COMMON PROBLEMS OF EXISTING PUBLIC APARTMENT BUILDINGS IN VIETNAMIAEME Publication
The aim of this study was to investigate the current condition of existing public apartment buildings in Vietnam. In the old apartment buildings, problems included structural failure, aging, impact of outdoor environment, poor indoor and outdoor living conditions, and lack of service facilities. In the newly-built high-rise buildings, poor outdoor living conditions, lacking of natural lighting, polluted air, inconvenience access and high level of traffic noise are observed due to high density of buildings constructed in a land area. In addition, there are high risk at fire and difficulties in firefighting and emergency evacuation where hundreds of residential buildings were found not to comply with fire safety standards. Improvements are recommended at the end of this research for minimizing, even totally eliminating current shortcomings of existing public apartment buildings. Throughout the study, relevant parties and authorities enable to fully understand quality conditions of existing condominium buildings and to propose proper corrective actions
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
COMMON PROBLEMS OF EXISTING PUBLIC APARTMENT BUILDINGS IN VIETNAMIAEME Publication
The aim of this study was to investigate the current condition of existing public apartment buildings in Vietnam. In the old apartment buildings, problems included structural failure, aging, impact of outdoor environment, poor indoor and outdoor living conditions, and lack of service facilities. In the newly-built high-rise buildings, poor outdoor living conditions, lacking of natural lighting, polluted air, inconvenience access and high level of traffic noise are observed due to high density of buildings constructed in a land area. In addition, there are high risk at fire and difficulties in firefighting and emergency evacuation where hundreds of residential buildings were found not to comply with fire safety standards. Improvements are recommended at the end of this research for minimizing, even totally eliminating current shortcomings of existing public apartment buildings. Throughout the study, relevant parties and authorities enable to fully understand quality conditions of existing condominium buildings and to propose proper corrective actions
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of LinaCovington707
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
KB7052 Research Project Research Project Proposal
Student Details
Surname or Family Name
Enter your surname(s) or family name(s)
Jeela
Forename(s) or Given Name(s)
Enter your forename(s) or given name(s)
Rakesh Yadav
Student Registration Number
Enter your Northumbria University student registration number
W19047419
Programme of Study
Enter the programme you are studying
MSC CONSTRUCTON PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITH BIM WITH ADVANCE PRACTICE
Research Project Details
Title
State the title of your research project
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
Project Aim and Research Objectives (500 words)”
What is your research topic?
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
What does this mean in less technical words?
Sustainable development implies developmental efforts that try to address current needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their needs.
Why is it important to do such research and how does this contribute to us?
The expected outcome of the research is that the principles of sustainable construction in the UK will be identified. Accepting this proposal will be beneficial as the research targets to shed a light on the current principles of sustainable construction. In addition, stakeholders in the construction industry, researchers, and students will benefit from this research as they will be able to learn about current principles of sustainable construction in the UK. The significance of conducting this research cannot be understated. Sustainability is such a crucial aspect in the modern world. Boundaries are necessary for sustainable development; these are not absolute limits, but rather restraints on environmental resources imposed by current technological and social organization, as well as the biosphere's ability to absorb the impacts of human activity (Ismael & Shealy, 2018). The need for long-term development is an unavoidable necessity. Anyone can benefit from this approach, from huge corporations to tiny businesses to individuals who use waste sorting to put it into practice. Regarding the environment, the resources of the Earth are depleting, and if we do not begin to care for it, future generations may be unable to provide for themselves. The building sector is crucial in addressing the difficulties of sustainable development because it deals with massive volumes of raw materials and energy in its operations. When it comes to the building sector, sustainable development means maintaining economic growth while reducing material consumption (both in terms of mass and energy). It also means designing structures that are environmentally conscious. This research will cover these aspects, known as the principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom, which will greatly contribute to the existing scientific knowledge in sustainable construction. Comment by Nima Geram ...
Construction is a vital connection to the infrastructure and growth of industry in India.
Building roads, bridges and other constructed facilities play an important role in shaping society’s
future. Consequently, the construction Industry produces a vast quantity of waste which is
environmentally unfriendly, and costly to project budgets. This study aimed to find out how much
construction waste is costing construction project budgets, and attempted to make recommendations
to the industry on how profits can be maximized and how the waste can be minimized. For the
empirical investigation, a mixed methodology was used which combined questionnaire and interview
data from stakeholders in the road construction sector, together with documentary and observational
data, to examine the issue of construction waste and cost management. The research revealed that a
number of construction companies in India, do not adhere to international best practices and
standards. Practices such as site waste management plan, waste minimization strategies were found
to be non- existent in these companies. A number of recommendations were made to improve the
practices of the construction firms as per the need to train every construction employee on waste
management and also recommended for government agencies to monitor and enforce rule of waste
management in the construction industry.
