Originally it was a job title.
It was used to describe those personnel (chiefly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
This analyses the history and progress of computers and the internet based on the CAPE syllabus Unit 1 Module 1 for Information Technology. It also looks at telecommunication then and now.
Tells you about the History of computers. The various time periods in which the different types of computers were made by decreasing the size of the components used in the computers and increasing the various features in it.
This analyses the history and progress of computers and the internet based on the CAPE syllabus Unit 1 Module 1 for Information Technology. It also looks at telecommunication then and now.
Tells you about the History of computers. The various time periods in which the different types of computers were made by decreasing the size of the components used in the computers and increasing the various features in it.
This is the notes for the Module CT1101 - Computer Technology, a first year module taught in Bachelors of Media Technology (Shepherd College, Purbanchal University)
This is a short history of Computer. You can get benefit from it if you want to have an idea about the developments in the story of computer technology.
Piri Thomas was born in Harlem, New York on September 30, 1928. He was the eldest of seven children. His mother is of Puerto Rican descent and his father is Cuban. Thomas' full name is John Peter Thomas. Some sources state that his parents named him Juan Pedro Tomas, but that his name was changed in the hospital to the English version of the latter. The nickname, Piri, was given to him by his mother, whom he had a very close bond with. It comes from the name of a bird called the "pirri", which is a small bird that has enough strength to wound its enemy bird by attacking its underwing.
Thomas grew up in Spanish Harlem (El Barrio) at a time when lynching was still very prevalent in the United States, so the threat of racism was very real for him and others like him. As a young boy he attended public school in East Harlem, where he was forbidden to speak Spanish. Because the assimilation towards English was greater in school, Thomas began to lose some of his ability to speak Spanish. Thomas was faced with racism at school and in his own neighborhood, where he was taunted by whites and frequently called a "nigger spic". Thomas later writes of his experiences with racism in his books and in his poetry.
Computer: Definition
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are:
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).
It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Therefore computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably. Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery (wires, transistors, and circuits) is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software. All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:
Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions organized in programs ("software") which tell the computer what to do.
Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results.
Mass storage device (slower, cheaper, long-term memory): Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data and programs between jobs. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.
Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.
Output device: A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.
In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.
The MLA 8th Edition handbook, released in April 2016, includes major changes to the citation process. This page highlights a few of the differences between MLA 7 and MLA 8.
How to Cite a Film or Video in MLA 8
Films have become a strong medium for communicating stories, commentary, emotion, research, art, and many other subjects in a creative way. This medium has seen marked growth in both the number of titles offered and the number of distributors or service providers (e.g. Hulu, Netflix, HBO Go, etc.). In addition, technology has evolved to allow every individual to be their own “filmmaker” and record videos that can be shared online, whether it be via YouTube, Vine, Instagram, etc.
How to Cite a Book in Print in MLA 8
Structure of an MLA 8 citation for a book in print:
Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of chapter or section.” Title of the work, translated by or edited by First name Last name, vol. number, City of Publication*, Publisher, Year the book was published, page number(s).
Use only the interviewee's last name when citing personal interviews.
Personal interviews are interviews that you have conducted yourself. They have no page number because they have not been published in a book. When you cite a personal interview in the body of your paper, place only the author's last name in parentheses at the end of the sentence.Eliminate the parenthetical citation if you use the last name in the sentence.
MLA guidelines state that if you state the last name in the sentence, you do not need that same information in the parentheses. The parenthetical information complements, not repeats, the information provided in the sentence.[2]
Listing your sources in a Works Cited page is only one part of the citation process; the other part is making references to your sources in the body of your paper. The purpose of the in-text citation is to inform your audience when you are making a reference to someone else's ideas, words, works, or other information you used to support your writing.
According to the MLA Handbook: "References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited" (214). This means that for every reference you make in your paper there should be a corresponding citation in your Works Cited page, and vice versa.
MLA formatting uses the author-page style when producing in-text citations, meaning that you should have information about the author and the page number when making reference in your paper. Here are several examples of the author-page style, followed by the citation as it would appear in your Works Cited:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
A jump cut is a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" due to the way the shots are framed in relation to each other.
Jump cuts are usually caused by framing which is quite similar, such as these two:
Cut or sequencing,kuleshov effect, colour in film , eastmanANJU A
The jump cut is a technique which allows the editor to jump forward in time.
