Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
Delay Sensitive Packet Scheduling Algorithm for MANETs by Cross LayerAM Publications
The delay sensitive packet scheduling and routing algorithm to effectively deliver delay sensitive data’s over a multihop
networks. First packet urgency, node urgency, route urgency are calculated on the basis of end-to-end delay requirements.
Based on these urgency metrics, the proposed packet scheduling algorithm determines the transmission order of each packet to
minimize the node urgency without unnecessary packet drop, and the proposed routing algorithm establishes a route to minimize
the derivatives of route urgency in order to maximize the number of packets delivered within the required end-to-end delay.
Finally experimental results are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed joint working algorithms.
Quality of Service for Video Streaming using EDCA in MANETijsrd.com
Mobile Ad-hoc network(MANET) is a collection of wireless terminals that are able to dynamically form a temporary network. To establish such a network no fixed infrastructure is required. Here, it is the responsibility of network nodes to forward each other's packets and thus these nodes also act as routers. In such a network resources are limited and also topology changes dynamically. So providing Quality of service(QoS) is also necessary. QoS is more important for real time applications for example Video Streaming. IEEE 802.11e network standard supports QoS through EDCA technique. This technique does not fulfill the requirements of QoS. So, in this project modified EDCA technique is proposed to enhance QoS for Video Streaming application. This technique is implemented in NS2 and compared with traditional EDCA.
A cross layer delay-aware multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS)
mechanism to support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements. Routing
protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use minimum hop count as the metric for
path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time applications. To support such
applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These Protocols makes path
selection based on the delay over the discovered links during routing discovery and routing
table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint Multipath QoS Routing protocol
called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDM-AODV) based on
delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing layers to
achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest
delay incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared
with single path AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of
better packet delivery and reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), an emerging and promising fourth generation mobile technology, is expected
to offer ubiquitous broadband access to the mobile subscribers. In this paper, the performance of Frame
Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule, Logarithmic (LOG) rule and Maximum-Largest Weighted
Delay First (M-LWDF) packet scheduling algorithms has been studied in the downlink 3GPP LTE cellular
network. To this aim, a single cell with interference scenario has been considered. The performance
evaluation is made by varying the number of UEs ranging from 10 to 50 (Case 1) and user speed in the
range of [3, 120] km/h (Case 2). Results show that while the number of UEs and user speed increases, the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes degrades and in both case FLS outperforms other three
schemes in terms of several performance indexes such as average throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR),
packet delay and fairness index.
Design and implementation of low latency weighted round robin (ll wrr) schedu...ijwmn
Today’s wireless broadband networks are required to provide QoS guarantee as well as fairness to
different kinds of traffic. Recent wireless standards (such as LTE and WiMAX) have special provisions at
MAC layer for differentiating and scheduling data traffic for achieving QoS. The main focus of this paper is
concerned with high speed packet queuing/scheduling at central node such as base station (BS) or router to
handle network traffic. This paper proposes novel packet queuing scheme termed as Low Latency
Weighted Round Robin (LL-WRR) which is simple and effective amendment to weighted round robin (WRR)
for achieving low latency and improved fairness. Proposed LL-WRR queue scheduling scheme is
implemented in NS-2 considering IEEE 802.16 network [1] with real time video and Constant Bit Rate
(CBR) audio traffic connections. Simulation results show improvement obtained in latency and fairness
using LL-WRR. The proposed scheme introduces extra complexity of computing coefficient but its overall
impact is very small.
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
Delay Sensitive Packet Scheduling Algorithm for MANETs by Cross LayerAM Publications
The delay sensitive packet scheduling and routing algorithm to effectively deliver delay sensitive data’s over a multihop
networks. First packet urgency, node urgency, route urgency are calculated on the basis of end-to-end delay requirements.
Based on these urgency metrics, the proposed packet scheduling algorithm determines the transmission order of each packet to
minimize the node urgency without unnecessary packet drop, and the proposed routing algorithm establishes a route to minimize
the derivatives of route urgency in order to maximize the number of packets delivered within the required end-to-end delay.
Finally experimental results are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed joint working algorithms.
