This document discusses the history of science and technology in the Philippines. It covers several periods:
- Pre-Spanish era Filipinos had practices related to science like herbal medicine and engineering.
- Under Spanish colonial rule, formal education was introduced and institutions like universities were established. However agriculture and industry were neglected.
- During the American period, science focused on fields like agriculture, medicine and forestry. Several agencies promoted scientific research.
- After independence, the importance of science grew and the Department of Science and Technology was formed to support the field. However, budgets did not match priorities.
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society.
Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development.
Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society.
Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development.
Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Chapter 4 ST - Science Technology in the Philippines: Significant Developments in Science and technology including Pre-colonial, Hispanic Philippines, American Period, and the Contemporary Philippines
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
3. Science and technology in the Philippines had
experienced periods of intense growth as well
as long periods of stagnation.
The main managing agency responsible for
science and technology is the Department of
Science and Technology.
Numerous national scientists have contributed
in different fields of science including Fe del
Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo
Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy,
Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine
Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food
technology and many more
4. PRE-SPANISH ERA
Even before the colonization by
the Spaniards in the Philippine
islands, the natives of the
archipelago already had
practices linked to science and
technology.
Filipinos were already aware of
the medicinal and therapeutic
properties of plants and the
methods of extracting medicine
from herbs.
They already had an alphabet,
number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a
calendar. Filipinos were already
engaged in farming,
shipbuilding, mining and
weaving.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are
among the sophisticated
products of engineering by pre-
Spanish era Filipinos.
5. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
The colonization of the
Philippines contributed to
growth of science and
technology in the archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal
education and founded scientific
institution.
During the early years of
Spanish rule in the Philippines.
Parish schools were established
where religion, reading, writing,
arithmetic and music was
taught.
Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture was
taught to the natives.
Later the Spanish established
colleges and universities in the
archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the
University of Santo Tomas.
6. 🞭 The Galleon Trade have
accounted in the Philippine
colonial economy.
🞭 Trade was given more focus
by the Spaniard colonial
authorities due to the
prospects of big profits.
🞭 Agriculture and industrial
development on the other
hand were relatively
neglected.
🞭 The opening of the Suez
Canal saw the influx of
European visitors to the
Spanish colony and some
🞭 Filipinos were able to study
in Europe who were
probably influenced by the
rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by
the Age of Enlightenment.
7. AMERICAN PERIOD
The progress of science and technology in the
Philippines continued under American rule of the
islands.
On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission
established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories which was placed under the
Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the
Laboratorio Municipal, which was established
under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt
with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
projects.
On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government
Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of
Science and on December 8, 1933, the National
Research Council of the Philippines was
established.
The Bureau of Science became the primary
8. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
🞭 During the 1970s, which was under the time of
Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance
given to science grew.
🞭 Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV,
Section 1, the government's role in supporting
scientific research and invention was
acknowledged.
🞭 In 1974, a science development program was
included in the government's Four-Year
Development Plan which covers the years 1974-
1978.
🞭 Funding for science was also increased.[4] The
National Science Development Board was replaced
by the National Science and Technology Authority
under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career
in the civil service was introiduced in 1983.
9. AMERICAN PERIOD
Science during the American period was inclined towards
agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and
pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of
industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United
States which nurtured an economy geared towards
agriculture and trade.[4]
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute
of Science. In a report by the US Economic Survey to the
Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which
were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support
of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific
research and low salaries of scientists employed by the
government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos
P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of
1958 which established the National Science Development
10. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the
National Science and Technology Authority was
replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.
Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan
for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's
role in economic recovery and sustained economic
growth was highlighted.
During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address
in 1990, she said that science and technology
development shall be one of the top three priorities of
the government towards an economic recovery.
11. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the
Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science
and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of
STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year 2000.
The Congress did not put much priority in handling
bills related to science and technology. The Senate
Committee on Science and Technology was one of
the committees that handles the least amount of
bills for deliberation.
12. POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
Former Science and Technology secretary,
Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget
allocation for science and technology was
increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from
the previous year's 464 million pesos.
However, due to the Asian financial crisis,
budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991
were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million
pesos respectively. Budget allocation were
increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992
14. a typical example or pattern of something.
a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,
including theories, research methods, postulates,
and standards for what constitutes legitimate
contributions to a field.
15. WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?
a fundamental change in approach or underlying
assumptions.
a concept identified by the American physicist and
philosopher Thomas Kuhn
a fundamental change in the basic concepts and
experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Kuhn
presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential
book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
16. WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPORTANT?
Paradigm shift is another
expression for more
significant changes
within belief systems.
Within philosophy of
science this concept is
sometimes considered
important and is
sometimes given great
attention within
education.
19. SOCIETY / ETHICS
Slavery is acceptable to now
slavery being unacceptable
Role of Children in Society -
Child labor was, now is not
acceptable
·Male Superiority - Beating
wives was, now is not
acceptable
Reading and the Control
over information - Invention
of the printing press (& other
major inventions) allowed for
the elites control over
reading / writing to end.
The Reformation- broke
monopoly of Catholic
Church and Christian's
"relationship" with God.
20. NATURAL SCIENCES
Darwin’s theory of evolution
Plate Tectonics— create a physical model of the
Earth's structure
Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or objective—
subject to observer’s state of motion relative to other
object.
21. HUMAN SCIENCES
Psychology: Sigmund
Freud—we are not
fully in control of our
behavior—a
subconscious part
operate
Economics—
government
intervention in
economy is now
accepted.
22. THE ARTS
The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art
is to copy reality.
Shakespeare's impact on drama / theater
Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
o http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/articles/kuhn
_paradigm.htm
o https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/Kuhn.html
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Re
volutions#/media/File:Structure-of-scientific-rev
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm
o http://noteshelf.org/thomas-kuhn-paradigm-theory/
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/Pre-science.htm
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ModelCrisis.htm
o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ModelRevolution.htm