1) Proximal humerus fractures are common in elderly patients and can be classified using the AO or Neer systems.
2) Nondisplaced fractures are usually treated non-operatively while displaced fractures may require surgical intervention such as open reduction internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
3) Surgical treatment aims to restore anatomy and stability but can increase risks of complications compared to nonoperative treatment. The optimal management of displaced proximal humerus fractures remains controversial.
Elbow is the most common joint to dislocate in children. Posterior dislocation is most common.
Simple dislocations are those without fracture.
Complex dislocations are those that occur with an associated fracture
Elbow is the most common joint to dislocate in children. Posterior dislocation is most common.
Simple dislocations are those without fracture.
Complex dislocations are those that occur with an associated fracture
Colles fracture is the fracture at the distal end of radius, at its
cortico cancellous junction(about 2cm from the distal articular
surface).
It is not just the fracture of distal radius but the fracture
dislocation of the inferior radio-ulnar joint.
Colles fracture is the fracture at the distal end of radius, at its
cortico cancellous junction(about 2cm from the distal articular
surface).
It is not just the fracture of distal radius but the fracture
dislocation of the inferior radio-ulnar joint.
it comprises of the anatomy, epidemiology, mechanism of injury and management options.
there is also the fracture classifications
management was grouped into operative and conservative
there is also a section for children.
An Introduction, History, Diagnosis, Current Guidelines on Treatment of trochanteric fractures of femur. Presentation also contain an introduction of Dynamic Hip Screw and Surgical Techniques.
PNI with Relevant Anatomy, Etiology, Mechanism of Degenration and Regenration, Saddon's and Sunderland Classifications, Clinical symptoms and Examination (Tests) of Brachial Plexus, Radial & Median Nerve.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Proximal Humerus Fractures
• Defined as Fx occurring at or proximal to surgical neck.
• 80 % of all humeral #.
• 07% of all #.
• Pt > 65 yrs – 2nd most common Fx of the upper extremity.
• 65% of # occur in Pt’s > 60 yrs
• F:M – 3:1.
• Incidence increases with age.
3. Mechanism of Injury
• Old Pts - Low energy trauma [FOOSH].
• Most # are nondisplaced, good prognosis –>nonsurgical Mx.
• Risk factors:
Poor quality bone,
Impaired vision & balance,
Medical comorbidities,
Decreased muscle tone.
• Young Pts – High energy trauma.
• Severe soft tissue damage always require Sx intervention.
• Seizures & electric shock – indirect causes.
5. Anatomy • Proximal humerus comprises of four
major segments
• The Articular head
• The greater tuberosity
• Lesser tuberosity and
• The shaft
• Articular segment is almost
spherical, with a diameter of
curvature averaging 46 mm
(ranging from 37 to 57 mm)
• Inclination of the humeral head
relative to the shaft averages 130
degrees.
• Retroversion of the head varies
from 18 to 40 degrees.
6. Anatomy
• Greater tuberosity has three regions
into which the supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, and teres minor insert.
• Subscapularis tendon lesser
tuberosity, which is separated from
the greater tuberosity by the bicipital
groove.
7. Deforming forces of PHF
• The greater tuberosity is
pulled posteromedially by
the effect of the supra- and
infraspinatus tendons.
• The lesser tuberosity is
pulled anteriorly by the
subscapularis tendon.
• The shaft segment is pulled
anteromedially by the
pectoralis major tendon.
8. Clinical Evaluation
• A complete history and physical examination must be
obtained about the mechanism of injury and energy of trauma.
• Complaints of Shoulder pain and limitation of movement.
• Ecchymosis appears 24-48 hrs.
• Look for rib, scapular, cervical # in high energy trauma.
• Concurrent brachial plexus injury 5%.
• Axillary nerve is susceptible in anterior # Dislocation.
• Association of arterial injury is rare.
• The patient will hold the arm in internal rotation.