Quality of Service for Video Streaming using EDCA in MANETijsrd.com
Mobile Ad-hoc network(MANET) is a collection of wireless terminals that are able to dynamically form a temporary network. To establish such a network no fixed infrastructure is required. Here, it is the responsibility of network nodes to forward each other's packets and thus these nodes also act as routers. In such a network resources are limited and also topology changes dynamically. So providing Quality of service(QoS) is also necessary. QoS is more important for real time applications for example Video Streaming. IEEE 802.11e network standard supports QoS through EDCA technique. This technique does not fulfill the requirements of QoS. So, in this project modified EDCA technique is proposed to enhance QoS for Video Streaming application. This technique is implemented in NS2 and compared with traditional EDCA.
A cross layer delay-aware multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS)
mechanism to support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements. Routing
protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use minimum hop count as the metric for
path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time applications. To support such
applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These Protocols makes path
selection based on the delay over the discovered links during routing discovery and routing
table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint Multipath QoS Routing protocol
called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDM-AODV) based on
delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing layers to
achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest
delay incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared
with single path AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of
better packet delivery and reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), an emerging and promising fourth generation mobile technology, is expected
to offer ubiquitous broadband access to the mobile subscribers. In this paper, the performance of Frame
Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule, Logarithmic (LOG) rule and Maximum-Largest Weighted
Delay First (M-LWDF) packet scheduling algorithms has been studied in the downlink 3GPP LTE cellular
network. To this aim, a single cell with interference scenario has been considered. The performance
evaluation is made by varying the number of UEs ranging from 10 to 50 (Case 1) and user speed in the
range of [3, 120] km/h (Case 2). Results show that while the number of UEs and user speed increases, the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes degrades and in both case FLS outperforms other three
schemes in terms of several performance indexes such as average throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR),
packet delay and fairness index.
Design and implementation of low latency weighted round robin (ll wrr) schedu...ijwmn
Today’s wireless broadband networks are required to provide QoS guarantee as well as fairness to
different kinds of traffic. Recent wireless standards (such as LTE and WiMAX) have special provisions at
MAC layer for differentiating and scheduling data traffic for achieving QoS. The main focus of this paper is
concerned with high speed packet queuing/scheduling at central node such as base station (BS) or router to
handle network traffic. This paper proposes novel packet queuing scheme termed as Low Latency
Weighted Round Robin (LL-WRR) which is simple and effective amendment to weighted round robin (WRR)
for achieving low latency and improved fairness. Proposed LL-WRR queue scheduling scheme is
implemented in NS-2 considering IEEE 802.16 network [1] with real time video and Constant Bit Rate
(CBR) audio traffic connections. Simulation results show improvement obtained in latency and fairness
using LL-WRR. The proposed scheme introduces extra complexity of computing coefficient but its overall
impact is very small.
A cross layer delay-aware node disjoint multipath routing algorithm for mobil...ijwmn
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism to
support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packets
loss. Routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use shortest path with minimum hop
count as the main metric for path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time
applications. To support such applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These
Protocols makes path selection between source and destination based on the delay over the discovered
links during routing discovery and routing table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint
Multipath QoS Routing protocol called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDMAODV)
based on delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing
layers to achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest delay
incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared with single path
AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of better packet delivery and
reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
A Survey on Cross Layer Routing Protocol with Quality of ServiceIJSRD
Wireless is playing the wide role in today’s industrial application. Central idea of this paper is to enhance quality of service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over ad-hoc network. This paper describes the operational of different QoS routing protocols, their properties and various parameters advantages and disadvantages. Also describes the use of QoS in Cross layer routing protocol. Finally, it concludes by study of all these cross layer QoS routing protocols.
Interference-Aware Multipath Routing In Wireless Sensor NetworksMinor projr...Rakesh Behera
Routing in wireless sensor networks has been considered an important field of research over the past decade. Wireless sensor network essentially consists of data Sensor Nodes and Video Sensor Nodes, which senses both sound and motion of events. Single path routing protocol has been used for route discovery. Though this protocol reduces computation complexity and resource utilization, there are some disadvantages like reduced network throughput, network performance, increased traffic load and delay in data delivery. To overcome these drawbacks a new protocol called Interference Aware Multi-path Routing(IAMR) is proposed to improve the reliability of data transmission, fault-tolerance, Quality of Service. Here, the traffic intersection spread out among the multiple paths. This technique is applied between the sources and sink to reduce routing overhead and energy consumption. The proposed protocol is simulated using NS2
Extensive Reviews of OSPF and EIGRP Routing Protocols based on Route Summariz...IJERA Editor
The increasing demand of computer networks is growing rapidly day by day. The growing need to distribute applications across multiple networks with high capacity and high-performance intermediate switching nodes and networks. This research primarily focuses on route redistribution and route summarization of different intra-domain routing protocols such as EIGRP and OSPF. Routing Protocols that use facilitate to exchange routing information between routers. Reasons such as multiple departments managed by multiple network Administrators, company mergers. In any case, having a multiple routing protocol and different autonomous system in networks then without route redistribution we cannot advertise route from source to destination. Of course Network complexity will increase with the size of routing table of routers then route summarization is necessity, to reduce traffic and complexity of network.
