The time changes everything and computers are not exception to this....!!!

2.  In early years ,before the computer was
invented, there were several inventions of
counting machine..
 200 BC – Chinese Abacus
 500 BC – Egyptian Abacus
 1620 – Napier’s Bone
 1653 - Pascaline

3. • The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire
rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using
a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often
the cause of malfunctions.
• First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-
level programming language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input
was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

4. KonradZusefinishesthe Z3 computer.TheZ3 wasan
earlycomputerbuiltbyGerman engineer Konrad
Zuseworkingin completeisolationfrom
developments elsewhere. Using 2,300relays,theZ3
used floatingpointbinaryarithmeticandhada22-bit
wordlength. TheoriginalZ3 wasdestroyedin a
bombingraidof Berlin in late1943.However, Zuse
latersupervised a reconstructionof theZ3 in the
1960swhichis currentlyon displayatthe Deutsches
Museum in Munich.

5. Harvard Mark-1 is completed.
Conceived by Harvard professor
Howard Aiken, and designed and built
by IBM, the Harvard Mark-1 was a
room-sized, relay-based calculator.
The machine had a fifty-foot long
camshaft that synchronized the
machine’s thousands of component
parts. The Mark-1 was used to produce
mathematical tables but was soon
superseded by stored program
computers.

6. Technology: vacuum tubes
Memory: 1K words, 17
bits, mercury
delay line
Speed: 714 operations
per second
Maurice Wilkes assembled the EDSAC,
the first practical stored-program
computer, at Cambridge University. His
ideas grew out of the Moore School
lectures he had attended three years
earlier.
For progamming the EDSAC, Wilkes
established a library of short programs
called subroutines stored on punched
paper tapes.

7. MIT researchers built the TX-0, the first general-
purpose, programmable computer built with
transistors. For easy replacement, designers placed
each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a
vacuum tube. Constructed at MIT´s Lincoln
Laboratory, the TX-0 moved to the MIT Research
Laboratory of Electronics, where it hosted some
early imaginative tests of programming, including a
Western movie shown on TV, 3-D tic-tac-toe, and a
maze in which mouse found martinis and became
increasingly inebriated.

8. • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did
not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The
transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the
transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum
tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level
programming languages were also being developed at this time,
such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also
the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
• The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic
energy industry.

9. IBM´s 7000 series mainframes
were the company´s first
transistorized computers. At the top
of the line of computers — all of
which emerged significantly faster
and more dependable than vacuum
tube machines — sat the 7030,
also known as the "Stretch." Nine
of the computers, which featured a
64-bit word and other innovations,
were sold to national laboratories
and other scientific users. L. R.
Johnson first used the term
"architecture" in describing the

10. According to Datamation magazine, IBM
had an 81.2-percent share of the computer
market in 1961, the year in which it
introduced the 1400 Series. The 1401
mainframe, the first in the series, replaced
the vacuum tube with smaller, more
reliable transistors and used a magnetic
core memory.
Demand called for more than 12,000 of the
1401 computers, and the machine´s
success made a strong case for using
general-purpose computers rather than
specialized systems.

11. IBM announced the System/360, a family of six
mutually compatible computers and 40
peripherals that could work together. The initial
investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as
orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month
within two years. At the time IBM released the
System/360, the company was making a
transition from discrete transistors to integrated
circuits, and its major source of revenue moved
from punched-card equipment to electronic
computer systems.

12. • The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run
many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory. Computers for
the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.

13. Digital Equipment Corp. introduced the
PDP-8, the first commercially successful
minicomputer. The PDP-8 sold for
$18,000, one-fifth the price of a small
IBM 360 mainframe. The speed, small
size, and reasonable cost enabled the
PDP-8 to go into thousands of
manufacturing plants, small businesses,
and scientific laboratories.

14. The Apollo Guidance Computer
made its debut orbiting the Earth on
Apollo 7. A year later, it steered
Apollo 11 to the lunar surface.
Astronauts communicated with the
computer by punching two-digit
codes and the appropriate syntactic
category into the display and
keyboard unit.

15. The Kenbak-1, the first personal
computer, advertised for $750 in
Scientific American. Designed by John
V. Blankenbaker using standard
medium-scale and small-scale
integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied
on switches for input and lights for
output from its 256-byte memory. In
1973, after selling only 40 machines,
Kenbak Corp. closed its doors.

