The 19th century witnessed major advances in science and technology, including the formulation of atomic theory, the periodic table, the law of conservation of energy, and discoveries in physics like the electron. Important innovations included the electric telegraph, dynamo, and transition to electricity powering machines. Science and technology continued advancing in the 20th century with computers, the internet, artificial intelligence, and other breakthroughs. The Philippines has a long history of science and technology dating before the Spanish arrival, and its development has been influenced by Spanish colonization, American rule, and emphasis under Marcos and subsequent governments.

1. SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
THE 19TH CENTURY

2. The 19th century witnessed the rise of modern industry. From
agriculture to industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive
services. An unending stream of new products turned out by
factories employing radically new technologies, skills, and
organization drove this emerging modern world.

3. During the 19th century science also
made a great progress.
John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803. Dalton also studied color
blindness.

4. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table.

5. Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the law of the Conservation of Energy in 1847.
In 1851 he invented the ophthalmoscope.

6. In the late 19th century physics made
great strides.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is an electromagnetic wave in 1873 and was
later on proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888.

7. Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.

8. In the 19th century people mastered
electricity
Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric current in a wire caused a nearby compass
needle to move in 1819.

9. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity and in 1831 he
invented the dynamo.

10. Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph in 1837.

11. In the 19th century machines in factories were usually operated by
steam engines. At the end of the 19th century they began to convert
to electricity. In the mid 19th century railways revolutionized
travelling and made travel much faster. Steam locomotives pulled the
carriages.

12. Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars in 1885 and 1886.

13. SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
THE 20TH CENTURY

14. It is not skeptical that the 20th century is one of the most noticeable in the history of humans for
its incomparable technological advances and scientific discoveries. There were a lot of new
technologies made and science discoveries.
Technology was rapidly developed in the 20th century. With the use of scientific method and
funding for research, it has helped to achieve the advancement of modern Science and
Technology. With the ascension of new technology, it enhanced the communication and
transportation system of humans and brought it closer to people. Military research and
development bring about the rise of electronic computing and jet engines. Radio and telephone
enriched greatly and has reached a wider population of users, though near-universal access is
impossible until mobile phones became affordable for the people in the late 2000s and early
2010s.

15. Some of the greatest technological advancement during this period was the creation of
personal computer. In 1971, Intel developed a microprocessor that made computer smaller,
easier to use, and cheaper which replaced the early computers that are bulky and has a tube-
powered behemoths. Computer has become a dominant tool in the global economy and as a
necessity in many homes that until today we greatly rely on them.

16. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have redefined the meaning of computer by introducing apple in
1976. While in connection with the invention of personal computers, Internet was also created
in 1969 for defense-related research and known as ARPANet or Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network. It has helped us in terms of global communication, gathering information thru
searching, conducting business matters and on our everyday affairs thru the World Wide Web
which was created in 1989.

17. One of the breakthroughs during the century was the invention of Artificial Intelligence that has
the capacity for a computer to perform humanlike intellectual processes and it was later on
developed during the 1940’s. Modern A.I. features specially designed computers that can "think"
similarly to humans. A.I. is also being used to assist doctors in making medical diagnoses. While
there are no any program or computer existing today that can match the man's full intellectual
capacity.

18. SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES

19. Philippines today is known to be a third world country. The development of Science and
Technology will determine the socio-economic growth of the country. It is also a fact that the
national progress will relate the capacity of a country to produce local industrial goods for
domestic needs.
It will greatly affect our economic growth thru increasing the chances of foreign investors
coming to our country and investing on the products developed and invented by our local
inventors. It could also indicate an increase in tourism by the foreign people to try these
products that our country has developed.
The continuous development in the field of Science and Technology could make a different
history for the country. Supporting the programs that our government has made will build a
better chance for the country to regain our status and glory to the global competition.

20. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Philippines have few written information with regards to the society, culture, and technology on
the past before the Spanish has arrived. We relied on archeological findings to trace the
beginning of how the Filipinos lived with the use of Science and Technology.
These archeological findings showed that modern man from Asian mainland first came
over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,00 B.C. They
settled in different areas across the country and made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes
and later developed new skills like sawing and polishing stones.