Efficiency of indoor environment for improving people's healtheSAT Journals
Abstract The main role of building is to provide shelter, security and healthy place for its occupants. As people spend most of their time in indoor space ( home, work, schools, etc.) therefore most of the hazards that affect human health is a result of poor indoor environment. Among many factors contribute to unhealthy indoor environment and affect people’ health are lack of maintenance, indoor air quality (IAQ) as a result of poor of ventilation, light, noise, etc. Nowadays, architects, and interior designers main objective is to promote comfort and healthy indoor building environment for its occupants through the design process of new building and provide proper design solutions for existing buildings. Therefore, the aim of this research is identify active factors related health that affect the indoor building environment. Strategies and recommendations to prevent or minimize hazards due to poor indoor environment will be also addressed. Keywords: sustainable, indoor air quality (IAQ), human health
The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete ...ijtsrd
Yangon, the former capital city of Myanmar, gradually increases high rise buildings. But, Myanmar, our country, is one of the countries which still weakened at the quality management system of construction projects. Few construction companies in Myanmar hold the certificates of ISO standards and also there are few people who understand that how much quality is very important for the construction industry. Actually, quality is very important for all stages of construction projects to save time and money of the whole projects. In this situation, two construction projects in Myanmar which are constructed under different construction companies have been chosen to apply the statistical quality control methods to know which areas are needed to emphasis to get the better quality performances of construction projects in Myanmar. This finding can be useful to solve some quality problems of construction projects and by using these statistical quality control methods, quality weak points can be analyzed and reduced to get the better quality performances of the construction project. Hsu Wutyee Htun | Kyaw Kyaw "The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30998.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30998/the-comparison-of-statistical-quality-control-results-on-reinforced-concrete-buildings-in-myanmar/hsu-wutyee-htun
A Survey of work related injuries among building construction workers in soth...DebjeetNath
This is referred from Research Article which based on work related injuries of construction workers in Ethiopia. This paper was published on International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, July, 2018. This presentation is useful for ergonomy and occupational physiology topics.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Comparative Study on Day Lighting & Energy Modeling For Conventional and Gree...inventionjournals
A green building is a building which consumes less energy, less water and it includes proper waste management system in such a way that it utilizes maximum natural resources without .affecting the future needs. The energy consumption in a conventional building varies based on the person’s metabolic condition, the circulation of fresh air and the intensity of light entering to the building. The absence of fresh air circulation and lack of natural light will lead to intense power consumption in the building. The methodology used here is basically on the working of the three software viz., velux, design builder, and equest. The velux software is used to understand the building day light factor, how the ventilations are provided and to what extent the building is consuming the natural light through these ventilations. A simulation shall be drawn to check colors the lux values inside the building and it shall be done on the basis d considering different colors and designing the building as per latitude and longitude of the building so the results are based on the weather and climatic conditions of the building topography, thermal comfort in the building, metabolic conditions and materials used . Equest software is the software used for the final analysis of the modeled energy building to determine the consumption of the energy and also the annual savings based on the model prepared in the software. The main area is on how to reduce the energy consumption in the building using the natural day light. A study on the modeled building by its appropriate orientation and a cost wise comparison between green and a conventional building are done here. The study is conducted in one of the site located at Mangalore island site for conventional building.
Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of LinaCovington707
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
KB7052 Research Project Research Project Proposal
Student Details
Surname or Family Name
Enter your surname(s) or family name(s)
Jeela
Forename(s) or Given Name(s)
Enter your forename(s) or given name(s)
Rakesh Yadav
Student Registration Number
Enter your Northumbria University student registration number
W19047419
Programme of Study
Enter the programme you are studying
MSC CONSTRUCTON PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITH BIM WITH ADVANCE PRACTICE
Research Project Details
Title
State the title of your research project
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
Project Aim and Research Objectives (500 words)”
What is your research topic?
Principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom
What does this mean in less technical words?
Sustainable development implies developmental efforts that try to address current needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their needs.
Why is it important to do such research and how does this contribute to us?
