MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

1. MLA: LIST OF WORKS CITED
PRINT
A BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.
Puig, Manuel. Kiss of the Spider Woman. Translated by Thomas Colchie, Vintage Books,
1991.
Joyce, Michael. Othermindedness: The Emergence of Network Culture. U of Michigan P,
2000.
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2nd ed., vol. 2, Oxford UP, 2002.
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
TWO AUTHORS
Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus. HarperCollins Publishers,
1999.
Miller, Casey, and Kate Swift. Words and Women. Updated ed., HarperCollins Publishers,
1991.
TWO OR MORE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. St. Martin's, 1997.
---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

2. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS
Burdick, Anne, et al. Digital_Humanities. MIT P, 2012.
COLLECTION OF ESSAYS, STORIES,OR POEMS
Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al., editors. Agent of Change:Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L.
Eisenstein. U of Massachusetts P / Center for the Book, Library of Congress, 2007.
AN ESSAY, A STORY, OR A POEM
Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited by Philip Smith, Dover,
1995, p. 26.
Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited
by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.
Dewar,James A.,and Peng Hwa Ang. “The Cultural Consequences of Printing and the Internet.”
Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies afterElizabeth L. Eisenstein,edited by Sabrina
Alcorn Baron et al., U of Massachusetts P / Center for the Book, Library of Congress, 2007,
pp. 365-77.
WITHOUT AN AUTHOR’S NAME
Encyclopedia of Indiana. Somerset, 1993.
Beowulf. Translated by Alan Sullivan and Timothy Murphy, edited by Sarah Anderson,
Pearson, 2004.
CORPORATEAUTHORS
United Nations. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries. Taylor
and Francis, 1991.
American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. Random House, 1998.
GOVERNMENTPUBLICATIONS
The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First Century. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-

3. First Century,New York State,1990.
A TRANSLATED BOOK
If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.
Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
If you want to focus on the translation
Howard, Richard, translator. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of
Reason. By Michel Foucault, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
REPUBLISHED BOOK
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. Routledge, 1999.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
AN EDITION OF A BOOK
A Subsequent Edition
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed.,
Pearson, 2004.
A Work Preparedby an Editor
Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 1998.
EDITOR
Nunberg, Geoffrey, editor. The Future of the Book. U of California P, 1996.
TWO OR MORE EDITORS
Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al., editors. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth
L. Eisenstein. U of Massachusetts P / Center for the Book, Library of Congress, 2007.
Holland, Merlin, and Rupert Hart-Davis, editors. The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde.
Henry Holt, 2000.
ANTHOLOGY OR COLLECTION

4. Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Johns
Hopkins UP, 1997.
A WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY, REFERENCE, OR COLLECTION
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers
One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.
Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the
University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer, edited by
Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24.
ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE BOOK(E.G. ENCYCLOPEDIAS,
DICTIONARIES)
"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed., 1997.
PSEUDONYMS,INCLUDING ONLINE USERNAMES
@persiankiwi. “We have report of large street battles in east & west of Tehran
now - #Iranelection.” Twitter, 23 June 2009, 11:15 a.m.,
twitter.com/persiankiwi/status/2298106072.
Stendhal. The Red and the Black. Translated by Roger Gard, Penguin Books, 2002.
Tribble, Ivan. “Bloggers Need Not Apply.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 8 July 2005,
chronicle.com/article/Bloggers- Need-Not-Apply/45022.
INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, FOREWORD, OR AFTERWORD
Felstiner, John. Preface. Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan, by Paul Celan, translated
by Felstiner, W. W. Norton, 2001, pp. xix-xxxvi.
Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture, by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp.

5. 1-13.
United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the
Geopolitics of Oil. Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate
Report 111-8.
United States, Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do
More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Government Printing
Office, 2006.
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL
Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The Georgia
Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.
AN ARTICLE IN A REFERENCEBOOK
Allen, Anita L. “Privacy in Health Care.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics, edited by Stephen G
Post, 3rd ed., vol. 4, 2004.
Unsigned
"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed., 1997.
A SCHOLARLY EDITION
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Ed. Claudia Johnson. Norton, 2001. Print.
Henderson, George Wylie. Harlem Calling: The Collected Stories of George Wylie
Henderson: An Alabama Writer of Harlem Renaissance. Ed. David G. Nicholls. U of
Michigan P, 2006. Print.
TWO CONTAINERS
Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.”
The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.
Gikandi, Simon. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. Cambridge UP, 2000. ACLS Humanities E-book,
hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.07588.0001.001.

6. NEWSPAPERARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE
Schmidt, Sarah. "Companies Fail the Test; Junk Food Marketing Aimed at Kids
Faulted." The Gazette [Montreal], 10 Mar. 2010, p. A.11. Canadian Newsstand.
NEWSPAPERARTICLE IN PRINT
Smith, Bill. "Talks on Bosnia Bog Down Over Borders." Toronto Star, 18 Aug. 2012, p. B6.
NEWSPAPERS WITHVOLUMES AND ISSUES
Crawford, Maxine. "Research in a Celtic Nation." Psynopsis: Canada's Psychology
Newspaper, vol. 39, no. 3, Summer 2017, p. 32. Canadian Points of View Reference
Centre.
WEB
A WORK CITED ONLY ON THE WEB
Tyre, Peg. “Standardized Tests in College?” Newsweek. Newsweek, 16 Nov. 2007. Web. 15
May 2008.
“Utah Mine Rescue Funeral.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Aug. 2007. Web. 21 Aug.
2007.
NEWSPAPERARTICLE FROM A WEBSITE
Morrison, Malcolm. "TSX Recovers on Greece News." Toronto Star, 23 June
2011, www.thestar.com/business/economy/2011/06/23/tsx_recovers_on_greece_news
.html. Accessed 7 June 2016.
A POSTING OR AN ARTICLE AT A WEB SITE
Hollmichel, Stefanie. “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.”
So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/thereading- brain-
differences-between-digitaland- print/.
SONG OR OTHER PIECE OF MUSIC ON AN ALBUM

7. Beyoncé. “Pretty Hurts.” Beyoncé, Parkwood Entertainment, 2013,
www.beyonce.com/album/beyonce/? media_view=songs.
AN E-MAIL MESSAGE
Boyle, Anthony T. “Re: Utopia.” Received by Daniel J. Cahill, 21 June 1997.
FILM AND TELEVISION
Gellar, Sarah Michelle, performer. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Mutant Enemy, 1997-2003.
Whedon, Joss, creator. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Mutant Enemy, 1997- 2003.
Film or television series without focusing on an individual’s contribution
Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar,
Mutant Enemy, 1997-2003.
EPISODE OF A TELEVISION SERIES
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle
Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
BOOK PUBLISHED BEFORE 1900
Original copies of books published before 1900 are usually defined by their place of
publication rather than the publisher.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.
The Bible
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
The Bible. The New Oxford Annotated Version, 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2001.
The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Susan Jones, Doubleday, 1985.
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