Rm literature survey_on_scheduling_and_resource_allocation_for_ieee_80211ax_p...RESHAN FARAZ
IEEE 8021.11 is the standard defined for WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network). It first
came into the picture in 1997 which offer a speed of 2Mbit/s. After that we have different
versions, 802.11b having speed 11Mbit/s, 802.11a/g having 54 Mbit/s, 802.11n having 600
Mbit/s, and even above Gbit/s rates in the latest 802.11ac. These speeds can be achieved
by means of different modulation and coding scheme, wider channel and adaptation of
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies[7]. The 802.11ax will provide outstanding average throughput in the dense environment. Many clients connect with the
Access Point (AP) simultaneously using the Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
(OFDMA) where AP divides the entire frequency band into multiple subsets of orthogonal
sub carrier called as Resource Unit (RU),These RUs are assigned to different user to transit
in parallel which make 802.11ax different from all other versions of 802.11 so we need some
scheduling and resource allocation mechanism to utilize the features of 802.11ax. Before
going to scheduling and resource allocation, let us discuss some features of 802.11ax
In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), multipath routing protocols are more popular due to overcomes the certain limitation of single path routing like lower end-to-end delay, load balancing, energy efficiency and network lifetime. By providing multiple paths between a source-destination pair, multipath routing protocols are avoid such above problems. AOMDV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol is an on-demand multipath routing and which is a relatively maturity and extensive application protocol. It doesn’t consider residual energy and load situation of the node on the time of route discovery process. So AOMDV’s efficiency declines sharply in case of high load and fast moving velocity. To solve the above problems, we propose an improved protocol Energy Efficient- AOMDV (EAOMDV) of AOMDV routing algorithm. EAOMDV is based on a strategy of energy model and load balancing concept. It will consider the residual energy and the load situation of the nodes, when it starts the route discovery phase. After considering the above concept and according to the simulation results, the EAOMDV routing protocol improves the efficiency, the packet delivery ratio and reduces the routing load.
Fuzzy Route Switching for Energy Preservation(FEP) in Ad Hoc NetworksA. Sufian
Nodes in ad hoc networks have limited battery power. Hence they require energy-efficient technique to improve average
network performance. Maintaining energy-efficiency in ad hoc networks is really challenging because highest energyefficiency
is achieved if all the nodes are always switched off and energy-efficiency will be minimum if all the nodes are
fully operational i.e. always turned-on. Energy preservation requires redirection of data packets through some other routes
having good performance. This improves data packet delivery ratio and number of alive nodes decreasing cost of messages.
Ant Colony with Colored Pheromones Routing for Multi Objectives Quality of Se...IJORCS
In this article, we present a new Ant-routing algorithm with colored pheromones and clustering techniques for satisfying users’ Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). An important problem is to detect the best route from a source node to the destination node. Moreover, it is considered that the feature of non-uniformly distributed traffic load and possibility existing of the traffic requiring various performances; therefore, it is assumed the different class of traffic required for QoS of communication. In this paper, novel protocol, the suitability of using meta-heuristic an ant colony optimization based on energy saving and multi objectives, the demand of QoS routing protocol for WSN will be very adaptive ,resident power and mainly decrease end-to-end delay. These metrics are used by colored pheromones adapted to the traffic classes. Moreover, we reinforce the proposed method for scalability issue by clustering techniques. We use a proactive route discover algorithms in clusters and reactive discovery mechanism between different clusters. Compared to existing QoS routing protocols, the novel algorithm has been designed for various service categories such as real time (RT) and best effort (BE) traffic, resulted lower packet deadline miss ratio and higher energy efficiency and better QoS and longer lifetime.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
A cross layer delay-aware node disjoint multipath routing algorithm for mobil...ijwmn
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism to
support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packets
loss. Routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use shortest path with minimum hop
count as the main metric for path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time
applications. To support such applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These
Protocols makes path selection between source and destination based on the delay over the discovered
links during routing discovery and routing table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint
Multipath QoS Routing protocol called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDMAODV)
based on delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing
layers to achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest delay
incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared with single path
AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of better packet delivery and
reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
A Survey on Cross Layer Routing Protocol with Quality of ServiceIJSRD
Wireless is playing the wide role in today’s industrial application. Central idea of this paper is to enhance quality of service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over ad-hoc network. This paper describes the operational of different QoS routing protocols, their properties and various parameters advantages and disadvantages. Also describes the use of QoS in Cross layer routing protocol. Finally, it concludes by study of all these cross layer QoS routing protocols.
