Hippocampus and method of loci
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The document discusses the hippocampus and the method of loci (memory palace technique). The hippocampus plays an important role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. It is affected early in Alzheimer's disease. The method of loci uses visualization of locations to connect items to memories. By creating images of items interacting in familiar locations, one can strengthen long-term memory. The hippocampus, together with brain hemispheres, creates a mental journey or mind map to boost memory retention and creative thinking.
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Memory processes
This document summarizes key concepts about memory processes from encoding to retrieval and forgetting. It discusses:
1) How information is encoded in short-term and long-term memory using acoustic, semantic, and visual codes.
2) Techniques for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory like rehearsal, spacing, and mnemonic devices.
3) Two theories of forgetting - interference theory where new information causes forgetting, and decay theory where memory traces gradually disappear.
4) How retrieval is affected by factors like categorization, recency and primacy effects, and is a constructive rather than just reconstructive process.
Memory processes
This document summarizes key aspects of memory processes, including encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It discusses:
1) Encoding can occur visually, acoustically, or semantically. Short-term memory relies primarily on acoustic encoding while long-term memory relies more on semantic encoding.
2) Information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory through rehearsal, organization, the use of mnemonic devices, and distributed practice. Consolidation during sleep also aids long-term storage.
3) Retrieval involves accessing information from both short-term and long-term memory. Factors like interference and context affect the accuracy of memory retrieval and reconstruction.
Three processes of memory
Encoding, storage, and retrieval are the three main processes of memory. [1] Encoding involves converting information into a format that can be stored in memory, like converting a document into .pdf format. [2] Storage maintains the encoded information over time through rehearsal strategies like repetition or relating information to prior knowledge. [3] Retrieval locates stored information and brings it back into conscious thought, similar to accessing computer files.
Diencephalon
The diencephalon sits above the brain stem and contains three main parts: the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. The thalamus acts as a relay between subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates processes like metabolism, hormone secretion, and the sleep-wake cycle. It is located below the thalamus. The pineal gland produces melatonin and influences circadian rhythms.
Level of processing
The Levels of Processing Model proposed that the depth of mental processing affects memory retention, such that deeper, semantic processing leads to longer-lasting memories compared to more shallow processing. Deeper processing involves relating information to prior knowledge or analyzing its meaning and importance, while shallow processing focuses only on physical or acoustic characteristics. The model helped shift the view of memory from simple storage to a complex processing system and explains why some information is remembered better than others. However, it does not clearly define "depth" of processing and does not explain the underlying mechanisms.
Physiology of memory
Memory involves the storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning. For memories to form, learning causes persistent changes in brain structure and function. The parts of the brain involved in memory include the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, limbic system structures like the hippocampus and amygdala, and the diencephalon. Different types of memory include immediate memory for recent experiences, procedural memory for skills, short-term memory for seconds to minutes, and long-term memory stored from days to years. Memory formation results from changes in neurons and synaptic connections in networks across the brain.
Emotion
Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that involve physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. They evolved to help humans and animals respond to important events. There are several theories about the relationship between the cognitive, physiological, and experiential aspects of emotions. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which can combine to form more complex emotions. The brain regions involved in emotional processing and regulation include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Emotions are influenced by factors such as genetics, cognition, memory, external stimuli, health, circadian rhythms, and meditation practices. People can control their emotions through techniques like controlled breathing, reframing thoughts,
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Memory processes
This document summarizes key concepts about memory processes from encoding to retrieval and forgetting. It discusses:
1) How information is encoded in short-term and long-term memory using acoustic, semantic, and visual codes.
2) Techniques for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory like rehearsal, spacing, and mnemonic devices.
3) Two theories of forgetting - interference theory where new information causes forgetting, and decay theory where memory traces gradually disappear.
4) How retrieval is affected by factors like categorization, recency and primacy effects, and is a constructive rather than just reconstructive process.
Memory processes
This document summarizes key aspects of memory processes, including encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It discusses:
1) Encoding can occur visually, acoustically, or semantically. Short-term memory relies primarily on acoustic encoding while long-term memory relies more on semantic encoding.
2) Information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory through rehearsal, organization, the use of mnemonic devices, and distributed practice. Consolidation during sleep also aids long-term storage.
