The document provides a detailed chronological history of many important developments in computer technology from 1901 to 1985, including the first radio message, transistor, integrated circuit, programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, microprocessor, mouse, email, personal computer, operating systems like Unix and DOS, spreadsheet and word processing programs, and the establishment of companies like IBM, Microsoft, Intel, and Oracle. Key events and inventions are listed for each year.

1. Detail facts on computer
development

2. • 1901 The first radio message is sent across
the Atlantic Ocean in Morse code.
• 1915 The first telephone call is made across
the continent.
• 1918 Panasonic is founded March 18, 1918.
• 1920 First radio broadcasting begins in United
States, Pittsburgh, PA.
• 1921 Czech playwright Karel Capek coins the
term "robot" in the 1921 play RUR (Rossum's
Universal Robots).

3. • 1923 Jack St. Clair Kilby, Nobel Prize winner
and inventor of the Integrated Circuit,
handheld calculator, and thermal printer is
born November 8, 1923.
• 1924 The Computing - Tabulating -
Recording (C-T-R) company is renamed to IBM
on February 14, 1924.
• 1927 Philo Taylor Farnsworth becomes the
first person to successfully transmit a TV signal
on September 7, 1927.
• 1935 The Polygraph machine aka lie
detector is used for the first time.

4. • 1936 Germanys Konrad Zuse creates the Z1,
one of the first binary digital computers and a
machine that could be controlled through a
punch tape.
• 1937 Iowa State Colleges John Vincent
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry begin work on
creating the binary-based ABC (Atanasoft-Berry
Computer). Considered by most to be the first
electronic digital computer.
• 1938 Chester Carlson produces first
electrophotographic image October 22, 1938,
which later becomes the Xerox machine.

5. • 1939 George Stibitz completes the Complex
Number Calculator capable of adding, subtracting,
multiplying and dividing complex numbers. This
device provides a foundation for digital computers.
• 1943 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer), the first general-purpose electronic
digital calculator begins to be constructed. This
computer by most is considered to be the first
electronic computer.
• 1943 Dan Noble with Motorola designs a
"Walkie Talkie" the first portable FM two-way radio
that a backpack version that weighed 35 pounds.

6. • 1944 The first binary, and partially
programmable computer, Colossus, was created at
Bletchley Park.
• 1945 The term bug as computer bug was
termed by Grace Hopper when programming the
MARK II.
• 1946 Freddie Williams applies for a patent on
his cathode-ray tube (CRT) storing device in
December. The device that later became known as
the Williams tube is capable of storing between
512 and 1024 bits of data.
• 1946 ENIAC computer completed.
• 1947 ISO is founded.

7. • 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William
Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell
Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
• 1948 Andrew Donald Booth creates magnetic
drum memory, which is two inches long and two
inches wide and capable of holding 10 bits per inch.
• 1949 The first computer company, Electronic
Controls Company is founded by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped
create the ENIAC computer.
• 1951 UNIVAC I was introduced.

8. • 1952 Alexander Sandy Douglas created the
first graphical computer game of Tic-Tac-Toe
on an EDSAC known as "OXO."
• 1953 IBM introduces the 701 to the public
April 7, 1953. The 701 is IBM's first electric
computer and first mass produced computer.
• 1954 IBM becomes the first company to
translate Russian into English using a
computer.
• 1955 Dartmouth Colleges John McCarthy
coins the term "artificial intelligence."

9. • 1955 Bell Labs introduces its first transistor
computer. Transistors are faster, smaller and
create less heat than traditional vacuum tubs,
making these computers more reliable and
efficient.
• 1955 The ENIAC is turned off for the last
time. Its estimated to have done more
arithmetic than the entire human race had
done prior to 1945.
• 1956 The programming language FORTRAN
is introduced to the public October 15, 1956.

10. • 1958 The first integrated circuit is first
developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments.
The first IC was demonstrated on September 12,
1958.
• 1960 The Common Business-Oriented Language
(COBOL) programming language is invented.
• 1962 Steve Russell creates "SpaceWar!" and
releases it in February 1962. This game is
considered the first game intended for computers.
• 1962 Philips invents the compact audio cassette
tape.

11. • 1963 The American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) is developed
to standardize data exchange among
computers.
• 1963 Bell Telephone introduces the push
button telephone November 18, 1963.
• 1964 Dartmouth Universitys John Kemeny
and Thomas Kurtz develop Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Language
(BASIC) and run it for the first time May 1,
1964.