The expected outcome of the research is that the principles of sustainable construction in the UK will be identified. Accepting this proposal will be beneficial as the research targets to shed a light on the current principles of sustainable construction. In addition, stakeholders in the construction industry, researchers, and students will benefit from this research as they will be able to learn about current principles of sustainable construction in the UK. The significance of conducting this research cannot be understated. Sustainability is such a crucial aspect in the modern world. Boundaries are necessary for sustainable development; these are not absolute limits, but rather restraints on environmental resources imposed by current technological and social organization, as well as the biosphere's ability to absorb the impacts of human activity (Ismael & Shealy, 2018). The need for long-term development is an unavoidable necessity. Anyone can benefit from this approach, from huge corporations to tiny businesses to individuals who use waste sorting to put it into practice. Regarding the environment, the resources of the Earth are depleting, and if we do not begin to care for it, future generations may be unable to provide for themselves. The building sector is crucial in addressing the difficulties of sustainable development because it deals with massive volumes of raw materials and energy in its operations. When it comes to the building sector, sustainable development means maintaining economic growth while reducing material consumption (both in terms of mass and energy). It also means designing structures that are environmentally conscious. This research will cover these aspects, known as the principles of sustainable development in the United Kingdom, which will greatly contribute to the existing scientific knowledge in sustainable construction. Comment by Nima Geram ...
Construction is a vital connection to the infrastructure and growth of industry in India.
Building roads, bridges and other constructed facilities play an important role in shaping society’s
future. Consequently, the construction Industry produces a vast quantity of waste which is
environmentally unfriendly, and costly to project budgets. This study aimed to find out how much
construction waste is costing construction project budgets, and attempted to make recommendations
to the industry on how profits can be maximized and how the waste can be minimized. For the
empirical investigation, a mixed methodology was used which combined questionnaire and interview
data from stakeholders in the road construction sector, together with documentary and observational
data, to examine the issue of construction waste and cost management. The research revealed that a
number of construction companies in India, do not adhere to international best practices and
standards. Practices such as site waste management plan, waste minimization strategies were found
to be non- existent in these companies. A number of recommendations were made to improve the
practices of the construction firms as per the need to train every construction employee on waste
management and also recommended for government agencies to monitor and enforce rule of waste
management in the construction industry.
Efficiency of indoor environment for improving people's healtheSAT Journals
Abstract The main role of building is to provide shelter, security and healthy place for its occupants. As people spend most of their time in indoor space ( home, work, schools, etc.) therefore most of the hazards that affect human health is a result of poor indoor environment. Among many factors contribute to unhealthy indoor environment and affect people’ health are lack of maintenance, indoor air quality (IAQ) as a result of poor of ventilation, light, noise, etc. Nowadays, architects, and interior designers main objective is to promote comfort and healthy indoor building environment for its occupants through the design process of new building and provide proper design solutions for existing buildings. Therefore, the aim of this research is identify active factors related health that affect the indoor building environment. Strategies and recommendations to prevent or minimize hazards due to poor indoor environment will be also addressed. Keywords: sustainable, indoor air quality (IAQ), human health
The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete ...ijtsrd
Yangon, the former capital city of Myanmar, gradually increases high rise buildings. But, Myanmar, our country, is one of the countries which still weakened at the quality management system of construction projects. Few construction companies in Myanmar hold the certificates of ISO standards and also there are few people who understand that how much quality is very important for the construction industry. Actually, quality is very important for all stages of construction projects to save time and money of the whole projects. In this situation, two construction projects in Myanmar which are constructed under different construction companies have been chosen to apply the statistical quality control methods to know which areas are needed to emphasis to get the better quality performances of construction projects in Myanmar. This finding can be useful to solve some quality problems of construction projects and by using these statistical quality control methods, quality weak points can be analyzed and reduced to get the better quality performances of the construction project. Hsu Wutyee Htun | Kyaw Kyaw "The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30998.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30998/the-comparison-of-statistical-quality-control-results-on-reinforced-concrete-buildings-in-myanmar/hsu-wutyee-htun
A Survey of work related injuries among building construction workers in soth...DebjeetNath
This is referred from Research Article which based on work related injuries of construction workers in Ethiopia. This paper was published on International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, July, 2018. This presentation is useful for ergonomy and occupational physiology topics.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Comparative Study on Day Lighting & Energy Modeling For Conventional and Gree...inventionjournals
A green building is a building which consumes less energy, less water and it includes proper waste management system in such a way that it utilizes maximum natural resources without .affecting the future needs. The energy consumption in a conventional building varies based on the person’s metabolic condition, the circulation of fresh air and the intensity of light entering to the building. The absence of fresh air circulation and lack of natural light will lead to intense power consumption in the building. The methodology used here is basically on the working of the three software viz., velux, design builder, and equest. The velux software is used to understand the building day light factor, how the ventilations are provided and to what extent the building is consuming the natural light through these ventilations. A simulation shall be drawn to check colors the lux values inside the building and it shall be done on the basis d considering different colors and designing the building as per latitude and longitude of the building so the results are based on the weather and climatic conditions of the building topography, thermal comfort in the building, metabolic conditions and materials used . Equest software is the software used for the final analysis of the modeled energy building to determine the consumption of the energy and also the annual savings based on the model prepared in the software. The main area is on how to reduce the energy consumption in the building using the natural day light. A study on the modeled building by its appropriate orientation and a cost wise comparison between green and a conventional building are done here. The study is conducted in one of the site located at Mangalore island site for conventional building.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
151 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— Building maintenance management is a medium
provider and operator that oversee the components related to
building condition and services installation to ensure the
optimum it. Existing condominium building in Jimma Town
lacks adequate maintenance attention. Most condominium
buildings are in very poor and deplorable conditions of
structural and decorative disrepair. The main aim of the study is
to evaluate the condominium maintenance management practice
in Jimma Town, by assessing the current maintenance practices,
determining factors affecting maintenance management and
identifying causes of defects in Jimma Town condominium.