3) Retrieval involves accessing information from both short-term and long-term memory. Factors like interference and context affect the accuracy of memory retrieval and reconstruction.
Three processes of memory
Encoding, storage, and retrieval are the three main processes of memory. [1] Encoding involves converting information into a format that can be stored in memory, like converting a document into .pdf format. [2] Storage maintains the encoded information over time through rehearsal strategies like repetition or relating information to prior knowledge. [3] Retrieval locates stored information and brings it back into conscious thought, similar to accessing computer files.
Diencephalon
The diencephalon sits above the brain stem and contains three main parts: the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. The thalamus acts as a relay between subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates processes like metabolism, hormone secretion, and the sleep-wake cycle. It is located below the thalamus. The pineal gland produces melatonin and influences circadian rhythms.
Level of processing
The Levels of Processing Model proposed that the depth of mental processing affects memory retention, such that deeper, semantic processing leads to longer-lasting memories compared to more shallow processing. Deeper processing involves relating information to prior knowledge or analyzing its meaning and importance, while shallow processing focuses only on physical or acoustic characteristics. The model helped shift the view of memory from simple storage to a complex processing system and explains why some information is remembered better than others. However, it does not clearly define "depth" of processing and does not explain the underlying mechanisms.
Physiology of memory
Memory involves the storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning. For memories to form, learning causes persistent changes in brain structure and function. The parts of the brain involved in memory include the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, limbic system structures like the hippocampus and amygdala, and the diencephalon. Different types of memory include immediate memory for recent experiences, procedural memory for skills, short-term memory for seconds to minutes, and long-term memory stored from days to years. Memory formation results from changes in neurons and synaptic connections in networks across the brain.
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Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that involve physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. They evolved to help humans and animals respond to important events. There are several theories about the relationship between the cognitive, physiological, and experiential aspects of emotions. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which can combine to form more complex emotions. The brain regions involved in emotional processing and regulation include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Emotions are influenced by factors such as genetics, cognition, memory, external stimuli, health, circadian rhythms, and meditation practices. People can control their emotions through techniques like controlled breathing, reframing thoughts,
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The document discusses various theories about brain structure and function:
1. Paul Broca theorized that some language functions reside in the left hemisphere of the brain based on a study of a patient with language problems.
2. Roger Sperry's research on epilepsy patients that led to his 1981 Nobel Prize helped explain that the brain has two hemispheres that perform tasks differently.
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This document summarizes key aspects of sleep and circadian rhythms. It discusses that healthy sleep is on average 7.5 hours per day but decreases with age. Circadian cycles regulate body temperature, growth hormone, and cortisol levels throughout the day and night. The suprachiasmatic nucleus contains a molecular clock that generates circadian rhythms and receives light input from retinal ganglion cells. Molecular mechanisms involve activation of clock and BMAL1 genes by light and subsequent negative feedback involving PER and CCG proteins to maintain a 24.5 hour cycle. Melatonin and brain waves also vary across sleep stages and between wakefulness and sleep states.
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1. Memory involves multiple brain structures working together, including the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, striatum, thalamus, and neocortex.
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Different functions of Limbic system... Fear vs. Rage, sham rage, reward and punisment, hippocampus and memory related functions...
Some applied aspects are also covered...
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The document discusses the limbic system, which is a set of brain structures involved in emotion, learning, and memory. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and connections between cortical and subcortical regions. The limbic system regulates many functions including emotion, learning, memory formation, and autonomic nervous system activity. Key structures like the hippocampus and amygdala each have distinct roles - the hippocampus is important for memory formation while the amygdala processes emotions. Lesions in different limbic system areas can impact neurophysiological functions and lead to effects on behaviors regulated by that region.
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The document summarizes key topics related to states of consciousness from a psychology textbook, including sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It discusses the body's biological rhythms and sleep cycles, theories about why we dream, facts and myths about hypnosis, how different drugs like stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens impact consciousness, and influences on drug use. It also briefly touches on near death experiences and how they relate to the philosophical mind-body problem.