12. • 1966 Robert Taylor joins ARPA and brings Larry
Roberts there to develop ARPANET.
• 1967 IBM creates the first floppy disk.
• 1967 The LOGO programming language is
developed and is later known as "turtle graphics," a
simplified interface useful for teaching children
computers.
• 1967 Nokia is formed.
• 1968 Intel Corporation is founded by Robert
Noyce and Gordon Moore.
• 1969 AT&T Bell Laboratories develop Unix.

13. • 1969 Gary Starkweather, while working with
Xerox invents the laser printer.
• 1969 UCLA puts out a press release introducing
the public to the Internet on July 3, 1969.
• 1969 The first U.S. bank ATM went into service
at 9:00am on September 2, 1969.
• 1969 Charley Kline a UCLA student tries to send
"login", the first message over ARPANET at 10:30
p.m on October 29, 1969. The system transmitted
"l" and then "o" but then crashed making the first
day a message was sent over the Internet and the
first network crash.

14. • 1970 Intel announces the 1103, a new DRAM
memory chip containing more than 1,000 bits of
information. This chip is classified as random-access
memory (RAM).
• 1970 Intel introduces the first microprocessor,
the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971.
• 1970 Philips introduces the VCR.
• 1970 Centronics introduces the first dot matrix
printer.
• 1970 Douglas Englebart gets a patent for the
first computer mouse on November 17, 1970.

15. • 1971 The first 8" floppy diskette drive was
introduced.
• 1971 Ray Tomlinson sends the first e-mail,
the first messaging system to send messages
across a network to other users.
• 1971 The computer gets a voice, as the first
computer is demonstrated with a synthesized
voice.
• 1971 The first laser printer is developed at
Xerox PARC.
• 1971 FTP is first purposed.

16. • 1971 Niklaus Wirth invents the Pascal
programming language.
• 1971 Intel develops the the first processor, the
4004
• 1971 First edition of Unix released November
03,
• 1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs invents the C
programming language.
• 1972 The compact disc is invented in the United
States.
• 1972 Atari releases Pong, the first commercial
video game on November 29, 1972.

17. • 1972 First public demo of ARPANET.
• 1973 IBM introduces its 3660 Supermarket
System, which uses a laser to read grocery
prices and UPC bar codes.
• 1974 IBM develops SEQUEL, which today
is known as SQL today.
• 1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen Establish
Microsoft April 4, 1975.
• 1976 Intel introduces the 8085 processor
on March 1976.

18. • 1976 The first 5.25-inch floppy disk is invented.
• 1976 The Intel 8086 is introduced June 8, 1976.
• 1978 The first spam e-mail was sent by Gary
Thuerk in May 1, 1978 an employee at Digital who
was advertising the new DECSYSTEM-2020, 2020T,
2060, AND 2060T on ARPAnet.
• 1979 Robert Williams of Michigan became the
first human to be killed by a robot at the Ford
Motors company on January 25, 1979. Resulting in a
$10 million dollar lawsuit.
• 1979 Software Arts Incorporated VisiCalc
becomes the first electronic spreadsheet and
business program for PCs.

19. • 1979 Oracle introduces the first commercial
version of SQL.
• 1980 IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to
create an operating system for a new PC. The pair
buy the rights to a simple operating system
manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and
use it as a template. IBM allows the two to keep the
marketing rights to the operating system, called
DOS.
• 1980 IBM hires Microsoft to develop versions of
BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and Pascal for the PC
being developed by IBM.
• 1981 MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.

20. • 1981 IBM joins the computer race by
announcing the IBM Personal Computer on August
12, 1981, which runs the new MS-DOS operating
system and has a starting price of $1,565.
• 1982 The first permanent artificial heart is
implanted into Barney Clark December 2, 1982.
• 1983 Lotus 1-2-3, a spreadsheet program is
introduced January 26, 1983.
• 1983 ARPANET standardizes TCP/IP.
• 1983 Microsoft Windows was announced
November 10, 1983.

21. • 1985 The first Internet domain
name symbolics.com is registered by
Symbolics, a Massachusetts
computer company on March 15,
1985.
• 1985 Microtek introduces the
world's first 300-dpi black-and-white
sheetfed scanner.