including an inverter and responsive force bank, RPB), in conjunction with a PV-lattice framework, builds the framework’s receptive force pay limit up to 300% contrasted with the first or devoted VAR limit of the primary PV inverter. In resentment of utilizing just the routine discrete type of capaci-tor/inductor bank, the whole VAR reach can be controlled.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...csandit
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution and its implementation in
isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited and it is common using the same
applications as in continental power systems. This means that lot of functionalities do not apply
and computational burden generates high response times. A fuzzy controller, with logic
guidelines embedded based upon heuristic rules resulting from operators at dispatch control
center past experience, has been designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under
real conditions and it has managed the operation during a whole day in a distribution
substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the system, the controller maintained
successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98 and it has ostensibly
improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR VOLT/VAR CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS IN IS...cscpconf
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for voltage/reactive power control in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution and its implementation in
isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited and it is common using the same
applications as in continental power systems. This means that lot of functionalities do not apply
and computational burden generates high response times. A fuzzy controller, with logic
guidelines embedded based upon heuristic rules resulting from operators at dispatch control
center past experience, has been designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under
real conditions and it has managed the operation during a whole day in a distribution
substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the system, the controller maintained
successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98 and it has ostensibly
improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for integrated volt/var control (VVC) in distribution
substations. The purpose is go forward to automation distribution applying conservation voltage reduction
(CVR) in isolated power systems where control capabilities are limited. A fuzzy controller has been
designed. Working as an on-line tool, it has been tested under real conditions and it has managed the
operation during a whole day in a distribution substation. Within the limits of control capabilities of the
system, the controller maintained successfully an acceptable voltage profile, power factor values over 0,98
and it has ostensibly improved the performance given by an optimal power flow based automation system.
CVR savings during the test are evaluated and the aim to integrate it in the VVC is presented.
This paper suggests the theory of distance protection criteria in power distribution systems for power plant generation. Multi-developed countries have energy power plants that placed in remote areas which are far from the grid line. Hence, they should be coupled to the low power transportation systems necessarily. While higher-rating relays are adopted to preserve feeders at power substations, fuses are merely obtainable outside on feeder channel. The safe system process, space protection is dispatched to save feeders. In this review, feeders with distance relays are equipped, together with over-current protection relays and fuses. Energy power plant having distance protection system is designed the implemented system was a 6-MW unit of compressed power energy reproduction. The sample feeder was shortened to be equal four-bus experiment feeder for transmitting resolution. The fault currents have chances adopted to form protecting regions of distance relays. Protection of the power line through the designed power plants for distance relaying can decrease problem in relay location because of the impedance-based location of the distance relay.
Non-uniform Rooftop PVs Distribution Effect to Improve Voltage Profile in Res...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the simple design of a grid-tied single-phase with distributed rooftop
photovoltaic (PV) non-uniformly location and ratings. All the inclusion components in the developed
scheme are estimated and defined as the inevitability of low voltage (LV) residential network. This
developed scheme is purposed for allocating AC and DC load, which are divided into four steps: the sized
determination of PV inverter (1-5kW), the selection of PV array, the size determination of battery and the
selection of other supporting components. The purposed configuration consists of modeling the system
with non-uniform distributions of rooftop PVs, modeling the rooftop PVs based on their injected active and
reactive power, and finally the inclusion of battery storage, based on its state of charge (SOC). Due to test
the configuration, several cases are built in the MATLAB platform. Simulation results have been generated
and analyzed for an unbalanced three-phase residential feeder which is populated with rooftop PVs and
battery storage (BS). The simulation results show that the unbalanced reduction due to the coordinate of
PVs and BS that provided educated energy storage when the unequal loadings are there, have significant
effect toward the anxiety of the distribution network are successfully done.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Sensitivity based optimal location of tcsc for improvement of power system se...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH SVC USING PSOKashif Mehmood
Smart grid novel growth in the arena of power, this is a new scheme and apparatus for producing and distributing
electricity. Smart grids are very important part of the electrical circuit. Distribution Management System (DMS) used by the utilities for the
state Estimation (SE). Basic application distribution control system, evaluation (SE) and the control reactive power). There SE principally
used to monitor and to control the entire distributed network. In the distribution network has a problem voltage profile. It is controlled by
distributed generators (DG), which are located in diverse positions in the system to maintain the voltage within certain limits. Validation
through the implementation on the IEEE 14-bus radial transmission system indicated that PSO is reasonable to achieve the