• Radial pulse and capillary refill of fingers should be
assessed
9. Imaging and Diagnostic studies
• Radiographs :- Consist of three views
• AP- Perpendicular to the plane of scapula (Grashey view)
• Neer View (Scapula Y view)
• Axillary view
10. AP Grashey view of the shoulder
The patient’s torso is rotated 30–45 degrees bringing the side opposite to the
injured shoulder forward. The x-ray beam is thereby aimed perpendicular to the
plane of the scapula.
11. Neer view (lateral Y) of shoulder
Affected shoulder located against the cassette the patient’s torso is rotated
60 degrees bringing the side opposite to the injured shoulder toward the source.
12. Axillary view
The arm is abducted as much as possible, with the patient supine and the x-ray
beam projected from the axilla onto the cassette located on top of the
shoulder.
13. Velpeau axillary view of the shoulder
The x-ray beam is projected down perpendicularly onto a cassette. The patient is asked
to lean back, to place the shoulder between the x-ray source and the cassette
14. • CT Scan- Allows more detailed understanding of fracture
configuration, degree of osteopenia, presence and location of
bone impaction and extent of fracture comminution.
• MRI
• Is rarely indicated in trauma setting.
• May be helpful in confirming a non-displaced Fx in a pt
with shoulder trauma, normal radiographic findings and
clinical symptoms.
• Pathological Fx.
• Angiography
• Vascular imaging is required when there is suspicion
of vascular injury.
• CT Angiography- Diagnostic modality of choice. It allows
rapid evaluation of vascular system, while simultaneously
allowing assessment of bone and soft tissues
15.
16. Proximal Humeral Fracture Classfication
AO classification
• Is based on fracture location and presence of impaction,
angulation, translation, or comminution of the fracture, as
well as whether a dislocation is present.
• Type A- Extra-articular unifocal fractures associated with
single fracture line.
• Type B- Extra-articular bifocal fractures accociated with
two fracture lines
• Type C- Articular fractures which involve the humeral
head or anatomic neck.
• Each type is further sub classified into groups and
subgroups.
• Each subgroup fracture is assigned a level of severity.
17.
18. Proximal Humeral Fracture Classfication
Neer Classification (1970)
• Fractures are classified by evaluating the displacement
of the Parts (head, shaft, greater tuberosity, lesser
tuberosity) from each other.
• Criteria to consider as a part, fragment must be rotated
45 degree or displaced 1 cm from the another fragment.
• Classifies as One part, Two part, Three Part and Four
part Fractures
19. One-Part Fractures
• No fragments meet the criteria for displacement; a fracture
with no fragments considered displaced is defined as a one-
part fracture regardless of the actual number of fracture lines
or their location.
Two-Part Fractures
• One segment is displaced.
Three-Part Fractures
• With a three-part fracture, one tuberosity is displaced and
the surgical neck fracture is displaced. The remaining
tuberosity is attached, which produces a rotational
deformity.
Four-Part Fractures
• All four segments (both tuberosities, the articular surface,
and the shaft) meet criteria for displacement. This is a
severe injury and carries a high risk of avascular necrosis.
20.
21. Valgus-Impacted Four-Part Fractures
• Neer added this pattern as a separate category in 2002 .
In this situation, the head is rotated into a valgus posture
and driven down between the tuberosities, which splay out
to accommodate the head. Unlike in the classic four-part
fracture, the articular surface maintains contact with the
glenoid.
Fracture Dislocations and Articular Surface Injuries
• Fractures combined with glenohumeral dislocation are
classified as fracture dislocation.
• Fractures involving articular surface can be of two
varieties- head-splitting fractures and impaction fractures.
They are included in group of fracture dislocations
22. Fracture Frequency
• In 2001 Court-Brown et al published study on distribution of
PHF types.
• Non-displaced or minimally displaced one-part fractures
comprised half (49%) of all fractures.
• Two part- 37%. Surgical neck fractures comprised 3/4th of
these. Two part anatomic neck fractures were rare (0.2 %)
• Three part fractures- 9 %
• Four part- 3 %, of which one third were true fracture
dislocations. Fractures involving articular surface
occurred in 0.7 % cases.
