The document discusses several aspects of human factors in design including ergonomics, user-friendly design, aesthetics, environmental design, marketing, teamwork, legal issues, and presentations. It emphasizes that human factors engineering aims to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding human interaction with various elements of a system. It also provides some key considerations for each aspect in 3 sentences or less.

1. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects environmental
aspects-marketing aspects-team aspects-legal
aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

2. Human Factors in Design
• A person provides energy to the system by applying
forces and torques with human muscle power
• People also provide signal information through their
senses of sight, hearing, touch

3. Human Factors in Design
Human factors Engineering is the scientific discipline
concerned with the understanding of interactions among
humans and other elements of a system.
It is a profession that applies theory, principles and data
to design in order to optimize human well-being and
overall system performance.

4. Human Factors in Design
It is important to consider the below human factors while
designing the product
• Human physical effort
• Sensory Input
• Reaction time
• Anthropometric data

5. • Human Physical effort
• Human muscle output is typically applied to a machine at a control interface,
like a brake pedal, switch, handwheel, knob, lever, handle etc
• The above device should be studied for the force, moment needed for the
operation
• Awkward and extreme motions should be avoided for the user
• Location of the controls should be such that bending and movement of spine
are not required
Human Factors in Design

6. • Sensory Input
• Sense of hearing could be used to indicate trouble
• In visual displays provide sufficient illumination
• Tactile stimulation could be used to feel the surface characteristics (rough,
smooth, hot, cold, sharp, blunt)
Human Factors in Design

7. • Reaction time
• The reaction time is made up of several actions. We receive information in the
form of a sensory signal, interpret it in the form of a set of choices, predict the
outcomes of each choice, evaluate the consequence of each choice, and then
select the best choice.
Human Factors in Design

8. • Anthropometric data
• Anthropometrics is the field of human factors that deals with the
measurements of the human body. Humans vary in size.
• Variations in such factors as height when standing, shoulder width, length and
width of fingers, arm reach and eye height on sitting need to be considered
when designing products.
Human Factors in Design

9. • Design for Serviceability
• Serviceability is concerned with the ease with which maintenance can be
performed on a product
Human Factors in Design

12. What is Ergonomics?
Prof. Wojciech Jastrzebowski
in Poland in 1857:
From two Greek words
Ergon meaning work
and
Nomos meaning principles or laws
Ergonomics = The Science of Work

13. Common Definitions
“Ergonomics is essentially fitting the workplace to the
worker. The better the fit the higher the level of
safety and worker efficiency.” Fitting the Task to the
Human ~ Grandjean 1990
“Ergonomics removes barriers to quality, productivity
and human performance by fitting products, tasks,
and environments to people.” ErgoWeb.com
What is Ergonomics?

14. from Mike Mandel, Making Good Time (CMP Bulletin vol. 8 no. 2, California
Museum of Photography, UC California, Riverside, 1989)

16. First Mouse (Douglas Engelbart and William English,
1964)

17. Modern Input Devices

19. Aspects of Ergonomics
Safety
Comfort
Ease of use
Productivity/performance

20. Physical Ergonomics
It is concerned with human anatomical, physiological and
biomechanical characteristics.
It deals with the below items
Work postures
Material Handling
Repetitive movements
Workplace layout
Safety and Health

21. Cognitive Ergonomics
It is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory,
reasoning, and motor response.
It deals with
Decision Making
Human reliability
Work Stress

22. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects environmental
aspects-marketing aspects-team aspects-legal
aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

23. User-Friendly Design
• Simplify tasks
• Make the controls and their functions obvious
• Make controls easy to use
• Match the intentions of the human with the actions required by the
system
• Use mapping
• Displays should be clear, visible, large enough to read easily, and
consistent in direction
• Provide feedback
• Utilize constraints to prevent incorrect action
• Standardize

24. User-Friendly Design
• Simplify tasks
• The product should look simple to operate, with a minimum number of
controls and indicators.

25. User-Friendly Design
• Simplify tasks
• The product should look simple to operate, with a minimum number of
controls and indicators.

26. User-Friendly Design
• Make the controls and functions obvious
• Place the controls for a function adjacent to the device that is controlled.
• Make controls easy to use
• Place the controls left to right in the sequence they are used.
• Key controls should be located near the operator right hand
• Shape knobs and handles of controls differently so they are distinguishable by
look and by touch

27. User-Friendly Design
• Match the intentions of the human with the actions required by the
system:
• The design should be such that when a person interacts with it there is only
one obviously correct thing to do.

28. User-Friendly Design
• Use mapping:
• Make the control reflect, or map, the operation of the mechanism. For
example, the seat position control in an automobile could have the shape of a
car seat, and moving it up should move the seat up. Place the controls left to
right in the sequence they are used.

29. User-Friendly Design
• Displays should be clear, visible, large enough to read easily, and
consistent in direction:
• Analog displays are preferred for quick reading and to show changing
conditions. Digital displays provide more precise information. Locate the
displays where viewing would be expected.

30. User-Friendly Design
• Provide feedback:
• The product must provide the user with a clear, immediate response to any
actions taken. This feedback can be provided by a light, a sound, or displayed
information. The clicking sound and flashing dashboard light, in response to
actuating an automobile turn signal, is a good example.

31. User-Friendly Design
• Utilize constraints to prevent incorrect action:
• Do not depend on the user always doing the correct thing. Controls should be
designed so that an incorrect movement or sequence is not possible. An
example is the automatic transmission that will not go into reverse when the
car is moving forward.