task. MATLAB software is used for results simulation
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Impr...ijtsrd
With the increased rate of urbanization and industrialization, the Nigerian electric power system is being put under pressure, high power losses which has led to fluctuation in voltage level. In this work the Nigeria 330Kv network of 42 bus system was considered. Data for the analysis were obtained from Transmission Company of Nigeria National Control Centre, Osogbo TCN and MATLAB PSAT software with newton Raphson's solution method embedded in it was used to carry out the analysis. The results of the analysis showed that many of the bus voltages were outside the voltage limits of ±5 i.e 0.95pu 1.05pu . After compensation with Flexible AC Transmission System devices FACTs namely Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC which can be used to control power flow on a transmission line, the voltage profile almost flat with bus voltages within acceptable voltage limits. It is also evident that the UPFC is device that can used to combat the voltage problem in the Nigerian electric power system. Adikaibe James | Prof. Engr. F. O. Enemuoh | Aghara Jachimma "Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Improvement of Voltage Profile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27838.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27838/application-of-unified-power-flow-controller-in-nigeria-power-system-for-improvement-of-voltage-profile/adikaibe-james
These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.This value will continue to grow if no proper solution is found. Internet of Things (IoT) technology developments allows humans to control a variety of high-tech equipment in our daily lives. One of these is the ease of checking health using gadgets, either a phone, tablet or laptop. we mainly focused on the safety measures for both driver and vehicle by using three types of sensors: Heartbeat sensor, Traffic light sensor and Level sensor. Heartbeat sensor is used to monitor heartbeat rate of the driver constantly and prevents from the accidents by controlling through IOT.
ABSTRACT The success of the cloud computing paradigm is due to its on-demand, self-service, and pay-by-use nature. Public key encryption with keyword search applies only to the certain circumstances that keyword cipher text can only be retrieved by a specific user and only supports single-keyword matching. In the existing searchable encryption schemes, either the communication mode is one-to-one, or only single-keyword search is supported. This paper proposes a searchable encryption that is based on attributes and supports multi-keyword search. Searchable encryption is a primitive, which not only protects data privacy of data owners but also enables data users to search over the encrypted data. Most existing searchable encryption schemes are in the single-user setting. There are only few schemes in the multiple data users setting, i.e., encrypted data sharing. Among these schemes, most of the early techniques depend on a trusted third party with interactive search protocols or need cumbersome key management. To remedy the defects, the most recent approaches borrow ideas from attribute-based encryption to enable attribute-based keyword search (ABKS
Cloud computing is the one of the emerging techniques to process the big data. Large collection of set or large
volume of data is known as big data. Processing of big data (MRI images and DICOM images) normally takes
more time compare with other data. The main tasks such as handling big data can be solved by using the concepts
of hadoop. Enhancing the hadoop concept it will help the user to process the large set of images or data. The
Advanced Hadoop Distributed File System (AHDF) and MapReduce are the two default main functions which
are used to enhance hadoop. HDF method is a hadoop file storing system, which is used for storing and retrieving
the data. MapReduce is the combinations of two functions namely maps and reduce. Map is the process of
splitting the inputs and reduce is the process of integrating the output of map’s input. Recently, in medical fields
the experienced problems like machine failure and fault tolerance while processing the result for the scanned
data. A unique optimized time scheduling algorithm, called Advanced Dynamic Handover Reduce Function
(ADHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function. Enhancement of hadoop and cloud introduction of
ADHRF helps to overcome the processing risks, to get optimized result with less waiting time and reduction in
error percentage of the output image
Text mining has turned out to be one of the in vogue handle that has been joined in a few research
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information designs in a most brief day and age. Long range interpersonal communication locales
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turns into a typical practice to not compose a sentence with remedy punctuation and spelling. This
training may prompt various types of ambiguities like lexical, syntactic, and semantic and because of
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an examination with the point of searching for various text mining techniques to get different
textual requests via web-based networking media sites. This review expects to depict how
contemplates in online networking have utilized text investigation and text mining methods to
identify the key topics in the data. This study concentrated on examining the text mining
contemplates identified with Facebook and Twitter; the two prevailing web-based social networking
on the planet. Aftereffects of this overview can fill in as the baselines for future text mining research.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has potential to spread within the peritoneal cavity, and this transcoelomic
dissemination is termed “peritoneal metastases” (PM).The aim of this article was to summarise the current
evidence regarding CRC patients at high risk of PM. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK. Prompt investigation of suspicious symptoms is important, but there is increasing evidence that
screening for the disease can produce significant reductions in mortality.High quality surgery is of paramount
importance in achieving good outcomes, particularly in rectal cancer, but adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy
have important parts to play. The treatment of advanced disease is still essentially palliative, although surgery for
limited hepatic metastases may be curative in a small proportion of patients.
