Smoking Cessation
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The slides give you a broad description on how smoking affects people's health and how they can be brought out of it. Though these are easier methods a proper physician's consultation is very much required.
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Depression 19 mar-2011-1
1. Depression is caused by violations of physical, mental, and spiritual laws of health such as poor diet, lack of exercise, stress, and substance abuse.
2. Natural remedies for depression include improving nutrition with foods high in tryptophan, folate, and omega-3; regular exercise; spending time in sunlight; deep breathing of fresh air; and adopting a lifestyle of temperance.
3. Medications are only a temporary bandaid and do not address the root causes of depression, so lifestyle changes are important to prevent and overcome depression.
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1. Depression is caused by violations of physical, mental, and spiritual laws of health such as poor diet, lack of exercise, stress, and substance abuse.
2. Natural remedies for depression include improving nutrition with foods high in tryptophan, folate, and omega-3; regular exercise; spending time in sunlight; deep breathing of fresh air; and adopting a lifestyle of temperance.
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The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
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June 14, 2024Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
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Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
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Smoking Cessation
- 2. Increased blood pressure Increased heart rate In Blood Alteration in demand of O2 by cells Reduced amount of oxygen carried by bloodPresented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 3. Lung Diseases Heart Diseases Osteoporosis & Weak bones Damage to FetusPresented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 4. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 5. To cope with anger To feel confident Stress Buster Social Comfort To Keep Away From External stimuliPresented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 6. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 7. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 8. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 9. Ask • Ask about tobacco use status at every visit • Document tobacco use status Advice • Provide clear advice to quit • Discuss health benefits of quitting • Discuss health risks of smoking Assess • Assess willingness to quit smoking • Provide motivational intervention (5-R) Assist • Provide educational and self-help materials • Set a quit date and develop a quit plan • Discuss triggers and coping strategies • Provide support and help Arrange • Arrange follow-up • Contact on or near quit date • Follow up at next visit, by phone. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 10. NICOTINE GUMS: (under prescription) •Chewable • Releases nicotine slowly • Lesser nicotine than cigarette • Decreases cravingPresented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 11. NICOTINE PATCHES • Self-adhesive strips. • absorbed into blood stream through skin. • may cause sleep disturbances. • skin irritation. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 12. NICOTINE LOZENGES • Candies that dissolve in mouth. • Lasts about half hour. • slow release of nicotine. • not to use more than three months. • throat infection, soar gums. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 13. SPRAY & PUFFER • Aerosolized nicotine • Sprayed into nostrils & quick absorption. • Nicotine vapors sprayed into mouth • Absorbed by lining of the mouth • Matches behavioral aspects of smoking.Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 14. • Influences brain through olfactory system. • Concentrated plant oils can decrease cigarette cravings. •Ylang ylang or thyme with jojoba oil. • Effect on mood and ability to relax. • Used along with other cessation products.Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 15. • A psychological treatment. • Imaginatively associating of other unpleasant situations to smoking. • Mesmerize. • Motivation and confidence. • Overcoming past connections. • Creating new healthier connections. • Preventing relapse. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 16. • Alternate to nicotine based products. • Herbal tea, herbal tobacco, etc. • Ease the process of cessation. •Other benefits. • No side effects. • Removes toxics from body. St.John’S Wort OSHA root valerian Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 17. • Form of acupuncture. • Ear is a micro system of entire body. • Stimulates skin in specific part of our body (here ear). • Insertion of metallic needles in acupoints. • Generates withdrawal symptoms of nicotine. • Decreases urge to smoke and stress. • No use of medicines, relatively easy optionPresented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 18. • E-cigarette, Simulates the act of tobacco smoking. • Vaporizer, mist, flavor of nicotine, lemon, caramel, vanilla, coffee, etc. • Portable, self-contained cylinders. • Cigarette look-alikes. • Reusable, refillable, mostly disposable. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 19. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 20. • Smoking affects not only the individual but also the surrounding people. • Second hand smoking. • Smoking at workplace, in front of children, in public, etc. • A person living with a smoker for a long time will have a serious deterioration in health. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.
- 21. Presented By Shanthipriya.N, B.tech.