An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς, Latin: De Poetica;[1] c. 335 BCE[2]) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.[3]
In it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry).
Aristotle's Poetics c. 335 BCE is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
Function of Criticism by T.S Eliot, Why Criticism in Literature?, Four Parts of the essay “Function of Criticism”, Tradition and the Individual Talent, I Part: Eliot’s views on critic and critical work of art, II Part: John Middleton Murry’s Essay and Eliot’s Contradiction, III Part: Eliot’s criticism of Murry and function of criticism, IV Part: Relation of Criticism with creative work of art
Literary Criticism - Essay on Dramatic PoesyRohitVyas25
John Dryden has given good criticism for dramatic poesy. Here in this presentation, I've put introduction of the original essay and Dryden's definition of play.
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his Biographia Literature considered that the mind can be divided into two faculties called as imagination and fancy.
Imagination is further divided into two types namely Primary Imagination and Secondary Imagination.
Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς, Latin: De Poetica;[1] c. 335 BCE[2]) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.[3]
In it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry).
Aristotle's Poetics c. 335 BCE is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
Function of Criticism by T.S Eliot, Why Criticism in Literature?, Four Parts of the essay “Function of Criticism”, Tradition and the Individual Talent, I Part: Eliot’s views on critic and critical work of art, II Part: John Middleton Murry’s Essay and Eliot’s Contradiction, III Part: Eliot’s criticism of Murry and function of criticism, IV Part: Relation of Criticism with creative work of art
Literary Criticism - Essay on Dramatic PoesyRohitVyas25
John Dryden has given good criticism for dramatic poesy. Here in this presentation, I've put introduction of the original essay and Dryden's definition of play.
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his Biographia Literature considered that the mind can be divided into two faculties called as imagination and fancy.
Imagination is further divided into two types namely Primary Imagination and Secondary Imagination.
Literary terms and their meanings.
Literary terms, such as, allegory, alliteration, consonance, conceit, tragicomedy, tragedy, comedy, etc all are explained.
MOLDING MINDS, SHAPING HEARTS Role of Character Formation in School SuccessMann Rentoy
MOLDING MINDS, SHAPING HEARTS: The Crucial Role of Character Formation in School Success
by Emmanuel Mann Rentoy
Presented by FilPass and CATALYST PDS
Key Highlights:
Insights for Success: Learn why character formation is the linchpin of academic triumph and personal growth.
Teacher Training Revolution: Discover innovative strategies to empower your educators in fostering character development within the classroom.
Real-world Impact: Understand how schools can become incubators for future leaders, instilling values that extend far beyond textbooks.
Don't miss this opportunity to revolutionize your school's approach to education. Elevate your institution, empower your teachers, and shape a future generation of leaders through the power of character-driven teaching.
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT 100+ STRATEGIES by Emmanuel Mann Rentoy
Email us at catalystpds@gmail.com
www.characterconferences.com
View the Recorded Presentations here: https://www.youtube.com/@characterformation
https://www.youtube.com/c/TEACHERTRAINING
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) celebrated the Values Restoration
Week and Anniversary of the Chaplaincy Service Office on September 26-29, 2023. During
the week-long celebration, the Chaplaincy Service Office (CSO) conducted various talks
and seminars for the integration of values to the Jail Bureau. This was the talk for the 2nd day of the week-long celebration on September 27, 2023 at 800am via zoom platform.
The target theme for the 2nd day is “Buidling Values – Character Community.” The
participants were Officers of the Jail Bureau composed of Uniformed personnel.
DEVELOPING GRIT, RESILIENCE & EMPATHY: 3 Essential Virtues for the Digital Generation
by Emmanuel Mann Rentoy
2022 International Champion for Character of Character.Org
Presented in Colombo, Sri Lanka on November 26, 2022
KIND AND CARING CLASSROOM
Presented by Emmanuel Mann Rentoy in Colombo, Sri Lanka on November 19, 2022
Educational and Social Initiatives
www.characterconferences.com
mannrentoy@gmail.com
PRESENTED BY Emmanuel Mann Rentoy in Colombo, Sri Lanka on November 19, 2022
Educational and Social Initiatives
mannrentoy@gmail.com
www.characterconferences.com
TEACHERS AS AGENTS OF CHARACTER FORMATION Mann Rentoy
PRESENTED IN Hotel Sapphire, Colombo Sri Lanka on November 12, 2022
by Emmanuel Mann Rentoy
baybrookseminars@gmail.com
Subscribe to my YouTube Channel to access hundreds of Teacher Training Videos: https://www.youtube.com/@characterformation
www.characterconferences.com
About Mann Rentoy
A lecturer from the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P), he has taught for more than 30 years.