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The document discusses psychological disorders including substance abuse and addictions, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, treatments and neurobiology of these conditions. For substance abuse, it describes how addictive substances increase dopamine activity in the brain and how this can lead to addiction. For mood disorders, it outlines factors like genes and stress that can contribute to depression and notes treatments like antidepressants. For schizophrenia, it discusses possible genetic and environmental causes and symptoms of the condition.
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The document discusses brain evolution in humans and other primates. It notes that the human neocortex is disproportionately large compared to other animals. While theories about brain evolution are speculative, the neocortex originated from structures in other species and early versions likely did not have differentiated layers and neuron types. Early primates had small brains shaped like lemurs, and most specializations evolved in early primates. Brain size increased over generations from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens. Larger brains require more connections and metabolic resources but allow for more complex behaviors.
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The limbic system is a ring of structures located deep within the brain that are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus. The limbic system regulates emotional responses, controls certain autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, influences reward and punishment behaviors, and plays a role in forming memories and social cognition. Dysfunctions of the limbic system are implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions like epilepsy, dementia, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
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The limbic system is a set of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, and memory. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus, and parts of the hypothalamus and thalamus. The limbic system regulates functions like aggression, fear response, appetite, sleep, social cognition, and memory formation. Damage to limbic structures can impact conditions like temporal lobe epilepsy, limbic encephalitis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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The document discusses lateralization of function in the brain and cognitive functions like attention. It notes that each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body and specializes in different functions. For example, language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere for most people. Damage to areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area can cause different types of aphasia. The document also covers attention, conditions like ADHD, and treatments using stimulant drugs.
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Limbic system ppt slide share by dr m.hemalatha svs medical college, mahaboo...
Limbic system ppt slide share by dr m.hemalatha svs medical college, mahaboo...
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1. Paul Broca theorized in 1861 that language functions reside in the left hemisphere of the brain based on a study of a patient with language problems.
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This document discusses memory and the limbic system. It covers the history and neuroanatomy of the limbic system, including key structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, and pathways like the Papez circuit. It discusses memory formation and the different stages of memory, including encoding, consolidation and retrieval. It outlines where different types of memory are processed in the brain, including short term vs long term memory and explicit vs implicit memory. Memory disorders are also summarized, like Korsakoff syndrome, transient global amnesia, and Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's Disease.ppt
Alzheimer's is an irremediable progressive brain disorder. A neurological disease that destroys brain cells leading to atrophy. The most common type of dementia. Mostly affect people in the old age group usually above 62-65 years old. Under-recognized disease becoming a major public health problem. symptoms include the inability to carry out the day-to-day tasks. Destruction of memory and thinking skills- also referred to as Mild Cognitive Impairment
Language problems. Unpredictable behavior (mood swings). Vision/spatial issues.
Impaired reasoning and judgment. With time as the disease progresses, some people become worried, angry, or violent. There are various factors responsible for this disease-
Accumulation of certain proteins such as tau and amyloid (form tangles inside neurons)
People with smoking habits, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure are at higher risk of developing this disease.
Age, family history, and people who have had severe head injuries develop this disease more compared to others.
A person with untreated depression. In a person suffering from Alzheimer's Brain cells start to deteriorate. Brain inflammation and may lack the glucose needed to power its activity.
The vascular system fails to deliver sufficient blood and nutrients to the brain.
Neurons lose their ability to communicate.The entorhinal cortex and hippocampus (parts of the brain involved in memory) are damagedIn later stages, it affects the areas in the cerebral cortex.
Memory
Memory can be explicit such as episodic (events) and semantic (facts) or implicit such as skills. It involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. There are several stages and types of memory including sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Information is processed at different levels from shallow to deep. Memories can be forgotten due to interference, lack of practice, or trauma that causes amnesia. The biology of memory involves structures like the hippocampus that is important for forming new memories.