The methodology used in this thesis work was a case study
and physical survey. The data for this work was obtained from
government representative through appropriately designing the
questionnaires, conducting relevant interviews. Quantitative as
well as qualitative analysis was also used.
The main objective of the study is to evaluate the
management practice of condominium maintenance in Jimma
Town.
The findings show that most low cost housing (Jimma town
condominium) defects are caused by leaking pipes, cracking,
peeling paint, damp, leaking pipes, timber decay, sagging, fungi,
termites, broken tiles, and electrical faults. It is widely accepted
that the contributing causes of these defects include weak
designs, poor workmanship, and quality of materials.
Index Terms— condominium, defects, Maintenance
management.
I. INTRODUCTION
Housing is one of the three most essential human needs.
According to the United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights 1948 Article 25 (1): “Everyone has the
right to a
Standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of
himself and of his family, including, Food, clothing, housing
and medical care.”
The word "condominium" comes from two Latin words
meaning common ownership or control.
It describes a legal form of ownership and not a type
of building or residence (Hawaii Real Estate Commission,
2009).
Building maintenance is an important programme for the
sustainability of infrastructural development. It plays an
important role among other activities in the building
operations (Zulkarnain et al., 2011).
Arif Awol, Civil Engineering Department, Jimma University/ Jimma
Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia
Tamene Adugna Civil Engineering Jimma University/Engineering/
Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Alemu mosisa Civil Engineering, Jimma University / Engineering/
Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma
It is a well-known fact that the primary objective of building
maintenance is to preserve buildings in their initial functional,
structural and aesthetic states (Adejimi, 2005). This is to
ensure that such facility continue to remain in such state and
retain their investment value over a long period of existence.
As the researcher observed Maintenance programme in
Jimma has not received much attention in the past. Only
Jimma University owned condominiums get maintenance
recently. This is also in line with the statement of Kunya et al.,
(2007) who observed that there is apparent lack of
maintenance culture in Nigeria which is similar for this study
area. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the
condominium maintenance management practice in Jimma.
The Existing condominium building in Jimma town lacks
an appropriate maintenance attention. Most condominium
buildings in Jimma town are in very poor and deplorable
conditions of structural and decorative disrepair.
While considerable of research have been carried out on
factors responsible for the poor maintenance of public
housing in different country but no research carried out on
factors affecting condominium maintenance and causes of
defects in Jimma. Only scant attention has been given to the
key parameters affecting the implementation of maintenance
programmes for condominium buildings (Jit Condominium).
There is therefore a need to establish and evaluate the factor
affecting maintenance and defects of condominium buildings
using appropriate analysis
II. OBJECTIVES
To identify causes of defects in Jimma town
condominium Building.
To assess the current maintenance practices of
condominium in Jimma town
To determine factors affecting maintenance
management of condominium buildings Jimma
town..
III. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The methodology used in this paper utilizes a literature
review, interviews, and visual inspections involving both
public and private sectors, in decreasing defects in buildings.
The research strategy will relay extensively on Survey
approach where by data is collected through visual
inspections, questioners and interviews.