Interference-Aware Multipath Routing In Wireless Sensor NetworksMinor projr...Rakesh Behera
Routing in wireless sensor networks has been considered an important field of research over the past decade. Wireless sensor network essentially consists of data Sensor Nodes and Video Sensor Nodes, which senses both sound and motion of events. Single path routing protocol has been used for route discovery. Though this protocol reduces computation complexity and resource utilization, there are some disadvantages like reduced network throughput, network performance, increased traffic load and delay in data delivery. To overcome these drawbacks a new protocol called Interference Aware Multi-path Routing(IAMR) is proposed to improve the reliability of data transmission, fault-tolerance, Quality of Service. Here, the traffic intersection spread out among the multiple paths. This technique is applied between the sources and sink to reduce routing overhead and energy consumption. The proposed protocol is simulated using NS2
Extensive Reviews of OSPF and EIGRP Routing Protocols based on Route Summariz...IJERA Editor
The increasing demand of computer networks is growing rapidly day by day. The growing need to distribute applications across multiple networks with high capacity and high-performance intermediate switching nodes and networks. This research primarily focuses on route redistribution and route summarization of different intra-domain routing protocols such as EIGRP and OSPF. Routing Protocols that use facilitate to exchange routing information between routers. Reasons such as multiple departments managed by multiple network Administrators, company mergers. In any case, having a multiple routing protocol and different autonomous system in networks then without route redistribution we cannot advertise route from source to destination. Of course Network complexity will increase with the size of routing table of routers then route summarization is necessity, to reduce traffic and complexity of network.
Rm literature survey_on_scheduling_and_resource_allocation_for_ieee_80211ax_p...RESHAN FARAZ
IEEE 8021.11 is the standard defined for WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network). It first
came into the picture in 1997 which offer a speed of 2Mbit/s. After that we have different
versions, 802.11b having speed 11Mbit/s, 802.11a/g having 54 Mbit/s, 802.11n having 600
Mbit/s, and even above Gbit/s rates in the latest 802.11ac. These speeds can be achieved
by means of different modulation and coding scheme, wider channel and adaptation of
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies[7]. The 802.11ax will provide outstanding average throughput in the dense environment. Many clients connect with the
Access Point (AP) simultaneously using the Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
(OFDMA) where AP divides the entire frequency band into multiple subsets of orthogonal
sub carrier called as Resource Unit (RU),These RUs are assigned to different user to transit
in parallel which make 802.11ax different from all other versions of 802.11 so we need some
scheduling and resource allocation mechanism to utilize the features of 802.11ax. Before
going to scheduling and resource allocation, let us discuss some features of 802.11ax
In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), multipath routing protocols are more popular due to overcomes the certain limitation of single path routing like lower end-to-end delay, load balancing, energy efficiency and network lifetime. By providing multiple paths between a source-destination pair, multipath routing protocols are avoid such above problems. AOMDV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol is an on-demand multipath routing and which is a relatively maturity and extensive application protocol. It doesn’t consider residual energy and load situation of the node on the time of route discovery process. So AOMDV’s efficiency declines sharply in case of high load and fast moving velocity. To solve the above problems, we propose an improved protocol Energy Efficient- AOMDV (EAOMDV) of AOMDV routing algorithm. EAOMDV is based on a strategy of energy model and load balancing concept. It will consider the residual energy and the load situation of the nodes, when it starts the route discovery phase. After considering the above concept and according to the simulation results, the EAOMDV routing protocol improves the efficiency, the packet delivery ratio and reduces the routing load.