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This document discusses theories of learning, memory, amnesia, and brain functioning. It covers classical and operant conditioning pioneered by Pavlov and others. It discusses research on memory systems like short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. It also examines cases of amnesia like patient H.M. who helped reveal the hippocampus' role in forming new memories. The document concludes by covering two types of amnesia - Korsakoff's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
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The document discusses the whole brain theory, which proposes that different parts of the brain have specialized functions and abilities. It describes research by Paul Broca, Roger Sperry, Paul MacLean, and Ned Herrmann that identified the specialized roles of the left and right hemispheres, as well as the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reptilian complex. Herrmann's model divides the brain into four quadrants - analytical, organized, interpersonal, and imaginative - that have distinct learning preferences. The document also discusses ways to improve brain functions, such as exercise, diet, sleep, and reducing stress, as well as elements of an effective personal development plan like goal setting, actions, and assessment.
3 2-physiology (genetics, anatomy, biochemistry)
3 2-physiology (genetics, anatomy, biochemistry)University of Zambia, School of Pharmacy, Lusaka, Zambia
- Behaviour originates from basic genetic, biological and biochemical processes in the brain and nervous system. Electrical impulses travel through nerve cell networks in the brain.
- The brain is composed of the central core, limbic system, and cerebrum. The central core controls basic functions. The limbic system regulates emotion and learning. The cerebrum enables higher thinking.
- Neurons transmit signals via neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and GABA. Imbalances can cause disorders like schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy and more.Brain anatomy and it relationship with behavior
The document summarizes brain anatomy and development. It begins by describing the central nervous system and its major components. It then outlines the stages of brain development from conception through formation of the three main parts - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Finally, it provides details on the anatomical subdivisions and functions of each brain region, including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
Cognitive processes memory
1. This document summarizes key concepts related to cognitive processes and memory, including models of memory like the multi-store model and theories of forgetting.
2. It describes research on memory conducted by pioneers like Ebbinghaus and covers topics such as encoding specificity, the context dependent nature of memory, and interference-based theories of forgetting.
3. Memory is explained as involving sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and long-term memory is further divided into declarative and non-declarative memory according to Tulving's model.
Similar to Hippocampus and method of loci (20)
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches
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ECG S
1) The Sgarbossa criteria provide guidelines for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block (LBB) or ventricular paced rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG), as these conditions can obscure ECG changes.
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This document discusses interventricular conduction delay and raised intracranial pressure as seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines interventricular conduction delay and lists various causes including fascicular blocks, bundle branch blocks, ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation, electrolyte abnormalities, toxins, pre-excitation, and arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions. It then discusses raised intracranial pressure and the associated ECG findings of widespread T-wave inversions, QT prolongation, and bradycardia as part of the Cushing reflex, indicating imminent brainstem herniation. Massive intracranial hemorrhages such as subarachnoid hemorrhage are the most common causes
ECG H
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ECG F
1) Fascicular ventricular tachycardia is the most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left ventricle. It typically presents in young patients without structural heart disease.
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3) Posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia, which arises near the left posterior fascicle, shows a right bundle branch block pattern with left axis deviation. Anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia arises
ECG E
The document discusses several electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and rhythms including ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, electrical alternans seen in massive pericardial effusion which produces low QRS voltage, electrical alternans and tachycardia, escape rhythms like junctional escape rhythms where the pacemaker rate decreases down the conducting system, and ventricular escape rhythms. It also discusses the terminology of junctional rhythms and includes literature references.
ECG D
The document discusses De Winter's T waves, which are characterized by three key findings on ECG: upsloping ST depression in precordial leads, tall symmetric T waves in precordial leads, and ST elevation in aVR. It also summarizes the ECG patterns seen in dextrocardia, including right axis deviation, positive complexes in aVR, and dominant S waves in precordial leads. Finally, it outlines the ECG features of digoxin effect and toxicity, such as biphasic T waves, shortened QT, and the dysrhythmia of supraventricular tachycardia with a slow ventricular response seen in digoxin toxicity.
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ECG B
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ECG A: first part.
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2. Atrial flutter, a supraventricular tachycardia caused by a reentry circuit in the right atrium with a rate of around 300 bpm. The ventricular rate is determined by AV conduction.
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The document discusses various categories of risks associated with food, including foodborne hazards of microbial origin, nutritional hazards, environmental contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants, and food additives. It notes that foodborne diseases of microbial origin pose the greatest risks. Nutritional hazards can arise from deficiencies or excesses. Environmental contaminants can enter the food supply from industrial or natural sources. Naturally occurring toxicants are found in some foods. Food additives present minimal risks when consumed within permitted levels. The document also outlines categories of potential benefits from foods, including health benefits, supply benefits, hedonic benefits, and convenience benefits.
