This document discusses the development of science in various regions including Mesoamerica, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. It provides details on the scientific achievements of civilizations like the Maya, Inca, Aztec, Indians, Chinese, and Muslims. The Maya made advances in astronomy and developed an accurate calendar system. Indians contributed to fields like Ayurvedic medicine, metallurgy, mathematics, and astronomy. Chinese traditions include acupuncture and advances in compass, paper, gunpowder, and printing. The Middle East emphasized science experiments and figures like Ibn al-Haytham advanced optics.

1. Intellectual Revolutions that
Defined Society
Donna Ruth P. Talo, MS Math

2. Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in
various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

3. Cradles of Early Science
Development of science in Mesoamerica
Development of Science in Asia.
Development of Science in Middle East
Development of Science in Africa.

4. Development of Science in
Mesoamerica

5. Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
• It includes the entire area of Central America
from Southern Mexico up to the border of
South America.
• Maya civilization lasted for approx. 2000 years.
• They incorporated their advanced
understanding of astronomy into their
temples and other religious structures

6. Example
The “El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza” is situated at the location of the
sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.

7. Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
• Mayan knowledge and understanding about
celestial bodies was advanced for their times.
– Predicting eclipses
– Using astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.

8. The Mayan Calendar System
• Mayan is known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems.
• It is useful for their life especially in planning
activities and observing religious rituals and
cultural celebration.
• See video in the link:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhWItvjk9Yg

9. The Mayan Calendar System
The tzolk'in calendar combines twenty day
names with the thirteen day numbers to
produce 260 unique days. It is used to
determine the time of religious and ceremonial
events and for divination. Each successive day is
numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting
again at 1. Separately from this, every day is
given a name in sequence from a list of 20 day
names:

10. The Mayan Calendar System

11. The Mayan Calendar System
The Haab' was made up of eighteen months of
twenty days each plus a period of five days at
the end of the year known as Wayeb' .

12. The Mayan Calendar System

13. • Mayans also developed technology for
growing different crops and building elaborate
cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
• Mayan built looms for weaving cloth.
• Devised rainbow of glittery paints made from
mineral called MICA.
Development of Science in
Mesoamerica: Mayan Civilization

15. • Mayan Heiroglyphics – writing system of Mayan.
• Mayan are considered one of most scientifically
advanced societies in mesoamerica.
• They are skilled in mathematics.
• Created number system based on the numeral 20.
• Developed the concept of zero and positional value
eve before Roman did.
Development of Science in
Mesoamerica: Mayan Civilization

16. INCA CIVILIZATION
• Famous in mesoamerica.
– Roads paved with stones.
– Stone building that surmounted earthquakes and
other disasters.
– Irrigation system and technique for storing water for
their crops to grow in all types of land.

17. • Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting season.
• The first suspension bridge.
• Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records
that only experts can interpret.
• Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements
INCA CIVILIZATION

18. Aztec Civilization
• Mandatory Education
• Chocolates
• Antispasmodic medication
• Chinampa
• Aztec calendar
• Invention of canoe

19. Development of Science in ASIA
• The biggest continent in the world.
• Considered as the home of many ancient
civilization
• The host of many cultural. Economic,
scientific, and political activities of all
ages.

20. Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA
• A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies
of water and fortified by huge mountains in its
northern boarders.
• Known for manufacturing of iron and in
metallurgical works.

21. Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA
• Famous in medicine e.g. AYURVEDA.
• AYURVEDA – a system of traditional medicine
that originated in ancient India before 2500
BC.
• Susruta Samhita

22. Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA
• Spherical self-supporting earth
• Year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.
• Siddhanta Shiromani – the interest in
astronomy was evident in this book.

23. Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA
• Indus Valley Civilization
– The people in this civilization tried to standardize
measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and a designed ruler. (Mohenjodaro
Ruler)
• Aryabhatiya
– Introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of
algebra.

24. Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

25. Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

26. Development of Science in ASIA: CHINA
• Traditional Medicine – acupuncture
• Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools.
• Astronomy – heavenly bodies, Lunar calendars

27. Development of Science in ASIA: CHINA

28. Development of Science in the
MIDDLE EAST

29. Development of Science in the
MIDDLE EAST
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims
• Greater value on science experiments.
• Hasan Ibn al-Haytham
– An Arab Mathematician , astronomer, and
physicist of the Islamic Golden age.
– Father of Optics.

30. Development of Science in the
MIDDLE EAST

31. Development of Science in Africa

32. Development of Science in Africa
•