Fuzzy Route Switching for Energy Preservation(FEP) in Ad Hoc NetworksA. Sufian
Nodes in ad hoc networks have limited battery power. Hence they require energy-efficient technique to improve average
network performance. Maintaining energy-efficiency in ad hoc networks is really challenging because highest energyefficiency
is achieved if all the nodes are always switched off and energy-efficiency will be minimum if all the nodes are
fully operational i.e. always turned-on. Energy preservation requires redirection of data packets through some other routes
having good performance. This improves data packet delivery ratio and number of alive nodes decreasing cost of messages.
Ant Colony with Colored Pheromones Routing for Multi Objectives Quality of Se...IJORCS
In this article, we present a new Ant-routing algorithm with colored pheromones and clustering techniques for satisfying users’ Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). An important problem is to detect the best route from a source node to the destination node. Moreover, it is considered that the feature of non-uniformly distributed traffic load and possibility existing of the traffic requiring various performances; therefore, it is assumed the different class of traffic required for QoS of communication. In this paper, novel protocol, the suitability of using meta-heuristic an ant colony optimization based on energy saving and multi objectives, the demand of QoS routing protocol for WSN will be very adaptive ,resident power and mainly decrease end-to-end delay. These metrics are used by colored pheromones adapted to the traffic classes. Moreover, we reinforce the proposed method for scalability issue by clustering techniques. We use a proactive route discover algorithms in clusters and reactive discovery mechanism between different clusters. Compared to existing QoS routing protocols, the novel algorithm has been designed for various service categories such as real time (RT) and best effort (BE) traffic, resulted lower packet deadline miss ratio and higher energy efficiency and better QoS and longer lifetime.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
The slides give you a broad description on how smoking affects people's health and how they can be brought out of it. Though these are easier methods a proper physician's consultation is very much required.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by open structure, lack of standard infrastructure
and un-accessibility to the trusted servers. The performance of various MANET routing protocols is
significantly affected due to frequently changing network topology, confined network resources and
security of data packets. In this paper, a simulation based performance comparison of one of the most
commonly used on-demand application oriented routing protocols, AODV (Ad hoc on-demand Distance
Vector) and its optimized versions R-AODV (Reverse AODV) and PHR-AODV (Path hopping based
Reverse AODV) has been presented. Basically the paper evaluates these protocols based on a wide set of
performance metrics by varying both the number of nodes and the nodes maximum speed. A NS-2 based
simulation study shows that, as compared to AODV and PHR-AODV, R-AODV enhances the packet
delivery fraction by 15-20% and reduces the latency approximately by 50%. R-AODV requires lesser node
energy for data transmission.
Enhanced aodv route discovery and route establishment for qos provision for r...IJCNCJournal
MANET is a temporary connection of mobile nodes via wireless links having no centralized base station.
We developed a protocol with an enhanced route discovery mechanism that avoids the pre-transmission
delay. When a source node wants to communicate with another node, it broadcast RREQ. EAODV give
priority to the source node of real time transmission. When RREQ packet send to neighbor node, for real
time transmission it accept route request on priority basis and the drop ratio of packets decreased, then
throughput increases by receiving more packets at destination and delivery ratio also increased through
these QOS improved.
Performance Comparison of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for Ad-hoc Wireless...Narendra Singh Yadav
An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple “hops” may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. This paper presents performance comparison of the three routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and pause time. Simulation revealed that although DSDV perfectly scales to small networks with low node speeds, AODV is preferred due to its more efficient use of bandwidth.
