The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It discusses key topics like cells, tissues, organs and systems. It describes the basic characteristics of life including metabolism, movement, growth and reproduction. It also summarizes some of the major human body systems like the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous and reproductive systems. The goal is to explain how the structure and functions of the human body allow it to sustain life.

1. Dr.Deepak Bagadia
2021
INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
HUMAN BODY
7/29/2021 DRB 1
OF
OF
Ghantali Mitra Mandal
Diploma in Yoga Education

2. स्वदेहे यो न जानाति िस्य सिद्धिः कथं भवेि्।
चिुददलं स्यादाधारं स्वा्धष्ठानं च षड्दलम् ।।
Svadehe yo na jānāti,
tasya siddhihi katham bhavet
Yogachudamani Upanishad, verse-4
➢Increases level of acceptance of
Yoga and to spread it
➢Yoga Therapy: Holistic approach
(Body, mind, intellect & Beyond)
➢Wholistic and Integrated approach
➢Human being: Consciousness & Intellect
AIMS & APPLICATIONS
7/29/2021 DRB 2

3. The parameters of Anatomy-Physiology
Help to interpret scientifically at gross
level and parameters of Psychology and
Metaphysics to interpret scientifically at
subtle level.
AIM and APPLICATIONS:
1) First study each system separately
2) Study corelations among all systems
3) Study how Yoga influence & integrate
with them?
4) Apply knowledge to get happier, better,
healthier, more spiritual and have perfect
Discriminative power
7/29/2021 DRB 3

4. ANATOMY
Definition:
1. The science of the shape and structure
of organisms and their parts
2. Anatomy is the scientific study of the
structure of living things including their
systems, organs, and tissues
Sushrut Samhita in Ayurveda :–
Everything considered as a single unit
(Panchakoshas, Prana, Nadis, Chakras
etc.)
Modern concept – more Analytical
7/29/2021 DRB 4

5. PHYSIOLOGY
Definition:
1. The biological study of the processes and
functions of living organisms and their
parts.
2. Human physiology is the science of the
mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions of humans, their organs, and the
cells of which they are composed
e.g. cell physiology is the scientific study of
phenomena involved in cell growth and
maintenance, self-regulation and division of cells,
interactions between nucleus and cytoplasm, and
general behavior of protoplasm.
7/29/2021 DRB 5

6. Knowledge of Anatomy & Physiology in
combination with Hathayoga can be applied
immediately to optimize our Yoga practices, to
avoid injuries & remove blockages & toxins.
During and after the practice, relax and study
each muscle separately. Remember location of
structure of positions on our body:
Closer to midline/trunk of body (proximal
/medial) and away from it (distal/lateral).
Above (superior) and below parts (inferior),
towards front of body (anterior) and towards
backside is posterior. Ventral is on front &
dorsal is on back of the body. Superficial and
deeper are terms used for towards skin and
interior of the body
7/29/2021 DRB 6

7. 7/29/2021 DRB 7

8. ➢Physiology is study of specific characteristics &
mechanisms of human body that make it a living
being.
➢The very fact we remain active is almost beyond
our own control, for hunger makes us seek food
and fear makes us seek refuge.
➢The goal of physiology is to explain the
physical and chemical factors that are
responsible for the origin, development and
progression of life.
➢Thus human being is actually an automation
sensing, feeling, knowledgeable beings
GOAL OF PHYSIOLOGY
7/29/2021 DRB 8

9. It provides an understanding of how and
why the body functions the way it does,
and what happens when it does not
function properly.
An overall goal of this course is to enable
students to understand the role of
molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems in human health and
disease.
It integrates knowledge of the major
systems to outline how these systems
interact to maintain homeostasis.
7/29/2021 DRB 9

10. The cell (from Latin cella, means "small
room") is the smallest basic structural,
functional, and biological unit of all
known living organism. Cells are often
called the "building blocks of life". The
study of cells is called cell biology.
Each cell performs specific function.
A cell is bounded by complex material
called Protoplasm which consists of
Nucleus inside and Cytoplasm around it.
Cytoplasm is covered by cell membrane
CELL (कोष): Basic living unit
7/29/2021 DRB 10

11. TISSUE (woven)is a cellular
organizational level between cells and a
complete Organ, made up of similar cells
and their extra-cellular matrix from the
same origin, together carry out a specific
function.
ORGANS are then formed by the
functional grouping together of multiple
tissues.
SYSTEM is made up of many organs.
Organs and systems have multiple
functions
7/29/2021 DRB 11

12. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body
is made up of six elements: Necessary 4 life
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Calcium, and Phosphorus.
Only about 0.85% is composed of another
five elements: K, SO4, Na, Cl2, and Mg.
The remaining elements are trace elements,
of which more than a dozen are thought on
the basis of good evidence to be necessary
for life.
Elementary composition
7/29/2021 DRB 12