23. Risk of Avascular Necrosis
• Four-part fractures and fracture dislocations are
considered to have the highest risk for humeral head
necrosis.
• Hertel criteria –
• Metaphyseal extension of the humeral head < 8 mm
• Medial hinge disruption of >2 mm, and
• Fracture through anatomical neck
• The combination above above factors had 97% positive
predictive value for humeral head ischemia.
24. Metaphyseal extension of the humeral
head of >9 mm
Metaphyseal extension of the humeral
head of <8 mm.
26. Non-operative Mx of Proximal Humerus Fx
• The majority of proximal humeral fractures are
nondisplaced or minimally displaced and nonoperative
treatment is indicated.
• Fracture stability can be assessed both radiographically
and clinically.
• Radiographically, stable fractures exhibit impaction or
interdigitation between bone fragments
• Clinically, fracture stability may be assessed by palpating the
proximal humerus just distal to the acromion with one hand,
while rotating the arm at the elbow with the other. If the
proximal humerus is felt to move as a unit with the distal
segment, the fracture is considered stable.
27. Non-Operative Treatment
• Indications
• Stable non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures,
• Patients not fit for surgery,
• Elderly patients with low functional demands.
• Relative Contraindications
• Displaced fractures with loss of bony contact.
• Close follow-up is required to confirm acceptable alignment
and fracture stability. Weekly radiographs should be
performed during the first month of treatment, followed by
biweekly radiographs until 6 weeks after injury or initial
callus formation is visible.
28. Complications
• Major complications following nonoperative treatment of
proximal humerus fractures include-
• Avascular necrosis
• Nonunion
• Malunion
• Stiffness
• Rotator cuff dysfunction
• Posttraumatic arthritis
29. Surgical vs nonsurgical treatment of adults with displaced fractures of
the proximal humerus involving surgical neck
Studied 231 pt(114 in surgical group and 117 in nonsurgical group) aged 16
yrs or older (mean age 66 yrs)
Patients were followed up for 2 years
Results
• There was no significant difference between surgical treatment
compared with nonsurgical treatment in patient-reported clinical
outcomes over 2 years following fracture occurrence.
30. • Total 518 patients (average age 70.93) met inclusion
criteria.
• Patients were followed up for at least 1 year in all the
studies.
Conclusion
• Operative treatments did not significantly improve the
functional outcome and healthy-related quality of life in
elderly patients. Instead, Operative treatment for CPHFs
led to higher incidence of postoperative complications.
32. Operative Treatment of Proximal
Humeral Fractures
• Many surgical techniques have been described, but no single
approach is considered to be the standard of care.
• Appropriate treatment is individualized and selected on the basis
of the fracture pattern and the underlying quality of the bone.
• Surgical Options-
• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation
• Tension Band Fixation
• Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Fixation
• Hemiarthroplasty
• Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
33. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
• ORIF is the most frequently used method of surgical
treatment of proximal humeral fractures.
• Surgical Approaches
• Deltopectoral Approach
• Deltoid-Splitting Approach
35. Fixation using Conventional Plate
• Prior to the use of locking-plate technology, conventional
plate fixation was used for the majority of patients.
• Several studies have reported satisfactory healing rates
and functional outcomes after conventional plate and
screw fixation of proximal humeral fractures, especially
in younger patient populations.
• Many studies have however reported high rates of
infection, humeral head necrosis, and subacromial
impingement.
• Traditional plate constructs are usually reserved for
• Young patients with an intact medial hinge,
• Adequate diaphyseal cortex(>4 mm), and
• No metaphyseal comminution.
36. Fixation using Locking Plate
• The inability of conventional plates and screws to resist varus
deforming forces in the proximal humerus, particularly if the
bone is osteoporotic,has led to locking plate fixation being
used for these fractures.
• Several clinical studies have shown high rates of healing and
excellent functional recovery with proximal humerus locking
plates.
• Plate designs vary in terms of the number of proximal screws
and their arrangement, as well as the ability to place screws
at different angles with regard to the plate.