Performance comparison of mobile ad hoc network routing protocolsIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust
dynamic routing protocol. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find
optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
routing protocols. The performance comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary
step towards the invention of a new routing protocol. This paper presents a performance comparison of
proactive and reactive routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on QoS metrics (packet delivery
ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, jitter), normalized routing overhead and normalized MAC
overhead by using the NS-2 simulator. The performance comparison is conducted by varying mobility
speed, number of nodes and data rate. The comparison results show that AODV performs optimally well
not the best among all the studied protocols.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are
connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed
for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this
paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of
DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile
Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network
parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance
parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified
by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
ENHANCING STUDENTS’ LEARNING AND SATISFACTION THROUGH THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIAIJITE
Communication in and out the classroom is an essential component for education. As the technology
emerges, there is a need to adopt to the new technologies to enhance students’ learning experience. Social
media technologies provide informal communication methods that promote student engagement and
satisfaction by removing communication barriers. In this paper, we report our experience in using different
social media technologies to enhance students’ learning experience and satisfaction with the course. We
perform our experiment in software project management course and conduct a survey to assess the
students’ perspective towards using these different social media technologies in enhancing their learning
and satisfaction. Results show that students are satisfied and feel that their learning experience has
improved when using social media for class communication.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
Our area of interest for the paper is the improvement of performance of DSR routing protocol by
changing in algorithm and this Improved DSR protocol should compare with remaining protocols
taken in this research paper.
2. In this paper we made changesin traditional DSR protocol and generation of new improved DSR the
different performance parameters and compare with AODV/DSR/DSDV protocols in mobility and
non- mobility scenarios nodes up to 300.
3. We can plot the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, Packet delivery Ratio, Dropping Ratio, and
average energy consumption on Mobility and Non-Mobility scenario by using Network Simulator
version 2.34 for Modified DSR protocols. M-DSR, DSDV perform well when Mobility is low.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are
connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed
for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this
paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of
DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile
Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network
parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance
parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified
by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc NetworksIJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many routing protocols have been proposed like OLSR, AODV so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. In this paper, we describe the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). We evaluate their performance through exhaustive simulations using the Network Simulator 2 (ns2) by varying conditions (node mobility, network density).
Survey of Modified Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networkijsrd.com
In last few years extensive research work has been done in the field of routing protocols for Ad-hoc Network. Various routing protocols have been evaluated in different network conditions using different performance metrics. A lot of research has been done how to modify standard routing protocol in ad-hoc network to improve its performance. The hop count is not only metric that gives efficient routing path. There are various modified protocols which make the use of other parameters along with hop count to select the best routing path to the destination. In standard Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol only hop count is used for selecting the routing path. In this paper we have studied variants of AODV protocols with modified routing metric.
Experiment of Routing Protocol AODV (AdHoc On-demand Distance Vector)IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EVALUATION OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR IEEE...cscpconf
In VANET high speed is the real characteristics which leads to frequent breakdown,
interference etc. Therefore Performance of adhoc routing protocols is helpful to improve the
Quality of Service (QOS). In this paper we studied various adhoc routing protocols, Reactive,
Proactive & Hybrid, taking in to consideration parameters like speed, altitude, mobility etc in
real VANET scenario. The AODV and DYMO (Reactive), OLSR (Proactive) and ZRP (hybrid)
protocols are compared for IEEE 802.11(MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF) standard using
Qualnet as a Simulation tool. Since IEEE 802.11, covers both physical and data link layer.
Hence performance of the protocols in these layers helps to make a right selection of Protocol
for high speed mobility. Varying parameters of VANET shows that in the real traffic scenarios
proactive protocol performs more efficiently for IEEE 802.11 (MAC) and IEEE 802.11(DCF)
Performance Comparison of AODV, DSR and LAR1 in Mobile Ad-hoc Network based o...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In the last couple of years, the use of wireless networks has become more and more popular. A
MANET is a collection of self-organizing mobile nodes which is infrastructure less, autonomous, and standalone
networks. Each node in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction and will therefore change its
links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use and therefore be a router.
Simulation result has been obtained by a performance comparison of three routing protocols i.e. Ad hoc Ondemand
Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Location Aided Routing (LAR1) against
Simulation time. The Result is obtained using QualNet simulator version 6.1. Different protocols are evaluated
based on measures such as Average End to End delay (s), Average Jitter(s), and Packet delivery ratio.
Keywords: MANET, AODV, DSR, LAR1, QualNet 6.1
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1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
101 www.erpublication.org
Abstract—Nowadays, Most of the routing protocols support
QoS provisioning using constraints like bandwidth, delay,
packet delivery ratio, jitter etc, to achieve more deterministic
behavior of the Networks. But very few routing protocols
perform well in military applications for tactical scenarios like
battlefield, disaster relief & rescue operations. In this paper we
propose a variant to AODV for small military networks where
packet delivery ratio is a vital QoS constraint. We have
modified standard AODV protocol to improve QoS, specifically
the Performance Delivery Ratio (PDR) for low mobility
military applications. For simulation we have used radio’s
specifications for two types of military radios. Simulations
were carried out by using QualNet network simulator and
group mobility model & realistic tactical mobility are used.