We see an early version of this technique in Eisenstein‘s Battleship Potemkin, where the battleship fires a mortar round and we watch the destruction as various angles jump cut from one to another.
In this very early version of the jump cut, contemporary audiences were introduced to a new way of time passage in film.
It obviously gained traction and is one of the most used types of cuts today next to the hard cut.The technique of the cross-cut, also known as parallel editing, is where you cut between two different scenes that are happening at the same time in different spaces.
When done effectively you can tell two simultaneous stories at once and the information being given to the audience will make complete sense.
Racking focus is the process of switching the focal point from one subject/object in a frame to another subject/object that is closer or farther from the camera, whereby one subject is sharp and clear while another part of the frame is blurry (out of focus).
The camera itself does not generally move during the focal change.
By keeping one subject in focus and the rest of the scene out of focus, the cinematographer can draw the audience’s attention to the subject in focus.
Racking focus is the process of switching the focal point from one subject/object in a frame to another subject/object that is closer or farther from the camera, whereby one subject is sharp and clear while another part of the frame is blurry (out of focus).
The camera itself does not generally move during the focal change.
By keeping one subject in focus and the rest of the scene out of focus, the cinematographer can draw the audience’s attention to the subject in focus.
Film language basic terminology of filmmakingANJU A
HIGH ANGLE SHOT:As mentioned in the high angle shot definition, high angle shots in film are used to make a character feel vulnerable or minuscule compared to the world around them.
•You can show someone who has no power in this situation and conveys insignificance.
•Lighting and cinematography drastically affect the mood presented by the high angleDobby in the Harry Potter series.
•We almost always frame Dobby with a high angle shot in dim light. Not only are we trying to show the size of the house elf, but we’re also trying to define how the world looks at and treats the house elf.
MLA MLA stands for the Modern Language Association, which is an organization that focuses on language and literature.
Depending on which subject area your class or research focuses on, your professor may ask you to cite your sources in MLA format. This is a specific way to cite, following the Modern Language Association’s guidelines.
Film studies as an academic discipline emerged in the twentieth century, decades after the invention of motion pictures. Not to be confused with the technical aspects of film production, film studies exists only with the creation of film theory—which approaches film critically as an art—and the writing of film historiography. Because the modern film became an invention and industry only in the late nineteenth century, a generation of film producers and directors existed significantly before the academic analysis that followed in later generations.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. COMPUTER
• Originally it was a job title.
• It was used to describe those personnel (chiefly women) whose job it
was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such
things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for
astronomical almanacs.
3. 2500 BC - THE ABACUS
• It is the first known calculating machine used for computing.
• It is made of beads and rods.
• It is mainly used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
4. 1614 AD - NAPIER’S BONES
• Invented by John Napier, a Scottish mathematician.
• A set of bones consisted of 9 rods.
10. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline
The computer was born not for entertainment or email but
out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis.
By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it
took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census
results.
The government sought a faster way to get the job done,
giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up
entire rooms.
11. Time line
• 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses
punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early
computers would use similar punch cards.
• 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-
driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of
numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure.
More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was
actually built.
12. • 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the
1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the
government $5 million. He establishes a company that would
ultimately become IBM.
• 1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later
called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is
computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based
on his ideas.
13. • 1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa
State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears,
cams, belts or shafts.
• 1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in
a Palo Alto, California, garage, according to the Computer History
Museum.
• 1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a
computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the
first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.
14. • 1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it
fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.
• 1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and
receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first
commercial computer for business and government applications.
• 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell
Laboratories invent the transistor. They discovered how to make an
electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum.
15. • 1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually
becomes known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas
Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations
keep tabs on Korea during the war.
• 1954: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula
TRANslation, is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus,
according to the University of Michigan.
• 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the
computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his
work.
• 1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a
mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the
computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to
technology that is more accessible to the general public.
16. • 1969: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating
system that addressed compatibility issues. Written in the C programming
language, UNIX was portable across multiple platforms and became the
operating system of choice among mainframes at large companies and
government entities. Due to the slow nature of the system, it never quite
gained traction among home PC users.
• 1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic
Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
• 1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy
disk," allowing data to be shared among computers.
17. • 1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops
Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
• 1974-1977: A number of personal computers hit the market, including
Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack's TRS-80 — affectionately
known as the "Trash 80" — and the Commodore PET.
• 1975: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair
8080, described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial
models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write
software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the
success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own
software company, Microsoft.
18. • 1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day
and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board,
according to Stanford University.