He is a graduate of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) where he earned a double-degree in AB Journalism and AB Literature, an MA in Creative Writing, and a PhD in Literature.
He was the Founding Executive Director of Westbridge School in Iloilo City. He was in the first batch of graduates of PAREF Southridge School, where he also taught for 15 years, occupying various posts including Principal of Intermediate School, Vice-Principal of High School and Department Head of Religion. As Moderator of “The Ridge”, the official publication of Southridge, he won 9 trophies from the Catholic Mass Media Awards including the first ever Hall of Fame for Student Publication, for winning as the best campus paper in the country for four consecutive years.
He is the Founding Executive Director of “Character Education Partnership Philippines”, or CEP Philippines, an international affiliate of CEP in Washington, DC, USA. As Founder of CEP Philippines, he has been invited to speak all over the country, as well as in Washington D.C., San Diego, California, USA, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He also serves as the Founding President of Center for 4th and 5th Rs (Respect & Responsibility) Asia, otherwise known as the Thomas Lickona Institute for Asia. He is probably the most visible advocate of character formation in the country, having spoken to hundreds of schools and universities around the Philippines.
Email us at catalystpds@gmail.com
www.characterconferences.com
SELF MASTERY: How to Help Our Kids Keep It Together by Dr. Michele BorbaMann Rentoy
SELF MASTERY: How to Help Our Kids Keep It Together by Dr. Michele Borba
An International Conference organized by PAREF WOODROSE SCHOOL and CATALYST for Professional Development Services
JANUARY 29, 2022
www.characterconferences.com
About Mann Rentoy
A lecturer from the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P), he has taught for more than 30 years.
He is a graduate of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) where he earned a double-degree in AB Journalism and AB Literature, an MA in Creative Writing, and a PhD in Literature.
He was the Founding Executive Director of Westbridge School in Iloilo City. He was in the first batch of graduates of PAREF Southridge School, where he also taught for 15 years, occupying various posts including Principal of Intermediate School, Vice-Principal of High School and Department Head of Religion. As Moderator of “The Ridge”, the official publication of Southridge, he won 9 trophies from the Catholic Mass Media Awards including the first ever Hall of Fame for Student Publication, for winning as the best campus paper in the country for four consecutive years.
He is the Founding Executive Director of “Character Education Partnership Philippines”, or CEP Philippines, an international affiliate of CEP in Washington, DC, USA. As Founder of CEP Philippines, he has been invited to speak all over the country, as well as in Washington D.C., San Diego, California, USA, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He also serves as the Founding President of Center for 4th and 5th Rs (Respect & Responsibility) Asia, otherwise known as the Thomas Lickona Institute for Asia. He is probably the most visible advocate of character formation in the country, having spoken to hundreds of schools and universities around the Philippines.
Email us at catalystpds@gmail.com
www.characterconferences.com
Beauty of Art as a Powerful Tool to Teach the Catholic FaithMann Rentoy
Presented by Emmanuel Rentoy
January 28, 2022
Series of Seminars for Teachers of Catholic Schools
About Mann Rentoy
A lecturer from the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P), he has taught for more than 30 years.
He is a graduate of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) where he earned a double-degree in AB Journalism and AB Literature, an MA in Creative Writing, and a PhD in Literature.
He was the Founding Executive Director of Westbridge School in Iloilo City. He was in the first batch of graduates of PAREF Southridge School, where he also taught for 15 years, occupying various posts including Principal of Intermediate School, Vice-Principal of High School and Department Head of Religion. As Moderator of “The Ridge”, the official publication of Southridge, he won 9 trophies from the Catholic Mass Media Awards including the first ever Hall of Fame for Student Publication, for winning as the best campus paper in the country for four consecutive years.
He is the Founding Executive Director of “Character Education Partnership Philippines”, or CEP Philippines, an international affiliate of CEP in Washington, DC, USA. As Founder of CEP Philippines, he has been invited to speak all over the country, as well as in Washington D.C., San Diego, California, USA, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He also serves as the Founding President of Center for 4th and 5th Rs (Respect & Responsibility) Asia, otherwise known as the Thomas Lickona Institute for Asia. He is probably the most visible advocate of character formation in the country, having spoken to hundreds of schools and universities around the Philippines.
Email us at catalystpds@gmail.com
www.characterconferences.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
6. Aristotle (c. 384-322 B.C.E. )
• Founder of literary criticism
• Dante called him “the master of those who
know”
• Plato referred to Aristotle as “the mind’’
12. *Introductory remarks on poetry
and its classification.