A. STUDY AREA
The study will be conducted in Oromia regional state, Jimma
town. The study area is located in Jimma area of Oromia
Assessment on causes of defect and the maintenance
management practices on low cost building
(A case study of Jimma Town Condominium)
Arif Awol, Dr.Ing. Tamene Adugna, Alemu Mosisa
2. Assessment on causes of defect and the maintenance management practices on low cost building
(A case study of Jimma Town Condominium)
152 www.erpublication.org
National Regional State. Jimma is located at about 346 Km in
the South West of Addis Ababa and has total surface area of
4,623 hectares. The town is divided in to 3Woreda/Higher
and 13 Kebeles. The number of households reported in the
town is 26,000.The total projected population of the town
from 2007 central statistical agency (CSA) census report is
130,254. The town has a temperature that ranges from 20-30
Co and the average annual rainfall of 800-2500mm3and the
town has an altitude of 1718-2000 m above sea level.
FIG 1. STUDY AREA
Quantitative type of research was extensively be used,
because the data to be utilized should be in a concise format
and need to test the relationships of variable among each other
to generalize findings to larger population.
The statistical tools used for this study include percentage,
mean, and relative significance index RSI (also known as
Index of Relative Importance, IRI or Relative Importance
Index, RII) to determine which of the factors that are
affecting housing maintenance and probable solutions to the
housing maintenance problems.
The relative significance index ranking (RSI) was used
for ranking of the factors studied. These methods had
been used in construction research by authors such as,
(Elhag T and Boussabaine, A, 1999), , (Faniran, 1999),(Idrus,
A.B. & Newman, J, 2002)Kangwa and Olubodun (2003)
andOladapo (2006) among others. Bakhary (2005) gave an
equation that could be useful for determining Relative
Significance Index (RSI) in prevalence data as:
RII= ∑W
AN
Where w is the weighting given to each factor by the
respondents, ranging from 1 to 5, A is the highest weight (i.e.
5 in the study) and Nis the total number of samples. The rating
of all the factors for degree of significance was based on the
value of their respective relative importance index (RII).
According to (Olanrewaju, 2015), for this type of research
work where a 5-point scale was used, the RSI shall be
calculated via the equation:
(0 < index <1)
Where: a = number of respondents “extremely significant and
perfectly known”,
b = number of respondents “very significant and partially
known”
c = number of respondents “somewhat significant and known”
d = number of respondents “not very significant and partially
unknown”
e = number of respondents “not significant and perfectly
unknown”
N = sample size = 62
j = number of response categories = 5
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results are achievement of a study and are the basis for
answering the objectives of the research. They also show the
overall findings of the study which are used to forward
conclusions and recommendations.
Table 1. Professions of the respondents
Participants Frequency Percentage
Engineers
representatives
9 20.46
Contractors
representatives
14 31.82
Home owners 21 47.72
Total 44 100
Table 1, showed respondents occupation. It showed that
20.46% Engineers representative and 79.54% Home owners
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE BUILDINGS ELEMENTS
This section examines the current general maintenance
situation of the condominium buildings of the seven sites in
relation to the building elements. A building is made of
several elements with each performing specific functions. The
effective functioning of these elements determines the
condition of a building. All the elements have well defined
and distinct functions irrespective of the design of the
building, its specifications and construction. The maintenance
condition of the buildings will be done by assessing the
following elements: the foundation/substructure, the roof, the
floor, the wall, painting, and wooden members (window and
door).
TYPES OF BUILDING DEFECTS
According to Table 2, the types of low cost housing (Jimma
Town condominium) defects addressed in this study include
leaking pipes ,cracking, electrical faults, paint problems,
damp, broken tiles, mold, and sagging. There aren’t any issues
of termite attack and timber decay.
Generally, leaking pipes (including sanitary), peeling paint
and cracking are the top three type of defect observed in this
study.
a. leaking pipes
As it was ranked on table 2, Leaking of pipes was the top
ranked type of defects. Leaking is water that seeps out from
behind walls, under concrete slabs and asphalt, basements,
landscaping, water intrusion in roofs, irrigation systems, and
radiant heat system. The consequence of leaking is damp.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
153 www.erpublication.org
Fig 2. (a) Pipe leakage due to improper connection.
Fig 2. (b). Leaking of pipes in toilet
b. peeling paint
Paint peeling refers to paint that does not adhere to the
surface. It can appear in a wide range of geometries. It is
usually caused by incompatible foreign materials either in the
paint or on the substrate, but can also be caused by
incompatible substrate material, and occasionally improper
paint application process control.
