Dysmorphism refers to abnormalities in morphological development where structures can appear in different forms. Dysmorphism can be facial or structural and is seen in dysmorphic features which are differences in body structure that can be isolated or related to genetic disorders. Common dysmorphic features include variations in eye spacing, philtrum length, and nose shape. The causes of dysmorphism include chromosomal abnormalities, single gene mutations, teratogen exposure, and environmental factors during development.

1. Dysmorphism
1. an abnormality in morphologic
development.dysmorphic
2. allomorphism.
3. ability to appear in different
morphological forms.

2. What is Dysmorphism?
• Also called dysmorphia which in Greek
means badness of form; this refers to
the malformations or an abnormality in
the shape and size of the body.
• Dysmorphism can be facial or structural

4. What is body dysmorphic disorder or
feature?
• A dysmorphic feature is a difference of body
structure. It can be an isolated finding in an
otherwise normal individual, or it can be
related to a congenital
disorder, genetic syndrome, or birth defect.
• Dysmorphic features can vary from isolated,
mild anomalies such as clinodactyly
or synophrys to severe congenital anomalies
such as heart defects and holoprosencephaly

5. Common
Dysmorphic
features
Wide spacing ,
between eyes,
hypertelorism,
Narrow spacing ,
between eyes,
hypotelorism,
Palpebral ,
fissure length,
Epicanthal folds.

6. Common Dysmorphic
Features
Philtrum length
„ Upper lip
„ Shape of nose

7. Cause of Syndromes
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Chromosomal aneuploidy
Single Gene abnormalities
Teratogen exposure
Environmental

8. Teratogens and
Dysmorphology
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Medications or drugs the developing
fetus is exposed to can result in a
number of birth defects.
„ The timing of exposure and dose are
important in determining the extent
of the damage caused by a
particular teratogen.

9. Chromosomal Aneuploidy
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„ Nondisjuction resulting in the
addition or loss of an entire
chromosome
„ Deletion of a part of a chromosome
„ Microdeletion syndromes (small
piece missing which is usually only
detected using special techniques)

10. Common Chromosomal
Syndromes caused by Nondisjuction
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Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
Turner syndrome (monosomy X)
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)

11. Conclusion
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„ There are many factors which are
involved in the formation of
structures .
„ They interaction between genetics
and environment is essential
especially during early
developmental stages