Comparison between AODV and proposed variant of AODV is
done on the basis of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average end to end
delay and Normalized routing load.
Index Terms— AODV, MANET, Military Radio, QualNet,
Routing, QoS.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are highly dynamic
networks and formed by independent mobile nodes. They are
highly responsive and a key enabling technology for quickly
deployable tactical forces. MANETs are considered by many
as fundamental to Global Information Grid [1].
Quality of Service (QoS) is a generic term defined as a set of
service that needs to be met by network while transporting in
packet stream from source to destination [2]. The service
requirements often include performance metrics such as
throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio, jitter (delay
variance), bandwidth, reliability, etc., and different There
are many issues and challenges in providing QoS like
dynamically varying network topology, imprecise state
information, lack of central coordination, error prone shared
radio channel, hidden terminal problem, limited resource
availability and insecure medium [3].
There are several major approaches for QoS routing and
multipath routing in ad hoc networks. Ad hoc on-demand
multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) [4] and
M-AODV [5] a variant to standard AODV [6] protocol, they
have used multipath concept for increasing packet delivery
ratio. AOMDV reduces the packet loss by up to 40% and has
also improved end to end delay. M-AODV suggested that the
discovering operations for reconstruction of paths should be
done from the source [5]. In AODV-BR [12] proposes a
scheme for alternate path when a link is broken and
intermediate node search for the alternate path. [14]
proposed the two variants of protocol Node-Disjoint
MP-AOMDV & Link-Disjoint MP-AOMDV and
investigated that node disjoint is more strict than the link
disjoint protocol and thus produces less alternate routes. [13]
proposed a node disjoint minimum interference multi-path
(ND-MIM) routing protocol that finds the main route based
on AODV, then backup route is searched when data
transmission is in progress.
Many other solutions to multipath routing have been
proposed [15] - [19]. In this work we have also used
multipath mechanism for determining multiple routes but we
have kept the number of routes to be used for data transfer as
configurable parameter. The data to be transmitted is sent on
all available routes. For simulation work we have considered
two types of tactical radio with different physical layer
characteristics and antenna specifications. Simulation is
done in in two separate scenarios using group mobility &
realistic tactical mobility and the actual specifications of the
two military radios.
II. BACKGROUND
AD-HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR (AODV)
AODV routing protocol is a reactive protocol or demand
driven protocol. AODV [6] uses a broadcast route discovery
mechanism, and it relies on the dynamically established
routing table entries at intermediate nodes. The path
discovery process is initiated whenever a source node needs
to communicate with another node for which it has no
routing information in its table. The source node initiates
path discovery by broadcasting a RREQ packet to its
neighbors. When a node receives RREQ, and has routing
information, it generates the RREP packet; otherwise it
rebroadcasts the RREQ packet further to its neighbors. As
RREQ packet travels from the source to destination it
automatically sets up the reverse path form all nodes back to
source. As the RREP travels back to the source, each node
along the path sets up a forward pointer to the node from
which the RREP came and updates its timeout information
for the route entries to source and destination.
III. PROPOSED MODIFICATION IN AODV
In existing AODV, if a source node is going to transmit
data to destination, the source node broadcast RREQ packets
to all neighbors for having a route from source to destination
with least hop count. On reception of a RREQ packet an
intermediate node initiates RREP if it has route to destination
otherwise it forwards the RREQ. If RREQ reaches the
destination node then the RREP is initiated by destination
node.
Improving Multi-path AODV by Utilizing All
Available Paths for a Small Tactical Network
Deepshikha, Dr. Sanjay Bhargava
2. Improving Multi-path AODV by Utilizing All Available Paths for a Small Tactical Network
102
In tactical scenarios packet delivery is quite important and
as there is not much traffic so we can transmit the same data
on more than one route so we modified the standard AODV
protocol to have multiple routes. When RREQ packet is
received by a node, it checks that current node is destination
node, generates the RREP packet respective of RREQ packet
received and broadcast it on all interfaces running protocol.
When this RREP packet is received by source node, checks
for any route existence, check whether destination sequence
number is greater than the one in the routing table and next
hop is different from the address from the RREP came from.