Fig 3. Paling of paint on the wall (Saris site
Peeling paint was the most common defect which was
critically found on the building façade, especially on the
plastered walls, ceilings, beams and columns. These
components were consistently exposed to sunlight, rain, wind
and dampness, resulting in peeling paint.
c. Cracking
A structure needs to be maintained after a lapse of certain
period from its construction completion. Some structures may
need a very early look into their deterioration problems, while
others can sustain themselves very well for many years
depending on the quality of design and construction (Wang,
2011). The excessive exposure spoiled the surface of paint
and thus the surface became chalky, flake and blistered. The
problem of peeling paint in schools mostly occurred on the
walls, internal or external. The paint on ceiling was also
gradually peeled off due to the present of moisture.
Fig 4.Cracking on the wall and Floor
Some parts of the inspected Jimma town condominium
showed serious cracks while some only showed minor cracks.
From the inspection, cracks in wall were in various directions
and varying in width from cracks to 5mm or more. The cracks
in plaster and other finishes affected the appearance of the
structure but fortunately did not pose any safety concern.
There were long and continuous cracks across the walls,
beams, columns, ceilings and floors. Moreover, a diagonal
crack was found at the corner of door where the crack tip was
very thin with increased thickness at the initial point.
d. Damp
In this post we did discussed the general terms about
dampness in buildings and the potential causes and we will,
hopefully, go on in future to look at more specific damp
problems and their remedies. Dampness in buildings can arise
from a number of sources and it is important to trace the cause
of the problem before deciding what repairs are required.
According to (Afranie, 1999), the most common causes of
dampness are likely to be:-
• Penetrating dampness – Moisture entering the building
from the outside due to a defect in the structure, such as a
leaking roof, flashing or rainwater pipe.
• Rising Dampness – Moisture from the ground rising up
the external walls due to the damp-proof course being absent
or defective.
• Leaks on Services – Leaks from tanks, pipes, sanitary
fittings or drains that are causing dampness to the fabric of the
building
4. Assessment on causes of defect and the maintenance management practices on low cost building
(A case study of Jimma Town Condominium)
154 www.erpublication.org
Fig 5. Wall dampness
Dampness can arise from unintended water caused by
leaking pipes, gutters and flashings. The leaking water
penetrated into the wall, resulting in horrible water stains.
Under long term of dampness penetration and poor
ventilation within the building, excessive moisture promoted
the growth of mould on the surface of wall (Wang, 2011).
However, damp is less responsible for paint problems.
According to data analysis from the check list, approximately
72% (table 4) of the building had damp problems. The
locations of damp.
e. Mold and Fungi
The growth of mould and fungi are ordinary consequences
caused by excessive dampness. Mould and fungi will grow
when they gain enough moisture and nutrients (Wang, 2011).
However, the growth of mould causes a lot of problems to the
school environment. It not only physically affected the
appearance of the building structure, but also led to plenty of
health illnesses to the students and staffs.
Fig 6. Mold and Fungi on the wall
f. Broken tiles
Tiles were used as finishes to walls and floors. The types of
tiles used in the inspected schools were ceramic tiles and
homogenous tiles. There were only certain areas utilized the
tiles as finishes because most areas were finished by plaster
renderings which were cheaper. The major problems found in
the inspected schools were cracked, broken and loose tiles.
Heavy objects dropped on the tiles would crack and break the
tiles. Defective tiles can further affect the visual appearance
of floors and walls. In brief, this defect was caused by
vandalism, impact damage, improper maintenance and poor
materials.
g. Sagging or deformation (roof)
Most of the roof systems constructed in each school
buildings were pitched roof system. However, there were still
flat roof systems in some school buildings. Roof is an
important element in a building as it protects the interior from
the external weather, such as rain, sun light and wind.
From the inspections, the roof defects found were the
blocked gutters, leaking downpipes, leaking roofs, missing
roof tiles, slipping roof tiles and also defective soffit and
fascia board. The causes of blocked gutters were the growth
of plants and accumulation of leaves and debris. As the result,
the rainwater will overflow when there was a heavy rain.
However, it was also discovered that gutters were not
constructed along during the construction stage at some of the
condominium buildings.
Table 2. Types of building defects
No. Type Percentage Rank
1. leaking pipes 88% 1
2. peeling paint 83% 2
3. Cracking 76% 3
4. Damp 72% 4
5. sagging or
deformation (roof)
53% 5
6. broken tiles 48% 6
7. faulty electrics 44% 7
8. timber decay 41% 8
9. mold or fungi 25% 9
10. Termite 22% 10
THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTING CAUSES OF DEFECTS
As it was stated on Table 2, the four main causes of defect
in the selected Jimma Town low cost housing were weakness
in design, poor workmanship, low quality material and lack of
awareness by occupants about the maintenance of their
houses. While:
1. Low quality material,
2. Poor workmanship and
3. Weakness in design was top three ranked by the
respondents.
