This document discusses sampling methods for research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It covers the main types of sampling:
1. Probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling which give all units an equal chance of selection.
2. Non-probability sampling methods like judgement, quota, and convenience sampling which do not give all units an equal chance and can be biased.
3. Factors to consider for good sampling include accuracy, precision, defining the target population, determining the sampling method and size. The document provides details on each sampling technique and their advantages and disadvantages.
Probability Sampling and Types by Selbin Babuselbinbabu1
The presentation will cover probability sampling and all the types of probability sampling like Random sampling , systematic random sampling, strtified random sampling, cluster random sampling and multi stage sampling.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
Probability Sampling and Types by Selbin Babuselbinbabu1
The presentation will cover probability sampling and all the types of probability sampling like Random sampling , systematic random sampling, strtified random sampling, cluster random sampling and multi stage sampling.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
The paper discusses how to select representative samples and parameters for deciding sampling techniques. It also adopts a more friendly approach to the determination of samples for population parameters by adopting the use of sample size calculator
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Definition:
Sample: A fraction of population selected in any
manner is known as sample
Population: It is the totality of persons, objects, items
or anything conceivable pertaining to certain
characteristics.
Sampling: It is a process of selecting subjects who
are representative of population events, behaviours
or other elements with which to conduct study.
3. Population is so large and scattered.
It offers high degree of accuracy.
Results can be obtained shortly.
Needs small portions.
Economical one.
Purposes of sampling:
4. Principles of sampling: -
Based on the objectives
Systematic
Clearly defined and easily identifiable
Used throughout the study
Based on sound criteria and avoid errors and
bias.
5. Selection of Good Sample:
Accuracy – Defined as the degree to which
bias is absent from the sample
Precision – Sample size
6. Define the target population
Select sampling frame
Determine whether probability or non probability sampling method
will be chosen
Plan procedure for selecting sampling units
Determine sample size and actual sampling units
Conduct field work
Sampling process (Steps in
Selection of a sample): -
7. 1. Defining the target population
Once the decision to sample has been made, the first
question related to sample, concerns identifying the target
population, that is the complete group of specific
population elements related to research project it is
important to carefully define the target population.
2. Sampling frame
This is the list of elements from which a sample may
be drawn.
E.g. Class attendance register.
8. 3. Methodof sampling
Method should be important because the total student body is
geographically concentrated and their reasonably accurate list of their
population.
4. Procedure for sampling
During the actual sampling process the elements of the population
according to the certain procedure sample units are selected. The
sampling units is a single element or group of elements.
9. 5. Select actual sampling Units
Sample of 30 and more are consider as large
sample, less than 30 is known as small sample.
After determining the sample size the actual
sampling units are selected for the study.
6. Conduct field work
After selecting actual sampling units field work are
carried out.
10. When the sample is so chosen that some
elements are more likely to be represented their other
elements, it is called biased sample.
Sampling error: -
Type – I (alpha) - Rejection of null hypothesis if its
true
Type – II (beta) - Acceptance of a null hypothesis
if its actually false.
Biased Sample: -
11. Types of Sampling
SAMPLING
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
JUDGEMENTAL
SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
MULTIPHASE SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
CLUSTER SMPLING
MULTI STAGE SAMPLING
12. Is one in which every unit of the population has
an equal probability of being selected for the
sample.
I. Simple Random sampling (Random sampling)
Random sample is a sample selected in such a
way that every item in the population has an
equal chance.
(a) Lottery method
(b) Table of random number method
A. Probability sampling
14. This method of sampling is used when the
population is composed of diverse segment.
When the population be divided into strata or
subgroups and then it is divided into
homogenous such as defined areas, classes,
ages, sexes etc.
Size of the sample from each strata can
either be
1. Proportional
2. Disproportional
II Stratified random sampling
15. Merits
More representative
Greater accuracy
Administrative convenience
Stratification is more advantages
Demerits
It is difficult to divide the population into
homogenous strata.
Supplementary information to set up is not
available some time.
Sometime the difficult strata may overlap makes
the sampling would not be representative
16. III. Systematic sampling: -
This sampling is obtaining collection of elements
by drawing every k th person from a pre-
determined list of person.
K = N n = sample size
n K = sample interval
N = target population
Merits
Simple and convenient
Rapid method
17. Demerits
It is suitable when there is no unique variation.
IV. Multistage sampling
Sampling is selected in various stages but only the last sample of subject is studied.
18. NORTH ZONEEAST ZONE WEST ZONESOUTH ZONE
TAMIL NADUKERALA KARNADAKA
CHENNAISALEMTRICHY
VEERAPONDI
MAGUDANCHAVADI
SEERAGAPADI
E.G. – FOR STUDYING THE PANCHAYAT SYSTEM IN
VILLAGES
INDIA
19. Merit
Helpful in large scale survey less expensive
V. Multiphase sampling
This type is same as multi stage sampling,
however, each sample is adequately studied before
another sample is drawn from it.
Merits
Less cost
Less laborious
More purposeful
20. VI. Cluster sampling
This sampling implies dividing population into
clusters and drawing random sample either from
all clusters or selected clusters.
Small units (or) group of element in the population
is called as cluster. E.g. wards, villages, slums,
schools
21. Merits
It is easy to apply large sample size
Less cost
Respondents can be readily substituted
Flexible
It is administratively simple
Used all the individuals (inconvenient or unethical)
Demerits
Each cluster is not equal size
Sample error is grater
Same individual can study twice.
22. B.NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING: -
The elements are chosen by non random
methods.
Judgement sampling: -
This sampling also known as purposive
sampling. Sampling based on judgement of the
person entrusted with the job.
Quota sampling: -
This is stratified sampling but it worked on ‘Quotas’
fixed by the researcher
E.g. fixing 10 patients from each ward.
23. Convenience sampling
This also known as accidental on ‘haphazard’ sampling, the researcher studies all
those persons who are most conveniently available or who accidentally come in his contact
during data collection.
Snow ball sampling
The researcher begins the research with the few respondents who are known and
available to him, subsequently, there respondents give other names.
24. Sample size
Sample size can be calculated by using
standard formula
I.e. n
1+n(e2)
n - Total number of population
e – Error (90%) ie 0.05 level)