Heat transfer in pipes is a distinctive kind of procedure employed in heat exchanger which transfers great
deal of heat because of the impact of capillary action and phase change heat transfer principle. Late improvement
in the heat pipe incorporates high thermal conductivity liquids like Nano liquids, fixed inside to extricate the most
extreme heat. This paper audits, impact of different factors, for example, thermal pipe tilt edge, charged measure
of working liquid, nano particles sort, size, and mass/volume part and its impact on the change of thermal
proficiency, thermal exchange limit and decrease in thermal protection. The Nano liquid arrangement and the
examination of its thermal attributes likewise have been investigated. The retained sun oriented vitality is
exchanged to the working liquid streaming in the pipe. The execution of the framework is affected by thermal
exchange from tube to working liquid, with least convective misfortunes, which must be considered as one of the
essential plan factor. In tube and channel streams, to improve the rate of heat exchange to the working liquid,
detached enlargement methods, for example, contorted tapes and swirl generators are employed from the fluid
flow path. The variation of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in the pipe flow for water and water based
Al2O3 Nano fluids at different volume concentrations and twisted tapes are studied.
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
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The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
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explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
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This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
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lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
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of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
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they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
Today internet security is a serious problem. For every consumer and business that is on the Internet,
viruses, worms and crackers are a few security threats. There are the obvious tools that aid information security
professionals against these problems such as anti-virus software, firewalls and intrusion detection systems, but
these systems can only react to or prevent attacks-they cannot give us information about the attacker, the tools
used or even the methods employed. Given all of these security questions honeypots are a novel approach to
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is low and high interactions.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
IJET-V3I2P19
1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 112
Coordination of Energy Storage Units and Distribution Network
Loading Management by Distributed Control strategy
C.Prakash1
, DR. Rathanakumar2
1
PG Scholor, 2
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SCSVMV University,
Enathur, Kanchipuram- 631561
I.Introduction
As a sustainable solution for future
energy crisis, it is anticipated that future
distribution networks will see a wide-
spread use of renewable energy sources
such as PV, wind turbine and fuel cell.
Distribution networks with renewable
energy sources can encounter two main
challenges. A typical load curve for NSW
shows that during the peak load period,
generation is normally low or zero, which
may cause voltage drop along the
network. On the other hand, in peak
generation period, when generated power
exceeds the load, surplus power is
injected to the grid. This will cause
reverse power and hence may result in
voltage rise along the network.
Additionally, in both peak generation and
peak load periods, thermal constraints for
line and power transformer can be
violated.
The unbalance between the
generated power and load, during both the
high load and high generation periods,
causes the noted issues. As a result, the
introduction of energy storage unit (ESU)
as a buffer can be a promising solution
which can store surplus power during the
peak generation periods and use it in peak
load periods. The main challenge in the
utilization of multiple ESUs is the
coordination control strategy. There are
three types of coordination strategies that
can be taken. The strategy can be
provided through centralized manner in
which a central controller coordinates
ESUs. The drawback of this approach is
that it would require extensive data base
with high speed and fast calculating
computers, along with broadband
networks. This can be too expensive for
the current state of art .This can also be
less reliable due to communication failure
and computer freezing. The second
approach is the localized control strategy,
based on local measurements only. This
control strategy is robust in the sense that
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
This project proposes a distributed control approach to coordinate multiple energy storage units
(ESUs) to avoid violation of voltage and network load constraints ESU as a buffer can be a promising
solution which can store surplus power during the peak generation periods and use it in peak load
periods.In ESU converters both active and reactive power are used to deal with the power quality
issues in distribution network ESU’s reactive power is proposed to be used for voltage support, while
the active power is to be utilized in managing network loading.
.