16. • The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto
a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire
room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004
chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the
computer—from the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls—on a single chip.
• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user,
and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors
also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into
many areas of life as more and more everyday products
began to use microprocessors.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could
be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to
the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers
also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld

17. Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center designed the Alto —
the first work station with a built-in
mouse for input. The Alto stored
several files simultaneously in
windows, offered menus and icons,
and could link to a local area network.
Although Xerox never sold the Alto
commercially, it gave a number of
them to universities. Engineers later
incorporated its features into work
stations and personal computers.

18. The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer,
one of the first highly successful mass-
produced microcomputer products,
designed primarily by Steve Wozniak,
manufactured by Apple Computer and
introduced in 1977. It is the first model in
a series of computers which were
produced until Apple IIe production
ceased in November 1993.

19. Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful
mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface, with a single
$1.5 million commercial during the 1989 Super Bowl. Based on the
Motorola 68000 microprocessor, the Macintosh included many of
the Lisa´s features at a much more affordable price: $2,500.
Apple´s commercial played on the theme of George Orwell´s
"1984" and featured the destruction of Big Brother with the power
of personal computing found in a Macintosh. Applications that
came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use
of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG
(What You See Is What You Get) word processing.
Apple Macintosh

20. IBM introduced its PS/2
machines, which made the 3 1/2-
inch floppy disk drive and video
graphics array standard for IBM
computers. The first IBMs to
include Intel´s 80386 chip, the
company had shipped more than
1 million units by the end of the
year. IBM released a new
operating system, OS/2, at the
same time, allowing the use of a
mouse with IBMs for the first time.

21. • SUPER COMPUTERS
• MAINFRAME
• PERSONAL COMPUTER
• MOBIE COMPUTERS

23. • The technology are more advanced and still being
developed so that it is more efficient
• THE FIFTH generation computers are such as :
SILICON CHIPS
PROCESSOR
ROBOTICS
VIRTUAL REALITY
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
PROGRAMS which translate LANGUAGES

24. • An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as
an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small
plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be
made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent
components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several
billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of
a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in a circuit can be made
smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped
below 100 nanometer,[1] and now it is tens of nanometer.[2]
• ICs were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that
semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and
by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device
fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a
small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of
circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's
mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to
circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized integrated
circuits in place of designs using discrete transistors.

25. • A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC),[1] or at most
a few integrated circuits.[2] All modern CPUs are microprocessors
making the micro- prefix redundant. The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as
input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic,
as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and
symbols represented in the binary numeral system.
• The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips
greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit
processor was produced in large numbers by highly automated
processes, so unit cost was low. Single-chip processors increase
reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As
microprocessor designs get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip
(with smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same
size) generally stays the same

26. • Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering and computer science that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and application of robots,[1] as well as
computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and
information processing. These technologies deal with automated
machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous
environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in
appearance, behavior, and/or cognition. Many of today's robots are
inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.
• The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously
dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and
potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th
century.[2] Throughout history, robotics has been often seen to mimic
human behavior, and often manage tasks in a similar fashion. Today,
robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances
continue, research, design, and building new robots serve various
practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily.
Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing
bombs, mines and exploring shipwrecks.

27. • Virtual reality (VR), sometimes referred to as immersive multimedia, is a
computer-simulated environment that can simulate physical presence in places
in the real world or imagined worlds. Virtual reality can recreate sensory
experiences, including virtual taste, sight, smell, sound, touch, etc.
• Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences,
displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays,
but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound
through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include
tactile information, generally known as force feedback in medical, gaming and
military applications. Furthermore, virtual reality covers remote communication
environments which provide virtual presence of users with the concepts of
telepresence and telexistence or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of
standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal
devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus, and omnidirectional treadmills.
The simulated environment can be similar to the real world in order to create a
lifelike experience—for example, in simulations for pilot or combat training—or it
can differ significantly from reality, such as in VR games. In practice, it is
currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, because
of technical limitations on processing power, image resolution, and
communication bandwidth. However, the technology's proponents hope that such
limitations will be overcome as processor, imaging, and data communication
technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.