*Tragedy.
*Poetic diction.
*Narrative poetry and Tragedy .
*Epic is compared with Tragedy.
*Objections are answered.
6 Parts of “Poetics”
13. Twenty-six
chapters.
a kind of covert
reply to his great
master.
a systematic
exposition of the
theory and
practice of
poetry.
18. Differences between Aristotle and Plato
— Poetry presents a copy of
nature as it is. Poetry is
twice removed from reality
and it’s a ‘shadow of
shadows’.
— Plato takes up the cudgel
on behalf of philosophy
and shows that philosophy
is superior to poetry.
— Poetry may imitate men as
they are, or better and
worse. Poetry gives us
idealized version of reality.
— He takes up the cudgels
on behalf of poetry and
effectively brings out its
superiority.
36. Lusis - Literally "untying," the
lusis is all the action in a tragedy
from the climax onward. All the
plot threads that have been woven
together in the desis are slowly
unraveled until the conclusion.
44. first kind of distinction is the
means or medium they
employ. Just as a painter
employs paint and a sculptor
employs stone, the poet
employs language, rhythm, and
harmony, either singly or in
combinations.
45. The second distinction is the
objects that are imitated. All
poetry represents actions with
agents who are either better
than us, worse than us, or quite
like us.
46. tragedy and epic poetry:
characters are better than us
comedy and parody:
characters are worse than us.
47. The third distinction is with the
manner of representation: the
poet either speaks directly in
narrative or assumes the
characters of people in the
narrative and speaks through
them.
49. We are by nature imitative creatures
that learn and excel by imitating
others, and we naturally take delight
in works of imitation.
Evidence: fascinated by
representations of dead bodies or
disgusting animals even though the
things themselves would repel us.
52. Four innovations in the
development from improvised
dithyrambs toward the tragedies
of his day.
53. Dithyrambs were sung in honor of
Dionysus, god of wine, by a chorus
of around fifty men and boys,
often accompanied by a narrator.
54. 1st Innovation:
Aeschylus reduced the number of
the chorus and introduced a
second actor on stage, which made
dialogue the central focus of the
poem
56. 3rd Innovation:
Tragedy developed an air of
seriousness, and the meter
changed from a trochaic rhythm,
which is more suitable for dancing,
to an iambic rhythm, which is
closer to the natural rhythms of
conversational speech.
58. tragedy and epic poetry:
characters are better than us
comedy and parody:
characters are worse than us.
59. comedy deals with the ridiculous
which he defines as a kind of
ugliness that does no harm to
anybody else.
very sketchy account of the origins of
comedy, because it was not generally
treated with the same respect as
tragedy and so there are fewer
records of the innovations that led to
its present form.
60. Tragedy and epic poetry deal with
lofty subjects in a grand style of
verse
Three significant differences:
First, tragedy is told in a
dramatic, rather than narrative, form,
and employs several different kinds
of verse while epic poetry employs
only one.
61. Second, the action of a
tragedy is usually confined to a
single day, and so the tragedy
itself is usually much shorter
than an epic poem.
62. Third, while tragedy has all
the elements that are
characteristic of epic poetry, it
also has some additional
elements that are unique to it
alone.
63. Aristotle now narrows his
focus to examine tragedy
exclusively. In order to do so,
he provides a definition of
tragedy that we can break up
into seven parts
64. (1) it involves mimesis;
(2) it is serious;
(3) the action is complete and
with magnitude;
(4) it is made up of language
with the "pleasurable
accessories" of rhythm and
harmony;
65. (5) these "pleasurable
accessories" are not used
uniformly throughout, but are
introduced in separate parts of
the work, so that, for instance,
some bits are spoken in verse
and other bits are sung;
66. (6) it is performed rather than
narrated; and
(7) it arouses the emotions of
pity and fear and accomplishes
a katharsis (purification or
purgation) of these emotions.
70. Unity of Action:(Probability and
Necessity)
There must be a
causal connection
between the
various events and
incidents.
They must follow
each other
naturally and
inevitably.
No incident or
character should be
superfluous.
The events
introduced must be
such as are probable
under the
circumstances.
Aristotle emphasizes Unity of Action ; he is against plurality of action
as it weakens the final effect of Tragedy.
73. Diction and Style
Diction is the choice and arrangement of words and
images in a literary composition.