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 113
only local measurements are utilized.It
cannot effectively utilize all available
resources in the network due to the lack
of broader information. A distributed
control strategy, the third approach, can
be as efficient as a centralized approach
while avoiding its drawbacks. The
robustness of this approach still depends
on the communication links.
The approach which can
coordinate multiple ESUs to manage and
control voltage and loading in distribution
networks. As potential needs quick and
robust control, a combined localized and
distributed control approach is proposed
to regulate the ESUs reactive power to
deal with voltage issues. It based on
consensus algorithm is proposed to
manage network loading, which divides
the required active power equally among
ESUs with respect to their maximum
available active power.
II.Robust Resource Control
LV networks typically are
designed to allow a maximum of 5–10%
(depending on national standards) voltage
drop from LV transformer secondary to
the last customer. Consider the single-
phase radial LV network with PV
connection for each customer.
Transformer tap setting is designed in
such a way that the voltage level in
critical node is within the standard limits
in normal operation condition. However,
as more and more PVs get connected to
the LV networks, significant reverse
power flow ensues, especially as the PV
penetration level increases. To pass up
this problem, this paper proposes a new
robust and efficient approach for
customers to coordinate their resources to
avoid any upper permissible voltage limit
violation.
A.single-phase radial LV network
Inverter injects the surplus active power
in the DC link to the AC grid. In the
proposed RE system structure, there are
three main resources which can be used
by customer to deal with voltage rise.
These possessions include PV inverter
active (Pinv.i) and reactive (Qinv.i)
power and ESU active power (PESUi).
The proposed coordination approach uses
these three resources to manage voltage
rise. As shown, the first and second
resources are coordinated by a localized
control strategy to have a robust voltage
reduction. To make the voltage reduction
more efficient, the charging of distributed
ESUs along the network will be
coordinated using a distributed control
strategy based on a consensus algorithm.
RE system for customer with ESU
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 114
B.Localised Control Strategy
In contained control strategy
will be used to coordinate the contribution
of PV inverters for voltage support using
their active and reactive power. Different
localized techniques are proposed for
voltage support based on reactive power
control. It is to be noted if a PV inverter
VA rating is increased by just 11.8%, it
will have the ability to supply 50%
reactive power while supplying full rated
power. Consequently, customers can use
this capability for voltage reduction. The
category which use inverter reactive
power for voltage decrease can be
summarized as follows:
Fixed reactive power control: In this
strategy, the inverter bus voltage is
monitored. If the bus voltage goes above
a predetermined limit, PV inverter starts
to absorb a constant reactive power.
Reactive power control as a function of
inverter bus potential: This strategy is
based on fixing the inverter bus voltage to
a desired value by absorbing or injecting
reactive power
C.Distributed control srategy
Consensus algorithm is
projected for distributed control method
and to coordinate ESUs within the LV
network for efficient voltage reduction
while avoiding curtailment. Since single-
phase PVs in a particular phase can cause
voltage rise in that phase, the algorithm is
applied in per phase basis. Consider a
phase that has n distributed ESUs.
Communication structure
D.Control Objective:
Radial LV network, the last
node is the critical node. If the customers
in this node do not experience any voltage
limit violation, all other customers on the
same phase will not face voltage problem.
The coordinated control strategy is
illustrated in fig, based on the voltage of
this node. The chronological course of
events is described as follows
Between t=t2 and t=t2, the critical node
voltage is within desirable voltage range.
Consequently, the network is in normal
operation condition. In this instant, all PV
inverters are injecting maximum available
active power and their reactive power is
based on characteristics. Moreover, ESUs
are controlled by customers EMS.
At t=t2, the upper critical voltage limit is
violated in the critical node. Therefore,
PV inverters, whose bus voltages pass
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 115
this, start to curtail their active power
base. In summing, the leader initiates the
communication among ESUs to find their
contribution for voltage reduction.
Based on the communication speed, at
t3+∆t, the ESUs reduce the voltage of
critical node below the upper critical
limit, which results in preventing RE
curtailment.
At t=t4, voltage of the critical node falls
back in the desirable range which means
the voltage of all nodes is in desirable
range. As a result, VC flag becomes 0 and
ESU control strategy is changed back to
function based on customer’s EMS
commend
F.Distributed Control Scheme
The distributed control strategy for each
ESU can be written in a general form as:
))().(),...,(),(0).(0( tntcintcittcifiui εε=
wherecij(t) denotes the communication
link betweenith andjth ESUs,cij =1; ifjth
ESU send information toith one,
otherwisecij =0. In addition, ci0=1; if
theith ESU can get information from the
leader, otherwise ci0=0.cii=1 for all ESUs
This time-varying coefficients
can be represented as a matrix presenting
the whole communication topology as in
equation .