32. User-Friendly Design
• Standardize:
• It pays to standardize on the arrangement and operation of controls because
it increases the users knowledge. For example, in early days the placement of
the brake, clutch, and accelerator pedals in an automobile was arbitrary, but
once standardized they become part of the user knowledge base and should
not be changed.

33. What is Human Factors?
Applications of Human
Factors:
• Computer Technology
• Hardware
• Software
• Consumer Electronics
• Televisions
• Audio
• Integrated Solutions
• Cell Phones
• Appliances
• Tools
• Vehicular
• Marine
• Aviation
• Space
• Everything people interact with!

34. General Human Factors Application
• HF is applied to Human Machine Systems:
• Manual Systems
• Mechanical Systems
• Automated Systems
• HF focuses upon human interaction with:
• Products
• Equipment
• Facilities
• Procedures
• Environments
• Emphasis is on human beings, and on engineering to
meet the capabilities of humans

35. Human Factors Application
This innovative office design improves
productivity and efficiency by 4.35%

36. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects
environmental aspects-marketing aspects-team
aspects-legal aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

37. Aesthetics
• Aesthetics is something that appeals to the senses.
• It relates to our emotions.
• Someone’s aesthetics has to do with her perceptual judgement

39. Aesthetics
• Industrial design deals with aesthetic appeal of the product and ergonomics.
• Engineers work from inside out whereas industrial designers work from
outside in.

40. VISUAL ASPECTS OF AESTHETICS
• Visual aesthetics can be considered as hierarchy of human response to
stimuli. There are three levels in visual aspects.
• First level deals with visual neatness.
• Shape
• symmetry
• Color

41. VISUAL ASPECTS OF AESTHETICS
• Second level is about recognition of functionality or utility of the design.
• Examples
• Broad base suggest stability
• Streamlined shape suggest speed
• Visual separation from base suggest motion or action

42. VISUAL ASPECTS OF AESTHETICS
• Third level in is about prevailing fashion, taste or culture.

43. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects
environmental aspects-marketing aspects-team
aspects-legal aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

44. Design for Environment
Examine all the ways that the product negatively impacts the
environment and eliminate or minimize them using design.

45. Design for Environment
• Design for the minimal use of materials and energy
• Achieve minimum weight without affecting quality and performance
• Avoid overdesigning
• Reduce waste
• Scrap
• Defective components
• Goods damaged in shipping
• Use packing materials that can be recovered, recycled and reused

46. Design for Environment
• Design for disassembly
• Remanufacture, reuse, and recycling of components require the ability to
economically remove the most valuable components when the product
reaches the end of its useful life.

47. Design for Environment
• Design for recycling
• Many metals and polymers can be recycled and put back into the materials
stream, thereby saving raw materials and energy. However, most of these
materials can be readily contaminated by the presence of even a relatively
small amount of another material.
• For example, only about 0.5% of copper in a heat of steel will embrittle it and
make the steel useless as an engineering material.

48. Design for Environment
• Design for waste reduction in processing
• Wastes are produced when materials are processed
• Amount of waste produced depend on the manufacturing process
• Select appropriate material and manufacturing for reducing waste in
processing

49. Design for Environment
• Design for workplace hazards
• The overall design should consider the people who work on the production
line to make the product. They should not be put at risk by environmental
hazards. This includes such harmful effects as exhaust gases from machines,
smoke, exposure to very high or very low temperatures, noise, or radiation.
• Allowable workplace conditions are spelled out by government regulations.

50. Design for Environment
• Avoid using hazardous or undesirable materials
• Example - Avoid use of CFC

51. Design for Environment
• Increase the useful lifetime of the product

52. Design for Environment
• Minimize emissions
• A polluting product is a defective product

53. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects environmental
aspects-marketing aspects-team aspects-legal
aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

54. MARKETING ASPECTS
Marketing is concerned with the interaction between the
corporation and the customer.
Customers for a product are called a market

55. MARKETING ASPECTS
Market Segmentation
In developing a product, it is important to have a clear understanding
of which segments of the total market the product is intended to
serve.
There are many ways to segment a market
• Sociological factors—age, gender, income, occupation
• Location—urban, suburban, rural; regions of the country or world
• attitudes, values, and lifestyles of potential customers
• Loyalty: to your brand; to competitor’s brand; indifferent

56. MARKETING ASPECTS
Functions of Marketing department
Marketing assessment
Scoping of potential sales
Market study (face to face interview, focus group, etc)
Customer tests
Preparing of user manual and documentation
Advising on advertising

57. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects environmental
aspects-marketing aspects-team aspects-legal
aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

58. Team members taking on different tasks and responsibilities, the work
gets finished more quickly

63. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects environmental
aspects-marketing aspects-team aspects
-legal aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

64. LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
The following are the examples where an engineer is concerned with
legal and ethical issue
Preparation of contract
Review of contract
Reverse engineering the product
Protecting the intellectual property
Product liability
• Breach of contract
• Negligence
• Fraud

66. Human factors in design, ergonomics, user friendly
design-Aesthetics and visual aspects environmental
aspects-marketing aspects-team aspects-legal
aspects-presentation aspects.
UNIT
4

67. Product presentation
Things to consider when preparing for a presentation
• Objective of the presentation
• Target audience
• Orientation

68. Product presentation
Outline of presentation
• Introduction about the speaker and objective of the presentation
• Agenda
• Company Information
• Positioning
• Product description
• Benefits
• Examples/Successes
• Summary