The secondary data collected from the Jimma housing
development agency indicates that, the condominium in
Jimma town was constructed by small micros. These small
micros are grouped by the government to create job for them,
but they have no experience and also qualification for the
construction of the building.
The finding from interview indicates that” there is no
organized structure for maintenance work in condominium”
and also he states that “there is no budget allocated by
government for maintenance work, if urgent maintenance was
required I will be done by collecting money from the owner of
the house.” This indicates that lack maintenance department
and lack of sufficient budget from governed were also factor
for these defects.
5. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
155 www.erpublication.org
Generally, the major contributing causes of defects are
weakness in design, poor workmanship, and low quality
material. Furthermore, these defects are also due to a lack of
awareness by occupants about the maintenance of their
houses.
Table 3. The major contributing causes of defects
No Causes RII
1. Low quality of material 0.87 1
2. Poor workman ship 064 2
3. Weakness in design 0.61 3
4. Lack of awareness by occupants
about maintained
0.44 4
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
The maintenance strategy for all the condominium was
corrective maintenance with no planned preventive
maintenance. All respondents agree that the Jimma housing
development agency have you formulated a strategic plan for
maintenance of the Condominium buildings.
Fig 7.Maintenance strategy
As it was indicated on fig 8, Type of maintenance strategy
of the Jimma town housing development agency was the
condition base type of maintenance. This type of maintenance
is performed after one or more indicators shows that the
building needs maintenance. A good practice for this type of
maintenance was the roofing maintenance. Due to rain if the
roof of the building is removed the urgent maintenance will be
required. This one was the most frequent in the study area
Fig 8. Type of maintenance strategy
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HOUSING
MAINTENANCE
Table 4. Showed the relative significance index (RSI) of the
factors affecting the housing maintenance. Cash flow or
budget was ranked first with an RSI value of 0.950, material
specifications ranked second with RSI value of 0.877 and
Construction supervision ranked third with an RSI value of
0.873. These are followed by Lack of preventive maintenance
(maintenance culture) 0.868. They made significant
contributions to the conditions of the buildings thus observed.
Table.4. Identified factors affecting housing maintenance
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the data collection, the findings show that the types of
low cost housing (Jimma town condominium) defects
included cracking, peeling paint, damp, leaking pipes, timber
decay, sagging or deformation (roof), mold or fungi, termites,
broken tiles, and faulty electrics, were identified. The
majority defect occurring in low cost housing was cracking.
The major contributing causes of defects in the selected
Factors 5 4 3 2 1 Total TWV RSI Rank
Cash flow (budget) 3
6
5 2 1 0 44 208 0.950 1
Material specifications 3
0
8 1 3 2 44 193 0.877 2
Construction supervision 2
9
8 3 2 2 44 192 0.873 3
Lack of preventive maintenance
(maintenance culture)
2
7
9 4 4 0 44 191 0.868 4
Design and proper workmanship 2
9
4 3 4 4 44 182 0.827 5
Lack of building maintenance
standard and policy
2
0
1
0
8 6 0 44 176 0.800 6
Client attitude to maintenance 2
1
7 6 4 6 44 165 0.750 7
Incorrect selection of building
material component and system
1
4
6 2 16 6 44 138 0.627 8
Lack of understanding the
importance of maintenance work
1
1
5 1 18 9 44 123 0.559 9
6. Assessment on causes of defect and the maintenance management practices on low cost building
(A case study of Jimma Town Condominium)
156 www.erpublication.org
building were also identified and ranked based on the level of
importance as:
1. Low quality of material
2. Poor workman ship
3. Weakness in design
4. Lack of awareness by occupants about maintained
There were no series issues or defects that occurred due to
termite attacks, timber decay, sagging, or deformation.
Furthermore, the cause of defects was also due to lack
awareness by occupants about the maintenance of their house.
The consequence of faulty design affects the structure of
building through vertical cracks, damp, sagging and
deformation of roofs, and drainage systems. Cracks, paint
problems, leaking pipes, and faulty electrics are caused by
poor workmanship. Unskilled workers were probably used to
construct low cost housing projects due to minimal costs. The
defects that cause material problems are paint, leaking pipes,
faulty electrics, and broken tiles.
The maintenance strategy for all the condominium was
corrective maintenance with no planned preventive
maintenance. All respondents agree that the Jimma housing
development agency have formulated a strategic plan for
maintenance of the Condominium buildings. Type of
maintenance strategy of the Jimma town housing
development agency was the condition base type of
maintenance. This type of maintenance is performed after one
or more indicators shows that the building needs maintenance.