• A plate is selected to allow at least three screws to be placed
into the distal shaft segment. The plate position is also
selected to avoid subacromial impingement and to allow two
screws to be placed into inferomedial aspect of the humeral
head.
37. • A minimum of five or six screws are routinely placed into the
proximal segment. Screw placement should be performed by
drilling through the near cortex only. This avoids perforation of
the articular surface, and reduces the possibility of secondary
screw penetration.
• Once the plate and screws have been placed transtendinous
sutures are tied onto the plate to provide additional fixation.
38. • The use of IM fibular strut grafting has been described to
improve stability of varus-impacted fractures in which the
medial calcar may not be reliably reconstructed.
• Goal being to create a buttress at the inferior aspect of
the anatomic neck to prevent delayed varus collapse
39. Postoperative Care
• Patients are followed at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months
after surgery.
• Patients are immobilized for 6 weeks in a sling while
active range-of-motion exercises of the elbow, wrist, and
hand are encouraged.
• Depending on the fracture pattern and stability that was
achieved, passive range of motion is started between 2
and 4 weeks after surgery with forward elevation,
external rotation, and pendulum exercises.
• If healing has adequately progressed both clinically and
radiographically at 6 weeks active-assisted range of
motion is started.
40. Tension Band Fixation
• It is most frequently used as an adjunct to plates and screw
fixation, IM nailing, and arthroplasty.
• The main goal of tension band fixation is the neutralization of
tension forces generated by the rotator cuff at the level of the
tuberosities, and bending at the level of the surgical neck.
• The main advantage of tension band fixation is the minimal amount
of hardware that is required. Thus avoiding the risks associated
with hardware, which include pain, neurovascular compromise,
migration, failure, and the need for removal.
• Contraindications
• Previous attempt(s) at internal fixation or
• Fractures older than six weeks.
• Highly comminuted four part fractures.
42. Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Fixation
• It has theoretical advantage of minimizing soft tissue trauma,
thereby promoting healing and reducing the risk of AVN of the
humeral head.
• It also has the advantage of decreased scarring in the
scapulohumeral interface and subsequent easier rehabilitation.
• Indications-
• Fracture without significant communition in pt with good
quality bone.
• Pt should be willing to comply with postop care plan.
• Contra indications
• Severe comminution and osteopenia are absolute
contraindications
• Inability to reduce Fracture Fragments
• Fracture Dislocation
• Non Compliant patients
43. To avoid injury to the axillary nerve, lateral pins
should enter the humeral cortex at a point at least
twice the distance from the upper aspect of the
head to the inferior head margin with the wire
angulated approximately 45 degrees to the cortical
surface. The end point for the greater tuberosity pin
should be >2 cm from the inferior most margin of
the humeral head.
44. Intramedullary Nailing
• Biomechanical advantages in osteoporotic bone
• It allows stabilization with minimum surgical invasion
• Indications-
• Displaced two part surgical neck fractures
• Pathological fractures
• Contraindications-
• Varus four-part fractures with lateral displacement of
the humeral head
• Head-splitting fractures
45.
46. Hemiarthroplasty
• Also known as humeral head replacement
• Indications-
• Four-part fractures,
• Three-part fractures in older patients with
osteoporotic bone,
• Fracture-dislocations
• Comminuted head-splitting fractures
• Head depression fractures involving more than 40%
of the articular surface
• Contraindications-
• Active infection of the shoulder joint and/or the
surrounding soft tissue
47. Postoperative Care
• Passive range-of-motion exercises are started on the
first postoperative day. They are limited to neutral
rotation and 90 degrees of forward elevation.
• Patients are followed up clinically and radiographically at
2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months.
• Active-assisted range-of-motion exercises are started at
6 weeks and strengthening exercises at 3 months
48.
49. Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
• By placing a hemisphere onto the glenoid surface and a
concave tray onto the humeral stem, reverse shoulder
arthroplasty allows for rotation to occur at the
glenohumeral joint through activation of the deltoid,
without the need for a functional rotator cuff/tuberosity
unit.
