This document provides an overview of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It defines HPLC as a powerful analytical technique that can separate mixtures of compounds using high pressure to accelerate the mobile phase through the column. The document then describes the basic components of an HPLC system including the solvent delivery system, pumps, injector, column, detectors, and recorder. It also discusses various modes of HPLC separation and provides examples of HPLC applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, biosciences, and environmental analysis.

1. HPLC
HigH Performance Liquid
cHromatograPHy
Presented by;-
V.N.Raju
B-Pharmacy
4th year
Guided by:
M. Alekhya Mam
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2. contentS:
 Definition
 Types of Separations
 Principle of HPLC
 Instrumentation of HPLC
 Applications & uses of HPLC
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3. introduction
HPLC:- High Performance Liquid Chromatography
 a powerful tool in analysis, it yields high performance and
high speed compared to traditional columns
chromatography because of the forcibly pumped mobile
phase.
 HPLC is a chromatographic technique that can separate a
mixture of compounds
 It is used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to
identify, quantify and purify the individual components of a
mixture.
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4. TYPES OF HPLC TECHNIQUES:
A. Based on modes of chromatography
1. Normal phase mode
2.Reverse phase mode
B. Based on principle of separation
1. Adsorption chromatography
2. Ion exchange chromatography
3. Ion pair chromatography
4.Size exclusion(or)Gel permeation chromatography
5. Affinity chromatography
6. Chiral phase chromatography
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5. C. Based on elution technique
1. Isocratic separation
2. Gradient separation
D. Based on the scale of operation
1. Analytical HPLC
2. Preparative HPLC
E. Based on the type of analysis
1. Qualitative analysis
2. Quantitative analysis
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6. PrinciPLe of HPLc
 The principle of separation in normal phase mode and reverse phase
mode is adsorption.
 When a mixture of components are introduced into a HPLC column,
they travel according to their relative affinities towards the
stationary phase.
 The component which has more affinity towards the adsorbent,
travels slower.
 The component which has less affinity towards the stationary phase
travels faster.
 Since no two components have the same affinity towards the
stationary phase, the components are separated.
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7. INSTRUMENTATION
A . Solvent delivery system(mobile phase)
B. pumps
C. injector
D. column
E . Detector:
F. Recorder
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8. SOLVENT DELIVERY SYSTEM:
The solvents or mobile phases used must be passed through the column at high
pressure at about 1000 to 3000 psi. this is because as the particle size of stationary phase
is few μ (5-10μ), the resistance to the flow of solvent is high. Hence such high pressure
is recommended.
The choice of mobile phase is very important in HPLC and the eluting power of the
mobile phase is determined by its overall polarity, the polarity of the stationary phase
and the nature of the sample components.
In normal phase chromatography hexane, is octane, diethyl ether are the mobile
phases. In reverse phase chromatography water, methanol, acetonitrile are the mobile
phases.
Mixing unit is used to mix the solvents in different proportions and pass through the
column.
There are 2 types of mixing units.
1. low pressure mixing chamber and
2. high pressure mixing chamber.
Mixing of solvents is done either with a static mixer or a dynamic mixer.
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9. PUMPS: 2 types of pumps are there.
1. Syringe Pumps 2. Reciprocating Pumps
Pumping systems:
–Requirement:high P(6kpsi), pulse-free, constant F(0.1
10mL/min.),reproducibility(0.5%),
resistant to corrosion
– Displacement pump (Screw-driven syringe pump): pulse free, small capacity (250
mL), no gradient elution. Limited mobile phase capacity.
Reciprocating pump: Most widely used. Small internal volume (35 ~ 400 μL), high-pressure
(105 psi), gradient elution, constant flow. Need pulse damper.
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10. SAMPLE INJECTION SYSTEM:
Several devices are available either for manual or auto injection of the sample.
Different devices are:
1.Septum injectors:-
the injection the sample through a rubber septum.
The septum has to withstand high pressure. This is not common.
2. Stop flow injectors:-
the flow of mobile phase is stopped for a while and the sample is injected
through a valve device.
3. Rheodyne injectors (loop valve type):-
it is most popular injection.
this has a fixed volume loop like 20μl or 50μl or more injector has two modes
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11. COLUMNS:
– Stainless steel tubing for high pressure
– Heavy-wall glass or PEEK tubing for low P (<
600 psi)
Column material:-
The column are made up of either stainless steel, glass, poly-ethyiene
and PEEK(poly ether ether ketone).