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1. Small molecule drugs can become immunogenic by undergoing bioactivation into chemically reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins, forming hapten-carrier complexes.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
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10. Define the mean QRS vector
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12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Hippocampus and method of loci
- 1. Hippocampus and method of loci Domina Petric, MD
- 2. Hippocampus • Small organ located within the brain's medial temporal lobe and forms an important part of the limbic system. • Limbic system regulates emotions. • The hippocampus is associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory. • It also plays an important role in spatial navigation.
- 4. Memory The hippocampus plays a role in the formation of new memories and in the detection of new surroundings, occurrences and stimuli. Alzheimer’s disease affects the hippocampus first and severely, before other parts of the cortex (the frontal lobes later). Memory is usually the first affected in Alzheimer’s disease: the ability to make new memories.
- 5. Mental illnesses In schizophrenia and some severe depressions, the hippocampus appears to shrink. There is recent evidence that this shrinkage can be reversed and perhaps prevented with effective treatment in patients with depression and bipolar disorder.
- 6. Hippocampus and estrogen • The hippocampus is known to be directly affected by estrogen. • There is research on the role of estrogen in preventing Alzheimer’s disease. • Estrogen increases synaptic density in the hippocampus especially. • Synaptic density is the number of connections to other nerve cells.
- 7. Spatial navigation and spatial memory
- 9. Method of loci • The method of loci is also known as the memory palace technique or the journey method. • The method of loci was invented more than 2000 years ago. • It was widely used by the Greeks and later the Romans to memorize and give speeches that could last for hours. • The Romans mentally placed the key points of their speech in locations along a familiar route through their city or palace. • To remember a key point, they represented it by a concrete item, and visualized that item somehow interacting with a particular location.
- 10. Method of loci Each location serves as a hook, to which you visually connect whatever you want to remember. You accomplish this by creating an image or scene in mind, in which the location and the memorized item interact.
- 11. Example of journey The room that is visualised: • chair • computer • telephone • balcony • wardrobe Associated tasks or items: • I have to study the lesson for my exam (I visualise myself sitting in the chair and studying). • I have to mail my friend about my new seminar. • I have to call my other friend. • I have to go to my training. • I have to buy myself a new sweater and I will do it at the evening.
- 12. Conclusion • Hippocampus is probably very important in creating your mental juorney (method of loci). • Hippocampus plays important role in creating new memories. • In the method of loci very important is ability to create a mind map (mental journey is a type of mind map).
- 13. Mind map A mind map is a highly effective way of getting information in and out of your brain. It is a creative and logical means of note-taking and note- making that maps out the ideas. Mind mapping converts a long list of monotonous information into a colorful, memorable and highly organized diagram that works in line with the brain's natural way of doing things.
- 14. Five essential characteristics of mind mapping: • The main idea, subject or focus is crystallized in a central image. • The main themes radiate from the central image as branches. • The branches comprise a key image or key word drawn or printed on its associated line. • Topics of lesser importance are represented as twigs of the relevant branch. • The branches form a connected nodal structure. http://www.mindmapping.com/theory-behind-mind-maps.php
- 15. Brain hemispheres Dr. Roger Sperry (Nobel Prize) confirmed that the evolutionarily latest part of the brain, cerebral cortex, is divided into two major hemispheres. Those hemispheres performe a comprehensive range of intellectual tasks, called cortical skills.
- 16. Cortical skills are: •logic •rhythm •lines •color •lists • daydreaming • numbers • imagination • word • gestalt (seeing the whole picture)
- 18. Conclusion In the method of loci hippocampus together with brain hemispheres creates a mental journey (mind map) to boost the memory and also creative thinking.
- 19. Literature • http://www.news-medical.net/health/Hippocampus- Functions.aspx (By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD) • http://psycheducation.org/brain-tours/memory-learning- and-emotion-the-hippocampus • Wikipedia.org • http://remembereverything.org/memory-palace-the- method-of-loci • http://www.mindmapping.com/theory-behind-mind- maps.php