21. During 3,000 B.C. they learned to produce adzes ornament of seashells and pottery that prosper
for 2,000 years until competition arrived with the Chinese porcelains. Eventually they’ve learned
how to use metal as their tools and the so called Iron Age lasted until the 3rd century B.C. to 11th
century A.D. and during this time, Filipinos were involved in ore mining such as copper, gold,
bronze and iron.

22. Filipinos have also engaged themselves into weaving, shipbuilding, mining and farming that
leads them in creating one of the finest products of engineering which is the Banaue Rice
Terraces.

23. Early Spanish chroniclers also noted that early Filipinos built a refined plank-built warship called
caracoa that is well suited for inter-island trade.

24. Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos were already aware of activities and practices related to
science and technology. They have learned the medicinal values of plants and able to extract the
medicine out of it. They had an alphabet, writing system, counting methods, weights and
measurement system, and calendar that they based on the period of the moon.

25. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, it has contributed to the growth of science and
technology in the country. They have introduced formal education and founded scientific
institution. Parish schools were established where they taught religion, reading, writing,
arithmetic and music. Natives were taught a more advance methods in agriculture. Later on,
they have established colleges and universities around the country including the oldest
university in Asia, which is the University of Santo Tomas.

26. The Galleon Trade made a big impact in the economic growth of the Philippines. Spaniards gave
priority to the Galleon Trade due to its potential to make huge profits. That is why agriculture
and industrial development were not given focus and were neglected during this time. When
Suez Canal was built, visiting each other countries for Europeans and Filipinos was made
possible and was probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by
the Age of Enlightenment.

27. AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST-
COMMONWEALTH ERA
The Americans replaced Spaniards after they ruled the country, and the progress of science and
technology has continued under their rule. The establishment of Bureau of Government
Laboratories was made in July 1, 1901 by the Philippine commission, which serves a purpose to
study the tropical diseases and laboratory projects in the country, and was later on replaced by
the Bureau of Science in 1905 that became the primary research center of the country. While on
December 8, 1933 they established the National Research Council of the Philippines.

28. The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in the
year 1946. In 1950, there were reports made by the US Economic Survey
about the Philippines’ problem with regards to Science and Technology
such as lack of basic information, no support, minimal budget and low
compensation. During the regimen of Carlos P. Garcia in 1958,
the Philippine Congress passed the bill entitled “The Science Act of 1958”
which goal is to established the National Science Development Board.

29. MARCOS ERA
It was only during the Marcos presidency where science was given importance. In the Philippine
Constitution that was amended in 1973, Marcos stated in on of his interview “the advancement
of science and technology shall have priority in the national development”.

30. Furthermore, he declared Presidential Decree no. 49, series of 1972 (DECREE ON THE
PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY) as a support for promoting the scientific research
and invention. Aside from that, one of his greatest contributions is the establishment of PAGASA
which function is to give environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure
the safety of the nation. He also establish the National Academy of Science and Technology in
1976 to have a scientists whose expert in science and technology.

31. FIFTH REPUBLIC
After the term of President Marcos, Corazon Aquino replaced him in the presidential seat and on
her term in 1986, she replaced the National Science and Technology Authority to Department of
Science and Technology, giving the science and technology a seat in the government cabinet. It
was during the Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992 where the role of science
and technology in the economy of the country was highlighted. That’s why on President Cory’s
State of the Nation Address in 1990; she said that science and technology development should
be on the top three priorities of the government to implement the development plan they have
made.

32. It was during the 5th republic where government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who
are interested in taking up courses related to science and technology. Schools became
modernized and updated by having additional high-tech equipment. It was also during this time
when science and technology personnel were given priority by the government by approving the
Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997 which is entitled “Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Personnel”. Its purpose is to give incentives and rewards to people who made an impact and was
influential in the field of Science and Technology.

33. While during President Joseph Estrada’s term, the Internet age was pushed for the advancement
of schools and industry. Then it was under the term of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo when science
and technology reached its golden age. Numerous laws and projects related to science were
made to push technology forward to increase the economic level of the country like RA 9367 or
the “biofuels” act that promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country.

34. ESSAY:
1. What will you do to help our country improve in the field of
science and technology? Explain your answer.
2. Do you agree that we should produce more professionals who
focus on Science and Technology? Why or why not? Explain your
answer.
3. Will Science and Technology help us improve a better life? Explain
your answer.