A good practice for this type of maintenance was the roofing
maintenance. Due to rain if the roof of the building is
removed the urgent maintenance will be required. This one is
the most frequent in the study area.
The factors affecting the condominium housing
maintenance was also identified and ranked based on their
level of importance. Accordingly, Cash flow or budget was
ranked first with an RSI value of 0.950, material
specifications ranked second with RSI value of 0.877 and
Construction supervision ranked third with an RSI value of
0.873. These are followed by Lack of preventive maintenance
(maintenance culture) 0.868. They made significant
contributions to the conditions of the buildings thus observed.
The following recommendation were forwarded based the
finding of this study.
1. Need for Introduction of maintenance performance
evaluation, maintenance departments should develop a
condition assessment system for all their built facilities that
set minimum condition standards at which various building
should be maintained. Likewise they need to introduce or
intensify their periodic condition assessment/surveys from
which their maintenance workload and prioritization of
maintenance work is determined.
2. There is the need for Jimma town condominium to
embrace preventive maintenance practice as a high priority
rather than emergency maintenance. To gain optimum
benefits from preventive maintenance, housing development
agency should incorporate preventive maintenance tasks into
a work-order system and keep systematic maintenance
records, either by computer or manually. They should
evaluate the preventive maintenance program to improve it
over time.
3. Many condominiums building in Jimma town lack
maintenance. Urgent maintenance should be done for some
buildings. Unless, many life of the people was in risk.
4. Jimma housing development agency should learn a good
lesson from the Jimma university staff condominium (Dippo
and Jit) maintenance.
5. All condominium owners should contribute some money
and use that money for maintenance until the budget released
from the government.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to all organizations
and individuals who contributed directly or indirectly to this
thesis and provided the necessary materials and support for
the realization of this thesis. Also I would thank Ethiopian
road Authority and Jimma University, Jimma Institute of
technology for giving me this chance.
REFERENCES
[1] Adejimi, A. (2005). Poor Building Maintenance are Architects Free
from Blames?. ENHR International Conference on Housing: New
Challenges and Innovations in Tomorrow’s Cities.
[2] Afaq Hyder, S. N. (2007). I m p l i cautions of design deficiency on
building maintenance at post-occupational stage. Journal of Building
Appraisal, 115-124. H. Poor, an Introduction to Signal Detection
and Estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
[3] Ajetomobi Oludare Olayinka and Olanrewaju Sharafadeen Babatunde
. (2015). Evaluation of the factors affecting housing maintenance and
its probable solutions. International Journal of Latest Research in
Engineering and Technology, 1 (4), 59-64.
[4] Chiang, L., Russell L. & Braatz, D. (2001). Fault Detection &
Diagnosis in Industrial system. . Springer Publisher.
[5] Choka, d. g. (2012). a study on the impact of maintenance management
systems on maintenance condition of built facilities :case study of
public universities in Kenya. Unpublished MSc Thesis at university of
Nairobi.
[6] Elhag T and Boussabaine, A. (1999). Evaluation of Construction Costs
and Time Attributes”. Proceedings of the 15 th
ARCOM Conference.
Vol. 2, 2,473 -480, (pp. 15- 21). Liverpool John Moores University.
[7] Issah, m. (2013). Evaluation of maintenance management practices in
ghana. Kwame nkrumah university of science and technology.
[8] Kunya, S.U., Achuenu, E.A. and Kolawale, J.O. (2007). Evaluation of
Factors Affecting Maintenance. Expenditures of Federal Tertiary Ins
Olanrewaju. (2015). the challenges of building maintenance in
Nigeria. European Journal of Educational and Development
Psychology, 30-39.titution in Nigeria, 98-105.
[9] Prince, j. (2010). Maintenance of buildings of public institutions in
Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
[10] Roslan Talib A Gaffer Ahmad, Noorzawati Zakaria, Mohd Zailan
Suleiman. (2014). Assessment of Factors Affecting Building
Maintenance and Defects of Public Buildings in Penang, Malaysia.
Architecture Research, 48-53.
[11] Siyanbola, A.B., Ogunmakinde, O.E. and Akinola, A.A. (2013).
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Building Maintenance in
Government Residential Estates in Akure.
[12] Zulkarnain, S.H, Zawawi, E.M.A. Rahman, M.Y.A and
Mustafa, N.K.F. (2011). A Review of Critical Success Factor in
Building Maintenance Management Practice for University Sector.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 195-199.