1. • I. The Earth System has for major parts
– A) Atmosphere (Air)
– B) Hydrosphere (H20)
– C) Biosphere (life)
– D) Geosphere (ground/land)
2. Atmosphere
• A) The atmosphere is the mixture of
gas and particles that surrounds and
protect the surface of Earth.
• B) The most abundant gases are
Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)
3. Hydrosphere
• A) The hydrosphere is made up of all
the water on earth.
• B) 97% of Earths water is salt water and
3% of Earths water is fresh water.
10. • 1. Minerals have four characteristics
– A mineral is a substance that
Minerals
• A) forms in nature (a natural process not involving
organisms –plants or animals)
11. B) is a solid (definite volume and a
rigid shape)
12. • C) has a definite
chemical makeup
(specific
combination of
atoms)
13. • D) has a crystal structure (a
solid in which the atoms are
arranged in an orderly,
repeating three-dimensional
pattern)
14. • Are the following substances minerals
– 1. Water
– 2. Oil
– 3. Ice
– 4. Diamond
– 5. Ruby
– 6. Sugar
– 7. Salt
– 8. Copper
– 9. Liquid quartz
– 10. Natural gas
15. ANSWERS
– 1. Water
– 2. Oil
– 3. Ice
– 4. Diamond
– 5. Ruby
– 6. Sugar
– 7. Salt
– 8. Copper
– 9. Liquid quartz
– 10. Natural gas
No - liquid
No – liquid, comes from
Yes
Yes
Yes
No – comes from a plant
Yes
Yes
No - liquid
No - gas
16. • Scientists classify minerals into two
groups
– 1. Silicates (contains oxygen and silicon)
• Make up about 90% of the rocks in Earth's crust,
and are the most common rock-forming minerals.
– 2. Carbonates (contains oxygen and carbon)
• Found in sea shells.
17. •
Each kind of mineral has certain
properties that you can use to identify it.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
COLOR
STREAK
LUSTER
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
GRAVITY/DENSITY
HARDNESS
18. Color
• A mineral may
be one color or
many colors.
You cannot
identify a mineral
by color alone,
but color is
helpful along
with other
19. Can you tell what the mineral is by
identifying the color?
• No! The mineral on the left is halite, and
the mineral on the right is quartz.
20. Can you tell what the mineral is by
identifying the color?
• NO! These minerals are both HALITE
21. Streak
• Streak is the color of
a mineral in powder
form. You can find
out a mineral’s streak
by rubbing it across
an unglazed
porcelain streak
plate. Each mineral
makes a streak of a
certain color. This
color may differ from
the color of the
22.
23. Luster
• This property
describes how a
mineral reflects
light from its
surface. Some
minerals are shiny
like metal or glass
( a glassy luster is
called vitreous).
Others have dull,
waxy or earthy
luster.
24.
25. Cleavage
• Minerals break
according to how
their atoms are
arranged. Cleavage
is the tendency of a
mineral to break
along a flat surface
where layers of
atoms are attached
weakly to each
other.
26. Fracture
• Fracture is the
tendency of a
mineral to
break in a way
that is not
along a flat
surface.
27. Specific Gravity (Density)
• The specific gravity of a mineral is a
comparison of its density. Density is the
amount of mass in a given substance.
28. Hardness
• 1. Hardness is the ability of a mineral to
resist being scratched. A harder mineral
will always scratch a softer one.
29. • German scientist Freidrich Mohs
developed a system comparing the
hardness of a mineral to 10 common
minerals. These 10 minerals make up
Mohs’ Hardness Scale.
33. Dwarfs
• Mine caves
• Usually come in 7’s
• Sleepy, doc, sneezy, prancer, dixon,
jermaine, and tito
• Live with snow white
• Hate apples
34. Surface mining
• 1. Panning – miners use a pan to wash
away unwanted minerals.
• 2. Strip mining – miners strip away plants,
soil and unwanted rock from the Earth’s
surface
• 3. Open pit mining – Miners dig a deep
hole or pit to mine the ore.
35. Deep Mining
• Deep mining is used when an ore lies far
below Earth’s surface.
• Miners dig, blast, drill or cut an opening to
reach a deep ore inside a mountain or hill.
36. Characteristics of a rock
• 1. Solid
• 2. Formed naturally
• 3. Usually made of minerals
– EXCEPT:
• Obsidian – natural glass
• Coal – remains of ancient plants.
37. Rocks
1. There are three types of rocks
a. Igneous Rocks
b. Sedimentary Rocks
c. Metamorphic Rocks
Can you guess the following types of rocks?
– A
B
C
38. Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock forms when molten
rock – magma or lava – cools and
becomes solid. Magma that
reaches Earth’s surface is called
Lava.
39. • There are two types of igneous rocks
– Intrusive
– Extrusive
(Intrusive)
(extrusive)
46. • Basalt is an extrusive rock that forms on
the ocean floor
47. • Examples of extrusive rock are rhyolite,
pumice and basalt.
Basalt
Pumice
Rhyolite
48. • Crystals in extrusive rocks are small
because the lava cooled quickly and there
was no time for large minerals to form.
49. Sedimentary Rocks
• 1. Sedimentary rock develop from layers
of sediments that build up over time
• 2. Sediments are loose pieces of rock,
minerals plant and animal remains.
• 3. Sedimentary rocks are formed on land
and in the ocean.
• 4. Sedimentary rocks are formed by
pressure, and by minerals holding
together the particles.
50. Sedimentary Rocks formed on
Land.
• 1. Weathering of rocks creates rock
fragments. (sediments)
• 2. Water carries sand and rock fragments
to distant places
• 3. Sediments form layers as larger
particles settle firs followed by smaller
ones.
• 4. Examples of sedimentary rock formed
on land are sandstone and coal.
51. Sedimentary Rocks formed in the
ocean
• Shells and skeletons settle on the ocean
floor as layers of sediments. Over time,
the layers become buried, pressed
together, and cemented to form limestone.
52. Metamorphic Rocks.
• 1. Over time, heat and pressure inside
Earth squeeze and melt existing rocks.
• 2. This process changes the grain size
and even the minerals that make up those
rocks, forming a new type of rock.
53. • Metamorphic rock is rock that has been
changed in form by pressure and heat.
• For example granite is igneous rock (black
and white speckles) but when it is
changed it forms into Gneis.(black and
white stripes)