Most widely used as a stainless steel which can withstand
high pressure.
Guard column:
These is very small quantity of absorbend and improves the
life of the analytical column.
At also act as pre-filter to remove particulate matter, if any,
and other material.
Analytical column:-
The most important part of the HPLC technique which
decides the efficiency of separation.
These are several stationary phase available depending upon
the technique or mode of separation used.
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12. DETECTORS:
Detectors used depends upon the property of the compounds to be separated.
Different detectors available are:
1. Refractive index detectors
2. U.V detectors
3. Fluorescence detectors
4. Electro chemical detectors
5. Evaporative light scattering detectors
6. IR detectors
7. Photo diode array detector:
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13. 1.Refractive index detectors:
This is a non specific or universal detector.
This is not much used for analytical applications because of low
sensitivity and specificity.
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14. 2. U.V detectors:
This detector is based upon the light absorption
characteristics of the sample.
The two types of detectors available.
1.Fixed wavelength detector.
in which the operates 254nm
where most drug compounds absorb.
2.Variable wavelength detector.
in which can operated from 190nm to 600nm.
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15. 3. Fluorescence detectors:
 The detector is based on the fluorescent radiation
emitted by some class of compounds.
 The excitation wavelength and emission wavelength
can be selected for each compound.
 These detector more specificity and sensitivity.
The detector is that some compounds are not
fluorescent.
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16. 4.Electro chemical detectors:
•Based on amperometric response of analyte
to electrode usually held at constant
potential.
•If the analyte is electro active, can be
highly sensitive since response is based on a
surface phenomenon rather than a solution
bulk property (e.g. UV-vis absorbance)
•simplicity, convenience and wide-spreading
application
• Thin-layer flow cell of Teflon : 50μm
thick, 1 ~ 5 μL volume
• Indictor E: Pt, Au, C
• Multi-electrode: simultaneous detection or
sample purity indication.
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17. 5. Evaporative light scattering
detectors:
• Responds to any analyte that is
significantly less volatile than the mobile
phase.
• Eluate is mixed with N2(g) and forms a
fine mist.
• Solvent (m.p.) evaporates leaving fine
particles of analyte. The particles
themselves are detected by light
scattering.
• Response is proportional to analyte
mass.
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18. 6. IR detectors:
• filter instrument or FTIR
• Similar cell (V, 1.5 ~ 10 μL and b, 0.2 ~ 1.0mm)
• Limit: no suitable solvent, special optics
• FT-IR allows for spectrum records of flowing systems analogous to the
diode array system.
• Water/alcohols can be major interferences to solute detection
• LOD 100 ng
7. Photo diode array detector:
This is a recent one which is similar to U.V detector which
operates from 190-600 nm. Allows for the recording of the entire
spectrum of each solute as it passed through the diode array detector.
The resulting spectra is a 3-D or three dimensional plot of Response Vs
Time Vs Wave length.
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19. HPLC IMPORTANCE &APPLICATIONS
Chemical
Environmental
Pharmaceuticals
Consumer
Products
Bioscience
proteins
peptides
nucleotides
Clinical
Determination of
polystyrenes
dyes
phthalates
Analysis of
tetracyclines
corticosteroids
antidepressants
barbiturates
amino acids
vitamins
homocysteine
lipids
antioxidants
sugars
polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Inorganic ions
herbicides
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20. Other USES OF HPLC :-
1.This technique is used for chemistry and biochemistry research
analyzing complex mixtures, purifying chemical compounds,
developing processes for synthesizing chemical compounds, isolating
natural products, or predicting physical properties. It is also used in
quality control to ensure the purity of raw materials, to control and
improve process yields, to quantify assays of final products, or to
evaluate product stability and monitor degradation.
2. In addition, it is used for analyzing air and water pollutants, for
monitoring materials that may jeopardize occupational safety or
health, and for monitoring pesticide levels in the environment. Federal
and state regulatory agencies use HPLC to survey food and drug
products, for identifying confiscated narcotics or to check for
adherence to label claims. NNR school of pharmacy.. 20

21. THANK YOU…
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