This Presentation is part of my M.A Study Paper about "Criticism and Indian aesthetic". Here my presentation is about Practical Criticism by I.A Richard.

1. “Department of English”
■ Name : Trivedi Anjali P.
■ Roll no. : 02
■ Course : M.A Sem 2
■ Enrollment no. : 3069206420200022
■ Subject : Criticism and Indian esthetic
■ Topic : “I.A. Rechards Practical Criticism
■ Guide teacher : Dilip barad sir
■ E-mail : anjali.trivedi305@gmail.com

2. I.A.Richards
Figurative
language.
■ Introduction I.A.
Richards was a poet,
dramatist,
philosopher,
psychologist is among
the first of 20th
century critics. He is a
pioneer of new critism.

3. ■ New criticism and the whole of modern poetics
derive theire strength and inspiration from the
seminal writings of Rechards such as principles of
literary criticism. His path breaking works are:
1). The meaning of meaning.
2). The principles of literary criticism.
3). The practical criticism.

4. Practical criticism:
■ Practical criticism is like formal studies of English literature. It began
into 1920 with a series of experiments by the Cambridge critic I.A.
Richards.
■ The main objective of his work was to encourage students to
concentrate on the words on the page rather than dependent on the
preconceived or received belief about the text. This meant that they
would clarify the various currents of thought in the poem and achieve
a corresponding clarification of their own emotions.
■ 1) Four kinds of meaning
■ 2)Two uses of language
■ 3) Figurative language

5. Four kinds of meaning
■ Practical criticism is first focus on the meaning of
meaning and philosophy of Rhetoric. Richards
advocates a close textual and verbal analysis of
poetry. According to Richards the words communicate
four kinds of meaning.
■ Sense, feeling, tone, intention. So the poetry
communicates through the interplay of these four
types of meanings.

6. ■ Sense- Sense is that which is communicated by the
plain literal meanings of the words.
■ Feeling- Feeling refers to emotion. Emotional
attitude, desire, pleasure, displeasure.
■ Tone-Tone means the attitude of the writers towards
his readers.
■ Intention- Intention refers to the effect one tries to
produce, which modifies one's expression. So
understanding of all these aspects is part of meaning
of poetry.

7. Two uses of language
■ Scientific use of language- In the scientific statement
may be used for the sake of reference, which may be
verified as true or false. This is the scientific use of
language.
■ Emotive use of language- The poet uses words
emotively for the purpose of evoking emotions and
attitudes considered valuable by him e.g., the word
‘fire’ has only one definite scientific reference to a fact
in the real world. But when poetry uses it in a phrase
such as ‘heart on fire’ the word evokes an emotion that
of excitement.

8. Four misunderstanding of
language
1. Misunderstanding of the sense of poetry: careless,
rhyme or irregular syntax.
2. Over-literal reading
3. Defective scholarship
4. Difference in meaning of the words in poetry and
prose.

9. Mixed use of metaphors
■ Sense metaphors- In the sense metaphor the shift is
due to a similarity between the original object and the
new one.
■ Emotive metaphors- In Emotive metaphor the shift is
due to a similarity between the feelings the new
situation and the normal situation arouse.

10. Figurative language
■ Similes occur in both poetry and prose and they may
be short and simple or long and extended.
■ The use of figurative language can problems. It is
difficult to turn poetry it logical respectable prose. So
in the figurative language use for enjoyment and
understanding of the best poetry. It requires a
sensitiveness and a nicely imaginativeness.

11. Poem
The Poem
Solemn and gray, the immense clouds of evenPass on their
towering unperturbed way Through the vast whiteness of the
rain-swept heaven The moving pageants of the waning day;
Heavy with dreams, desires, prognostications, Brooding with
sullen and Titanic crests, They surge, whose mantles' wise
imaginationsTrail where Earth's mute and languorous body
rests; While below the Hawthorns smile like milk splashed
downFrom Noon's blue pitcher over mead and hill; The
arrased distance is so dim with flowers It seems itself some
coloured cloud made still, O how the clouds this dying
daylight crown With the tremendous triumph of tall towers!

12. Analysis of poem
■ In this poem poet uses many figurative language.
Many things are happens in this poetry and that can't
be happen in reality for eg,
■ Cloud can not have 'desire’.
■ A mantle can not have 'imaginations’.
■ 'Imaginations' can not 'trail’.
■ 'Milk' does not 'smile’.
■ 'Dim with flowers' is rather weak, for flowers are bright
thing.

13. ■ So there are many things that shows the use of
figurative language in the poetry. The poetic figures
creates the problem or misunderstanding during the
reading of poem. It is also enhance the charm of
poetry but many time it difficult to understand poem.

14. Conclusion
■ So in the last in a very simple words and language
describe figurative language. It can also lead a reader
to misunderstanding too but even it can never be
wrong, because not a single thing, single interpretation
in poetry has numbers of interpretations because a
work of art has numbers of interpretations.