When source node is going to transmit data from source to
destination it can select number of routes to be used for
transmission and send the data on all selected paths and rest
of the protocol behaves same as standard AODV does. We
name the modified AODV protocol as Enhanced Packet
Delivery Ratio AODV (EN-PDR-AODV).
IV. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT & PARAMETERS
We have used QualNet [7] for carrying out the simulations.
QualNet is a discrete event simulator which provides a
scalable simulation environment for mobile ad hoc networks
[7]. We have considered two different scenarios for tactical
radios with group mobility and realistic model [11].
Tactical scenario with realistic mobility:
TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
Simulation Area 1500 x 1500 m2
Simulation Time 250 seconds
Node Density 10
Node Placement Model Uniform
Packet Size 512 bytes
Traffic Type
Constant Bit
rate(CBR)
Items to send 100
Mobility Model Realistic Mobility
Frequency 512Mhz
Data rate 1Mbps
Antenna Model Omni-directional
Tactical scenario with group mobility:
We modified the physical layer properties [10] of the nodes
as per the specification of handheld & man-pack tactical
radios. We have used a mix of both types of radios in our
simulations. The handheld radios are assumed to be carried
by as soldiers and man-packs mounted on military vehicles.
So the maximum speeds have been set accordingly. In
simulation there are 10 node and divided into two groups viz.
5 nodes (soldiers) and other as military vehicles. We have
used group mobility with 100s pause time and network
simulation area is 1km2
. Also in our simulation CBR traffic
is used, data rate is 1Mbps and packet size is 512 bytes,
simulation time is 900 sec. Other detailed physical layer
parameter listing of simulation is provided in TABLE 2.
TABLE II. PHYSICAL LAYER SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR TACTICAL
SCENARIO
Parameter Value
Maximum Speed (Hand-held &
Man-pack)
Man-pack assumed to be vehicle
mounted
5km/h & 20km/h
Frequency 300Mhz
Transmission power (Hand-held &
Man-pack)
33 dBm & 37 dB
Receive sensitivity (Hand-held &
Man-pack)
-95 dBm & -100
dBm
Antenna Height (Hand-held &
Man-pack)
20 cm & 1m
Efficiency 1 dB
Antenna Loss 2 dB
Fig 1. Snapshot of 10 nodes during simulation
The following metrics have been used for comparing the
performance of routing protocols [8].
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): This is defined as the
ratio of total number of data packets received by the
destination nodes to the number of data packets sent
by source node throughout the simulation.
Normalized Routing Load (NRL): Normalized
routing load is ratio of total number of routing
packets exchanged to the total data packets received
by destination nodes.
Average End-to-End Delay (AED): This is defined
as average delay in transmission of a packet between
two nodes.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
103 www.erpublication.org
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation Results for Realistic Mobility:
Fig 2. Packet Delivery Ratio Comparison in Realistic
Mobility
Fig 3. NRL Comparison
Fig 4. Average end to end delay Comparison
Results for Group Mobility:
Fig 5. Packet Delivery Ratio Comparison in Group Mobility
Fig 6. . Average end to end delay Comparison in Group
Mobility
Fig 7. NRL Comparison in Group Mobility
CONCLUSION
The simulation results show that in both scenarios packet
delivery ratio increases significantly as compared to
Standard AODV protocol. But normalized routing load and
average end-to-end delay also increase respectively. For
small tactical networks with low traffic load the increase in
routing overhead and delay can be traded off for increase in
packet delivery ratio.
4. Improving Multi-path AODV by Utilizing All Available Paths for a Small Tactical Network
104
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Deepshikha is a student at Dehradun Institure of
Technology pursuing M.Tech (CSE). She obtained her
B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering from Punjab
Technical University (PTU) in 2009 with honors. Her
research interest includes QoS and routing in tactical
MANETs.
Dr SANJAY BHARGAVA, PhD from Banasthali
University presently Head of CSE & IT departments at
DIT University, obtained his PhD degree in Computer
Science from Banasthali University. He has guided
over 80 MTech students in their project works. He has
a total publication count of 16 research papers in
reputed international and national journals. Besides he
is an active reviewer in 11 international journals and at an international
conference. He has successfully handled several R & D projects. He is also Head
of Student Coordination Committee of the CSI-DIT chapter since 2012.