• Indications
• Complex acute proximal humeral fractures
• Proximal humerus malunion or nonunion where the normal
anatomy of the tuberosities cannot be reliably restored
• Glenohumeral joint arthritis with advanced rotator cuff
pathology
• Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears with painful
pseudoparesis
50. The ideal candidate for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in a patient with a
complex proximal humerus fracture is a low demand elderly patient with pre-
existing rotator cuff pathology and glenoid pathology.
51. Comparison of outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) and
hemiarthroplasty (HA) in elderly pt.
Sixty-two patients older than 70 years were randomized to RSA (31 patients) and HA
(31 patients)
The mean functional scores and active range of motion were significantly better in the
RSA group. Revision rate was lower in RSA.
52. Complications
• Avascular necrosis of humeral head and/or tuberosity
• Non-union- The normal time for clinical union of a proximal
humeral fracture is typically 4 to 8 weeks. Nonunion is said to
be present if a fracture site is still mobile 16 weeks post injury.
• Malunion
• Post-traumatic Shoulder stiffness
• Post traumatic arthritis
• Infection
• Iatrogenic-such as inadequate reduction, incorrectly
positioned implants, screw penetration into the joint, loss
of fixation, tuberosity disruption, and nerve injury.
• Heterotopic bone formation
53. General Treatment Philosophy of
Proximal Humerus Fractures
• All nondisplaced fractures, minimally displaced fx as well
as most valgus-impacted fractures are treated non
operatively especially in patients with lower functional
expectations.
• In patients with higher baseline shoulder function and
higher expectations, surgical treatment may be
recommended for most displaced fractures.
• For patients undergoing surgical treatment fracture
reduction and fixation is performed in majority of cases
and effort should be made to reconstruct the proximal
humerus with emphasis being placed on achieving
anatomic reduction and stable fixation of the tuberosities.
54. • Shoulder arthroplasty is considered in fractures in which
a high suspicion of head nonviability is suspected
because of severe displacement of the fracture through
the anatomical neck without metaphyseal extension,
disruption of the medial hinge and frank dislocation from
the glenoid.
• In younger patients, hemiarthroplasty is the chosen
treatment method, in elderly patients, reverse shoulder
arthroplasty is preferred.
55. Treatment of Individual Injury Patterns
of Proximal Humerus Fracture
• Nondisplaced or Minimally Displaced One-Part
Fractures
• These are treated nonoperatively with initial
immobilization in a sling.
• Weekly radiographs and clinical assessment are
performed for the first 3 weeks. Elbow, wrist, and hand
mobilization begins immediately.
• Passive range-of-motion exercises are begun at 3
weeks if no change in fracture position has been
confirmed. Active-assisted range of- motion exercises
are begun at 6 weeks and strengthening is started at 3
months when bony healing has been confirmed
radiologically.
56. • Greater Tuberosity Fractures
• Displacement of the greater tuberosity is poorly tolerated
because of its key role in shoulder function
• Currently threshold of displacement for surgical
treatment of greater tuberosity fractures in active
patients is accepted as 5 mm (instead of 1 cm as per
Neers’s criteria)
• Flatow et al. reported the results of 12 displaced two-part
greater tuberosity fractures that were treated by heavy
suture fixation and rotator cuff repair. They reported
100% excellent or good results with all fractures healing
without displacement .
57. • Two-Part Greater Tuberosity Fractures and Fracture
Dislocations
• In elderly, frail patients (usually older than 80 years) with
limited functional expectations, a substantial degree of
displacement and these are treated non operatively.
• Operative treatment is advised for physiologically
younger patients with fractures, which are either
primarily displaced by more than 5 mm or become
displaced by this amount within the first 2 weeks after
injury.
• Fixation is obtained either with suture anchors in a
double row pattern or by the use of transosseous
sutures, or alternatively, a small T-plate may be fixed
laterally
58. • Two-Part Lesser Tuberosity Fractures and Fracture
Dislocations
• Isolated lesser tuberosity fractures typically occur in
younger or middle-aged patients and are displaced.
• ORIF- Preferred
• Single large fragment -definitive internal fixation is
performed using partially threaded 3.5-mm cancellous
screws, inserted through the lesser tuberosity.