13. CYTOLOGY: Study of Cells
➢Cells make Tissues, Tissues make organs,
organs make system & systems make body.
➢ Our entire Body – 50 to 100 trillion cells.
➢ 70 % of human body is fluid
2/3 – is inside cells – intracellular fluid
1/3 – outside the cells in the spaces – extra
cellular fluid (ECF)
➢ECF – ions + nutrients – needed by cells for
maintenance of cellular life. So, all Cells live
necessarily in the same environment ECF
➢Body divided into Skull, Thorax & Abdomen
7/29/2021 DRB 13

14. IMPORTANT POINTS:
• Cell, ECF, tissue, organ and system
• Cell differ acc.to the function, they do
Metabolism: anabolism & catabolism
(similar to the yogic concepts of
Ida and pingala)
• Fluctuation in structure and function and
how one affects the other
• Contents: PROPER CONCENTRATION OF-
Oxygen, Electrolytes, Water
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
7/29/2021 DRB 14

15. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS ARE ALIKE
➢In all cells – O2 combines with
breakdown products of carbohydrate, fat,
and protein to release energy required for
cell function.
➢Mechanisms to convert nutrients into
energy are basically the same in all cells
➢All the cells also deliver the end
products of their chemical reactions into
surrounding fluids.
7/29/2021 DRB 15

16. HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS (मानवीयशरीर िंस्थाए)
 Nervous system (मज्जा िंस्था)
 Endocrinal system (आन्ििःस्रावीग्रन्न्थ िंस्था)
 Digestive system (पाचनिंस्था)
 Cardiovascular system (रक्िासभिरण िंस्था)
 Musculo-skeletal system (स्नायु-अन्स्थ िंस्था)
 Respiratory system (श्विन िंस्था)
 Reproductive system (प्रजनन िंस्था)
 Excretory system (उत्िजदन िंस्था)
 Lymphatic system (लसिका िंस्था)
 Sensory system (ज्ञानेन्न्िय िंस्था)
7/29/2021 DRB 16

17. 7/29/2021 DRB 17

18. 7/29/2021 DRB 18

19. 7/29/2021 DRB 19

20. Characteristics of life: metabolism
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits
shared by all organisms:
1. Movement: change in position of the body
or a body part; motion of an internal organ
2. Responsiveness: reaction to internal or
external change
3. Growth: increase in size without change in
shape
4. Reproduction: new organisms or new cells
5. Respiration: use of oxygen; removal of
Carbon Dioxide
7/29/2021 DRB 20

21. Characteristics of life: Metabolism
6. Digestion:– breakdown of food into
simpler forms
7. Absorption:– movement of substances
through membranes and into fluids
8. Circulation:– movement within body
fluids
9. Assimilation:– changing nutrients into
chemically different forms (energy)
10. Excretion:– removal of metabolic
wastes
7/29/2021 DRB 21

22. Digestive system
The human digestive system consists of
the gastrointestinal tract plus the
accessory organs of digestion. Digestion
involves the breakdown of food into
smaller and smaller components, until
they can be chemically transformed,
absorbed and assimilated into the body
cells. The process of digestion has many
stages, influenced by disintegration,
transportation/mobility and secretions.
Yoga improves mainly functions
7/29/2021 DRB 22

23. 7/29/2021 DRB 23

24. Respiratory system
It is a biological system consisting of
specific organs and structures used for gas
exchange. The respiratory surface is
internalized as linings of the lungs. Gas
exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of
small air sacs called alveoli. They have a
very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air
into close contact with the blood. Trachea,
which branches into progressively narrower
secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch
into numerous smaller tubes, the
bronchioles which generally open into the
alveoli
7/29/2021 DRB 24

25. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Circulatory system consists of a pump,
pipes, and the fluid they carry.
 The heart is a four-chamber pump that
fills with blood when it relaxes and
propels it through the body when it
squeezes. The chambers are separated by
valves that prevent the backflow of blood.
The coronary arteries run across the
surface of the heart and provide oxygen
to the heart muscle.
 This pump (Heart) runs non-stop through
out our life
7/29/2021 DRB 25

26. BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 The blood vessels not only carry blood but
regulate their flow to different areas of the
body. The vessels are smooth muscle tubes
that can expand and contract based on
signals from hormones and the nervous
system. Vessels are present in varying sizes,
with the largest ones being near the heart
and the smallest within the body's various
tissues.
 The blood has many parts in the form of
different cells, red blood cells, white blood
cells, platelets, and a variety of
protein/hormones/chemicals all have
different roles.
7/29/2021 DRB 26

27. NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The nervous system controls the entire
body, it has fibers that run across every
inch of the body, controlling muscles,
organs, and glands; while returning
information to the spinal cord and brain to
allow it to make decisions and act upon
them.
 The anatomy of the nervous system is
divided into the central and peripheral
systems, with the central nervous system
acting as the control system for the body
and the peripheral as communication lines
that relay information to and from the
central system.
7/29/2021 DRB 27

28. Thanks for taking first step………
Essentials of Human Anatomy-Physiology
https://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ce/docs/OLLI/Page%20Content/OLLI%20iNTRODUCTION%20TO%20THE%20BODY.
pdf
HARI OM
7/29/2021 DRB 28