The document describes the structure and function of many human organs and biological systems. It discusses the organs that make up the urinary, skeletal, nervous, digestive, circulatory, respiratory and reproductive systems. It also compares the digestive systems of herbivores, carnivores and nectar-feeding animals, as well as their respiratory systems. Modes of asexual and sexual reproduction are defined.

1. Multi-Cellular Organisms
Sarah Jones
www.redbull.com

2. Organs and their Function
Organs perform functions necessary for us to
stay alive OR they contribute to our wellbeing.
www.uncommongoods.com

3. BLADDER - A hollow muscular organ that stores
urine before expelling it from the body.
BONES - The bones provide 5 functions. They
protect other vital organs. Support the body in
an upright position. They are attached to
muscles to help provide movement of the body.
Bone marrow produces blood and stores salt.
http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255students/nsovey/p4/facts2.html

4. mollybolder.blogspot.com

5. BRAIN - The brain is the master control centre of
the body. It receives information through the
senses from inside and outside of the body. It
analyses this information then sends messages
to the body that controls its functions and
actions.
EARS - The ear converts sound which enters the
ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into
electrical signals that the brain interprets. The
ear also contains a fluid that is vital for balance.

6. www.bbc.co.uk

7. www.bbc.co.uk

8. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - The endocrine system is a
collection of glands that secrete chemical
messages called hormones.
EPITHELAIL TISSUE - Membranous tissue
composed of one or more layers of cells forming
the covering of most internal and external
surfaces of the body and its organs.
EYES - The eyes collect light and then sends a
message to the brain for integration.

10. GALL BLADDER - A small, pear-shaped muscular
sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in
which bile secreted by the liver is stored until
needed by the body for digestion.
HEART - The chambered muscular organ that
pumps blood received from the veins into the
arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood
through the entire circulatory system to supply
oxygen to the body.

12. KIDNEYS - A pair of organs functioning to
maintain proper water and electrolyte balance,
regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the
blood of metabolic wastes, which are then
excreted as urine.
LARGE INTESTINES - Beginning with the cecum
and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum
and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture
from food residues which are later excreted as
faeces.

13. www.interactive-biology.com

14. LIVER - A large, reddish-brown, organ located in
the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity
that secretes bile and is active in the formation
of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism
of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
LUNGS – Two spongy, saclike respiratory organs
in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity
together with the heart and functioning to
remove carbon dioxide from the blood and
provide it with oxygen.

16. MUSCLES - A tissue composed of fibres capable
of contracting to effect bodily movement.
NERVOUS SYSTEM - The system of cells, tissues,
and organs that regulates the body's responses
to internal and external stimuli.

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg

18. NOSE – Contains the nostrils and organs of smell
and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.
PANCREAS - A long, irregularly shaped gland in
vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that
secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum
and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the
bloodstream.

19. www.ojmedical.com

20. SKIN - The membranous tissue forming the
external covering or integument of an animal
and consisting of the epidermis and dermis.
SMALL INTERTINES - The upper portion of the
bowel, in which the process of digestion is
practically completed. It is narrow and
contorted, and consists of three parts, the
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg

22. SPINAL CORD - The thick, whitish cord of nerve
tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata
down through the spinal column and from
which the spinal nerves branch off to various
parts of the body.
STOMACH – One of the principal organs of
digestion, located between the oesophagus and
the small intestine.

23. www.spinalhub.com.au

24. Comparing Digestive Systems
http://www.cheeseandmeats.com

26. Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder
Major chemical
composition of diet
Complex
carbohydrates
including cellulose
Proteins, fats Simple sugars,
protein
Teeth Large grinding
molars to crush food
Sharp canines and
molars for catching
and holding prey
Few teeth
Time in mouth Chewed for a long
period of time
Rapidly swallowed Rapidly swallowed

27. Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder
Time spent eating Most of the day Short feeding
period
Honey possums can
drink up to 20% of
their body mass in
minutes
Stomach Foregut fermenters
(ruminants e.g.
cattle) have four
chambered
stomach for
breakdown of
cellulose
Small, one
chambered
stomach
Two chambered
stomach, one may
be for nectar
storage
Intestines Hindgut fermenters
have enlarged
caecum for
breakdown of
cellulose
Short and
unspecialised
Large and small
intestines
indistinguishable,
no caecum

28. http://wordpress.as.edu.au/hmcphie/2013/05/22/comparison-of-mammals-digestive-systems/

29. Circulatory System
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel

30. • Oxygen that is required for respiration is
transported to the body's cells.
• Carbon dioxide is carried away from the
body's cells.
esccalbe.blogspot.com

31. The Heart

32. Double Circulation
• Left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich
blood to the body.
• Oxygen poor blood travels from the body to the
rights side of the heart.
• The right side pumps the oxygen poor blood to
the lungs.
• Oxygen rich blood returns to the left side of the
heart.
• Called double circulation because during a single
circuit of the body blood passes through the
heart twice.

33. esccalbe.blogspot.com

34. Comparing Respiratory Systems

35. http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

36. http://home.telfort.nl/lucienbal/morphology4.html

37. Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction
by which offspring arise from a single parent,
and inherit the genes of that parent only, it is
reproduction which does not involve meiosis,
ploidy reduction or fertilisation.
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Asexual_reproduction.html

38. b4fa.org

39. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is characterised by
processes that pass a combination of genetic
material to offspring, resulting in increased
genetic diversity. The two main processes are:
meiosis, involving the halving of the number of
chromosomes; and fertilization, involving the
fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the
original number of chromosomes.
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Sexual_reproduction.html

40. http://csls-text.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/12_01.html