• If communited- transosseous sutures is used for
fixation.
59. • Two-Part Surgical Neck Fractures
• All fractures in which the shaft is impacted into the
surgical neck are treated nonoperatively. A substantial
degree of translation of these two fragments is usually
tolerated, as long as there is residual cortical contact and
impaction.
• Displaced and comminuted surgical neck fractures in
physiologically younger patients are managed with ORIF
using a locking plate.
60. • Three- and Four-Part Fractures
• In physiologically older patients these are usually treated
nonoperatively if there is residual cortical continuity of
the humeral head fragment on the shaft, the tuberosities
are not too widely displaced, and the humeral head
appears viable.
• Operative treatment is offered to physiologically younger
patients, where the risk of nonunion, cuff dysfunction, or
osteonecrosis is high.
• ORIF is performed whenever possible, and preoperative
CT scan provide an indication of its feasibility. The
patient is always preoperatively counseled that if the
fracture is deemed to be unreconstructable, an
arthroplasty will be performed.
• Young patients - Cemented humeral head replacement
• Older patients – Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
62. INTRODUCTION
3% to 5% of all fractures
Most will heal with appropriate conservative
care, although a limited number will require
surgery for optimal outcome.
Given the extensive range of motion of the
shoulder and elbow, and the minimal effect
from minor shortening, a wide range of
radiographic malunion can be accepted with
little functional deficit.
63. EPIDEMIOLOGY
High energy trauma is more common in
the young males
Low energy trauma is more common in
the elderly female
64. AGE & GENDER SPECIFIC INCIDENCE
OF SHAFT HUMERUS FRACTURE
65. MECHANISM OF INJURY
Direct trauma is the most common especially MVA.
Indirect trauma such as fall on an outstretched hand.
Fracture pattern depends on stress applied
○ Compressive- proximal or distal humerus
○ Bending- transverse fracture of the shaft
○ Torsional- spiral fracture of the shaft
○ Torsion and bending- oblique fracture usually associated with
a butterfly fragment
66. CLINICAL FEATURES
HISTORY
Mode of injury
Velocity of injury
Alchoholic abuse (prone for repeated injuries)
Age and sex of the patient ( osteoporosis )
Comorbid conditions.
Previous treatment( massages).
Previous bone pathology ( path # ).
67. CLINICAL FEATURES
Pain.
Deformity.
Bruising.
Crepitus.
Abnormal mobility
Swelling.
Any neurovascular injury
68. CLINICAL
FEATURES
Skin integrity .
Examine the shoulder and
elbow joints and the
forearm, hand, and clavicle
for associated trauma.
Check the function of the
median, ulnar, and,
particularly, the radial
nerves.
Assess for the presence of
the radial pulse.
71. IMAGING
AP and lateral views of the humerus, including the joints below
and above the injury.
Computed Tomographic (CT) scans of associated
intra-articular injuries proximally or distally.
MRI for pathological #
73. AO CLASSIFICATION
1 – HUMERUS
2--- DIAPHYSIS
A – SPIRAL– 1 PROXIMAL ZONE
2 MIDDLE ZONE
3 DISTAL ZONE
B- OBLIQUE
C- TRANSVERSE
74.
75. ASSOCIATED INJURIES
○ Radial Nerve injury = Wrist Drop = Inability of
extend wrist, fingers, thumb, Loss of sensation over
dorsal web space of 1st digit
Neuropraxia at time of injury will often resolve
spontaneously
Nerve palsy after manipulation or splinting is due
to nerve entrapment and must be immediately
explored by orthopedic surgery
○ Ulnar and Median nerve injury (less common)
○ Brachial Artery Injury.
77. NON OPERATIVE TREATMENT
INDICATIONS:
Undisplaced closed simple fractures,
Displaced closed fractures with less than 20
anterior angulation,30 varus/ valgus angulation
Spiral fractures
Short oblique fractures
78. HUMERAL SHAFT
FRACTURES
Conservative Treatment
>90% of humeral shaft fractures
heal with nonsurgical
management
20degrees of anterior angulation,
30 degrees of varus angulation &
up to 3 cm of shortening are
acceptable
Most treatment begins with
application of a coaptation spint
or a hanging arm cast followed
by placement of a fracture brace.
