Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by numerous different signals during times of cellular stress or in response to environmental stimuli, such as aerobic exercise.

1. Mitochondrial biogenesis

2. Structure of Mitochondria

3. Mitochondrial biogenesis
• Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which new
mitochondria are formed in the cell.
• Mitochondrial proteins are produced from the transcription and
translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the
mitochondrial genome.
• Higher mitochodrial copy number is protective for the cell.

4. Endosymbiotic theory

5. Evidence of Endosymbiotic theory
• New mitochondria are formed only through a process similar
to binary fission.
• Transport proteins called porins are found in the outer
membranes of mitochondria, are also found in bacterial cell
membrane.
• Mitochondria contain single circular DNA that is similar to
that of bacteria.
• Mitochondria have several enzymes and transport systems
similar to those of bacteria.

6. Mitochondrial division
ERMES : Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrial encounter structure.
Dnm1 : dynamin protein

7. The Transport of Proteins into
Mitochondria
hsc70
hsc60

8. Synthesis of phospholipids

9. Lipid exchange between ER and Mitochondria

10. Researchers have identified two classes of transcription factors
that are involved in this process:
a) Transcription factors that regulate the transcription and
replication (DNA copying) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
b) Transcription factors that regulate the transcription of
mitochondrial genes encoded in the nuclear DNA.
Regulation of mitochondrial
biogenesis
Transcription factor regulating mitochondrial
genes in nuclear DNA
Transcription factor regulating mitochondrial
genes in nuclear DNA
Nucleus Mitochondria

11. Conclusion
Mitochondrial biogenesis requires co-ordination of the
synthesis of mitochondrial proteins and other molecules and
the assembly of these molecules into a new mitochondrion.

12. If you would like to donate us?
Scan below and donate us 0.013$ (US dollar) (5Rs Indian rupee)
Contact: If you want PPT/PDF files, please contact below.
Email: gnccmysore@gmail.com
Telegram:+919738137533(only for Chat)