Six types of words
• Current or ordinary words
• Foreign terms borrowed or dialects
• Metaphors
• Ornamental periphrasis
• Invented words
• Not invented, but made new lengthening
or shortening
74. Songs is the pleasurable addition to a
play. In a tragedy, song is provided by
the Chorus. The quantitative sections of
tragedy are ;
vPrologue
vChoric song
vEpisode
vExode
SONGS OR MELODY
75. About Catharsis:-
#In the Poetics, while defining tragedy,
Aristotle writes that the function of
tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity
and fear, and in this way to affect the
Katharsis of these emotion.
#Further the Greek word Katharsis
has three meanings:-
Purgation purification clarification
All agree that Tragedy arouses fear and pity, but there are sharp differences
as to the process, the way, by which the rousing of these emotions gives
pleasure.
77. Two kinds of Plots: simple and complex
— Simple:
— Plot is simple when the
change in the fortunes of
the hero takes place
without peripety and
discovery.
— Complex:
— The plot is complex
when it involves one or
the other or both. The
Peripety is the change in
the fortunes of the hero
and the Discovery is a
change from ignorance
to knowledge.
Aristotle prefers complex plot, for it startles and
captures attention.
78. Complex plots are those which have Peripety
and Anagnorisis or Discovery or Recognition
— Peripeteia :
— Peripeteia means that
human actions produce
results exactly opposite
to what was intended: it
is working in blindness
to one’s own defeat.
— It is a false step taken in
the dark.(e.g., Macbeth)
— Anagnorisis:
— Anagnorisis or
recognition is the
realization of truth, the
opening of the eyes, the
sudden lightning-flash
in the darkness.
79. Characterization:-
Showing a perfectly
good man passing
from happiness to
misery
Such kind of plot
will not inspire pity
and fear it will be
simply odious or
horrible
Showing a bad
man rising
from misery to
happiness
It is not
tragic at all
Showing an
extremely bad
man falling from
happiness to
misery
It will move us
neither to pity nor
fear.
“A man who is not eminently good and just yet whose misfortune is not
brought by vice or depravity but by some error of frailty”.
80. Further Traits of Characters:-
The
characters
must be good
They must be
appropriate
They must
have likeness
They must
have
consistency
Aristotle means that they must be true to type, slave
should behave as slaves are generally known to behave.
There must be no sudden and unaccountable change in
character.
81. The Ideal Tragic Hero:-
He should neither be
perfectly good not
utterly bad .
He should be a man
neither of a blameless
character nor a
depraved villain.
He is a man of ordinary
weaknesses and virtues,
like our selves, leaning
more to the side of
good than of evil.
Suffering, not because of some deliberate villainy but
because of some error of judgment.
82. “Hamartia”
Ignorance Hasty or careless
view
Decision taken
voluntarily
Oedipus Othello Hamlet
It may be accompanied by normal imperfection, but it is not itself a moral
imperfection, and in the purest tragic situation the suffering hero is not morally to
blame.
83. The Dramatic Unities
Unity of Time
#Comparing the Epic and the
Tragedy:-
“Tragedy tries as far as
possible, to live within a
single revolution of the
sun, or only slightly to
exceed it, whereas the epic
observes no limits in its
time of action”.
About the Unity of Time he merely says in the Poetics that tragedy
should confine itself, “as far as possible”, to a single revolution of the
sun.
84. Unity of Place
Aristotle only mentions
when comparing the epic
and the tragedy, that the
epic can narrate a number
of actions going on
simultaneously in different
parts, while in drama such
simultaneous actions
cannot be represented, for
the stage is one part and not
several parts, or places.
86. * Unity of plot in epic.
* Contrast between epic and tragedy.
* Superiority of tragedy over epic.
* Tragedy is possible without character but not
without plot.
* Epic is of four types : simple and complex, epic
of character, epic of suffering.
* Tragedy is of four types : The complex tragedy,
the tragedy of suffering, the tragedy of
character, the tragedy of spectacle.
EPIC AND TRAGEDY
87. Types of Tragedy
• Complex tragedy
It consists of reversal and recognition of truth.
• Tragedy of suffering
Tragedy depicts suffering.
• Tragedy of character
Character more involved than plot.
• Tragedy of spectacle
It depends upon the sensational effects
produced by the actors, the costume designers and
other mechanical and artificial devices.
88. Types of Recognition
Anagnorisis (discovery or recognition of truth)
• Signs or objects, symbols
• Author tells himself
• Discovery from memory
• Process of reasoning
• Discovery arising from the false reasoning
89. Superiority of Tragedy over Epic
• It has all the elements of an epic and has also
spectacle and song which the epic lacks.
• Unity of action only in a tragedy not in an epic.
• Simply reading the play without performing it is
already very potent.
• Tragedy is shorter that is more compact concentrated
effect.