79. NON OPERATIVE METHODS
Splinting:
Fractures are splinted with a hanging splint, which is
from the axilla, under the elbow, postioned to the top
of the shoulder .
The U splint.
The splinted extremity is supported by a sling.
Immobilization by fracture bracing is continued for at
least 2 months or until clinical and radiographic
evidence of fracture healing is observed.
80. FCB - INTRODUCTION
A closed method of treating fractures based on
the belief that continuing function while a
fracture is uniting , encourages osteogenesis,
promotes the healing of tissues and prevents
the development of joint stiffness, thus
accelerating rehabilitation.
Not merely a technique but constitute a
positive attitude towards fracture healing.
81.
82. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Lack of co-operation by the pt.
Bed-ridden & mentally incompetent pts.
Deficient sensibility of the limb [D.M with P.N]
When the brace cannot fitted closely and
accurately.
Fractures of both bones forearm when
reduction is difficult.
Intraarticular fractures.
83. TIME TO APPLY
Not at the time of injury.
Regular casts, time to correct any angular or
rotational deformity.
Compound #, application to be delayed.
Assess the # , when pain and swelling subsided
1. Minor movts at # site should be pain free,
2. Any deformity should disappear once deforming
forces are removed,
3. Reasonable resistance to telescoping.
84.
85.
86. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
INDICATIONS
Fractures in which reduction is unable to be achieved
or maintained.
Fractures with nerve injuries after reduction
maneuvers.
Open fractures.
Intra articular extension injury.
Neurovascular injury.
Impending pathologic fractures.
Segmental fractures.
Multiple extremity fractures.
88. PLATING
Plate osteosynthesis remains the criterion standard
of fixation of humeral shaft fractures.
High union rate, low complication rate, and a rapid
return to function.
Complications are infrequent and include radial
nerve palsy, infection and refracture.
limited contact compression (LCD) plate helps
prevent longitudinal fracture or fissuring of the
humerus because the screw holes in these plates
are staggered.
90. ANTERO LATERAL APPROACH
Distally, the plane lies between the medial fibers of the
brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve) medially and the
lateral fibers of the brachialis (radial nerve) laterally.
91. POSTERIOR APPROACH
Position of the patient for the approach to the upper
arm in either the (A) lateral or (B) prone position.
93. INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING
Rush pins or Enders nails, while effective in
many cases with simple fracture patterns, had
significant drawbacks such as poor or
nonexistent axial or rotational stability
With the newer generation of nails came a
number of locking mechanisms distally including
interference fits from expandable bolts (Seidel
nail) or ridged fins (Trueflex nail), or interlocking
screws (Russell-Taylor nail, Synthes nail, Biomet
nail).
94. INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING
Problems such as insertion site morbidity,
iatrogenic fracture comminution (especially in
small diameter canals), and nonunion (and
significant difficulty in its salvage) have been
reported.
The use of locking nails is restricted to widely
separate segmental fractures, pathologic fractures,
fractures in patients with morbid obesity, and
fractures with poor soft tissue over the fracture site
(such as burns).
95. EXTERNAL FIXATION
Is a suboptimal form of fixation with a significant
complication rate and has traditionally been used
as a temporizing method for fractures with
contraindications to plate or nail fixation.
These include extensively contaminated or frankly
infected fractures , fractures with poor soft tissues
(such as burns), or where rapid stabilization with
minimal physiologic perturbation or operative time
is required (Damage-control orthopaedics)
96. EXTERNAL FIXATION
External fixation is cumbersome for the humerus
and the complication rate is high.
This is especially true for the pin sites, where a
thick envelope of muscle and soft tissue between
the bone and the skin and constant motion of the
elbow and shoulder accentuate the risk of delayed
union and malunion, resulting in significant rates of
pin tract irritation, infection, and pin breakage.