• The TRS-80, introduced in 1977, was one of the first machines whose
documentation was intended for non-geeks
• The TRS-80, introduced in 1977, was one of the first machines whose
documentation was intended for non-geeks
• Credit: Radioshack
• 1977: Radio Shack's initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold
like crazy. For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a
computer do what they wished.
• 1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first
West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio
cassette drive for storage.
19. • 1994: PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone
in the Dark 2," "Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big
Adventure" are among the games to hit the market.
• 1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at
Stanford University.
• 1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at
the time, ending Apple's court case against Microsoft in which it
alleged that Microsoft copied the "look and feel" of its operating
system.
• 1999: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and
users begin connecting to the Internet without wires.
20. • 2004: Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the
dominant Web browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches.
• 2005: YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires
Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system.
• 2006: Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core
mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii game
console hits the market.
• 2007: The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone.
• 2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin
applications to the taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting
recognition, among other features.
21.
22. Characteristics of First Generation of Computers:
• Use of vacuum tubes to make circuits
• Use of magnetic drums
• Use of machine language and symbols in instructions
• Very small amount of storage space
• Use of punch cards as I/O devices
• Huge in size and poor in mobility
• Very slow and less reliable output
• Use of high electricity
• Generates too much heats
• Complex and expensive to maintain
• Example: ENIAC, EDVAC,UNIVAC I, IBM 650, MARK II, MARK III etc.
23.
24. Characteristics of Second Generation of
Computers:
• Use of transistors
• Magnetic memory and magnetic storage disks
• High speed I/O devices
• Invention and use of high level languages such as Fortran and Cobol.
• Reduced size
• Solution to heat generation
• Communication by using telephone line
• Improvement of speed and reliability
• Example: Honeywell 200, IBM 1620, IBM 1400 etc.
26. • Use of integrated circuits (IC) started the third generation of
computer.
• IC reduced the size, price, use of electricity etc.
• IC also facilitates speed and reliability of computers.
• Development of IC enabled organizing the whole central processing
unit in single chip.
• Use of monitor also started in this generation.
• Operating system was improved to a new level and high speed line
printers were in use.
• Followings are some of the characteristics of third generation.
27. • Use of Integrated Circuits (IC) instead of transistors
• Use of Semi-conductor memory
• Small size than previous generation computers
• Use of magnetic storage devices
• Improved faster operations and more dependable output
28. • Use of mini computers
• Use of monitors and line printers
• Use of high level programming languages
• Less expensive than 2nd generation computers
• Less expensive maintenance cost.
Examples: IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11 etc.
29.
30. • The computers that we use now-a-days are the computers from
fourth generation.
• From this generation more use of semi-conductors in memory
started.
• Microprocessors has been created with LSI (Large Scale Integration)
and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).
• The size and price of computers has both been reduced to significant
levels.
31. • Microprocessor based system that uses Very Large Scale Integrated
(VLSI) circuits.
• Microcomputers became the cheapest at this generation.
• Hand-held computer devices became more popular and affordable
• Networking between the systems was developed and became of
every day use in this generation.
• Storage of memory and other storage devices has increased in big
amount.
• Outputs are now more reliable and accurate.
32. • Processing power or speed has increased enormously.
• With increment in the capacity of the storage systems large
programs were started to be in use
• Great improvement in the hardware helped great improvement in
the output in screen, paper etc.
• Size of the computer devices became such small that even desktop
computers were easily movable along with portable computers such
as laptops etc.
• Example: IBM 3033, Sharp PC – 1211 etc.
33.
34. • Multi-processor based system:
• Currently we use one processor per CPU though there are special
computers already in use with parallel computing but those are very
limited and not complete.
• Use of Artificial Intelligence: AI is also in use already, but still it is in
development. In fifth generation computers, we expect to see AI applied in
everywhere, from navigating to browsing, from everyday word-excel sheet
processing to heavy duty image processing and video analyzing etc. AI will
become personal assistant, AI will automate almost every aspect
computing.
• Use of optical fiber in circuits
35. Fifth Generation of Computers:
• Development of the elements of programs
• Automated audio in any language to control the workflow of the
computer
• Magnetic enabled chips
• Huge development of storage: Already we have SSD storage which is way
faster than HDD, and a few other technologies under development, thus
we expect to faster and larger storage in fifth generation computers.
• More powerful micro and macro computers
• Development of enormous powers with AI