Two general objectives need to
be achieved to coordinate ESUs when
required. The first is to design a control
forui of each ESU to reduce the network
apparent power to less than its critical
limits. In other words, in peak load
period, ESUs need to be coordinated to
bring the value ofS(t) to less
thanSload_critical, as shown in equation
Similarly, in peak generation period
equation needs to be met.
criticalloadStS _)( < (1.1)
critical_genS<)t(S (1.2)
The second objective is to
design a control for ui to share the
required active power according to the
same ratio among ESUs, as shown in
equation (1.5).
ESUn
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
P
P
=
P
P
=
P
P n
2
2
1
1
(1.3)
In real case, the interaction
among ESUs occurs at discrete time step
td. Therefore, the information state of
each ESU is updated using equation (3.6).
)t-t(ε.dΣ=)t(ε djiji (1.4)
)-(
)-(
0 dij
n
j
dij
d
ttC
ttC
C ij
=
=Σ (1.5)
ESUiESU P×)t(iε=)t(P (1.5)
III.Proposed approach of distributed
control strategy
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 116
The dashed arrows the
information flow, where the neighbouring
ESUs are communicated to coordinate
their operation. The proposed internal
control structure for each ESU is shown
in Fig. The reference value for ESU’s
active and reactive power (PESUi(t) and
QESUi(t)) depend in information state of
each neighbor. As noted before, the
proposed control includes voltage and
network loading management.
IV.Distributed control strategy flow
chart
`]-[].[][.][ ∑ dj
Nj
ijiiji tttstst
i
µµµ
=
+=
V.Proposed localized voltage control
for each ESU
With the proposed communication
structure, the customers are only aware of
the value of Dji corresponding to their
neighbours. Therefore, the sensitivity
matrix is modified as:
{ }
{ }
∪∉
∪∈
=
jiNi
jiNijiD
jiD
0
Finally the transition weights are
calculated by the following equation:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]∑
=
=
n
j
tkickiD
tjicijD
tijS
0
.
..
As a result, the weights are predetermined
for eachESU. If either of the critical
voltage limits is violated for any ESU, its
localizedcontrol term initiates the
distributed control strategy based on
)V-v(k=)t(u )t(icriticalmax_qii
(1.6)
)V-v(k=)t(u )t(icriticalmin_qii
(1.7)
Following the control
initiation, the information states of ESUs
are updated in each discrete time interval
based on equation. Finally, the required
reactive power contribution of each ESU
at each time interval is updated by:
ii ESUiESU Q×]t[μ=]t[Q
By applying this control
structure, both objectives for voltage
support can be achieved and ESU
inverters will contribute with their
reactive power.
( ) )t-t(ε.t-tdΣ=)t(ε djdiji
6. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 117
ii ESUiESU Q×]t[μ=]t[Q (1.7)
ii ESUiesu P×]t[ε=]t[P (1.8)
)t(Q=]t[Q ii ESUESU (1.9)
)t(P=]t[P ii ESUESU (1.10)
Where equations 1.7 and 1.8 model the
proposed distributed control strategy for
ESUs, equations 1.9 and 1.10 model the
ESUs internal control. It is worth noting
that the internal dynamics of network are
not considered here. So, it can be said that
the value of these variables diminish
much faster than the output power. As a
result, the dynamic of ESU output power
is determined by the controller designed
in this paper while the inner dynamic of
ESUs is ignored. Consequently, the ESUs
reactive and active power are modelled
VI.Proposed Similation Diagram For
Coordination Of ESU
The proposed distribution
control strategy architecture is developed
with the coordinated communication link.
In order to develop this architecture five
PV generation and the three energy
storage units are considered. Let the
energy storage unit (ESU-1) is placed in
between the PV-1 and PV-2, the ESU-2 is
placed in between PV-4 and PV-3 and the
last ESU-3 is placed in between PV-4 and
PV-5.
The general simulation diagram is shown
in figure. In occurrence of voltage issues
and the overload problems, the energy
storage units are coordinated with the
principle of distribution control strategy.
With the coordination of energy storage
unit we can overcome the voltage issues
and network problems in the
distributionnetwork. The block diagram
of subsystem of the energy storage unit is
shown in next figure. This subsystem
consists of inverter and the output of the
whole subsystem is connected with the
grid for overcome the voltage issues.
Similarly, the identical subsystem is
communicated with the each and every
subsystem in the station.
General Simulation Diagram
7. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017 `
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 118
Simulation of Energy storage unit Subsystem
All the energy storage units are
interconnected with the communication
leader corresponding to the distributed
control strategy. The resulting
waveforms are presented, analyzed with
the active and reactive power with
respect to time.
a.System Parameters:
The details about the parameter of the
system such as PV generation ratings and
the available active power for each
generation units are shown in tables. The
permissible and critical voltage limits
and the network loading limits are shown
in tables below.
b. Available active power for ESU
voltage limit
PV PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4 PV5
Active
power
550 600 500 450 650
Parameter Voltage (p.u)
epermissibl_max
V 1.0
critical_max
V 1.0
desirable_max
V 1.0
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c. PV’s ratings
d. Network loading limits
Parameter Power (kva)
epermissibl_max
S 2200
critical_max
S 1800
desirable_max
S 1500
VII. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION
RESULTS
The proposed power system
model has been simulated in MATLAB /
Simulink. The resulting waveforms for
active power and reactive power are
shown
a. Simulation Result For ESU’s Bus
Voltage And Network Loading Profile
The simulation results are
discussed below for both ESU’s bus
voltage and reactive power on basis of
distribution control strategy. Consider
first the waveform for the active power.
In addition, it is stipulated that the power
factor of ESUs should be more than 0.9
and the upper limit of the reactive power
output is dependent of the active power
output as
....3,2,1=iP×4843.0=Q ESUi
max
ESU (1.11)
It is assumed that all loads are
in 15% of their maximum. In addition,
the PVs generation change from 75% to
95% at t=100 s.
Energy storage unit bus voltage
waveform
The waveform for the
energy storage unit voltage power factor
with respect to time is shown in Figure
The voltage is measured in terms of p.u.
and it keeps on increasing monotonously.
It can be seen between t= 0s
and t= 100s, all voltages and network
loading are in the desirable range.
Therefore, no ESUs coordination is
needed. However, at t=100s, as the PV
generation increases, the upper critical
limit for voltage of ESUs 2 and 3 and
network loading is violated. Therefore,
the proposed control approach for both
voltage and thermal constraints
management is initiated. To network
loading management, it can be, at the
equilibrium point, its value is less than
upper critical limit.
Power factor waveform of ESU
b.Simulation Results For ESU’s Active
And Reactive Power
Next, the resulting waveforms
for each Energy storage units active
ESU ESU1 ESU2 ESU3
Active
power
150 200 250
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ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 120
power and reactive power according to
the distribution control strategy. In this
case, the waveform reaches the stable
condition and as shown below. Figure
shows the active power of the generators
using the controller. In this figure, the
power first fluctuates and then aches a
stable state
Energy storage unit active power
waveform
Energy storage unit reactive
Power waveform
Figure shows the waveforms of the
Energy storage unit reactive power for
the three energy storage unit. The active
power is measured in terms of p.u. and it
attains the stable condition due to the
presence of the distribution control
maxmaxmax
1
1
2
2
3
3
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
ESU
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
<<
After the generation step change, the
ESU voltages follow the pattern based on
equation. Accordingly, reactive power
sharing among ESUs needs to follow as
in to have effective voltage support.
From the analysis of simulation results, it
concluded that with the presence of
distributed control strategy the terminal
voltage, reactive power, real power is
reached the stability condition.
Therefore, the main benefits of using this
type of control has attained the steady
state region earlier when compared with
some other types of controlling strategy.
Conclution:
Distribution control strategy is a new
approach to coordinate multiple Energy
storage units to manage voltage and
loading in distribution networks.
This method is designed to use the most
adjacent ESUs to the violated bus
voltage and for loading management, a
distributed control strategy based on
consensus algorithm is employed to
coordinate ESU’s active power.
The proposed distribution control
strategy has been designed to share the
required active power with the same
ratio among ESUs with respect to their
available active power. The proposed
structure can support any of the
precieved options for the future network
technology.
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