Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to Brain Health"
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The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
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Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to Brain Health"
- 1. The Relation of Childhood Fitness & Adiposity to Cognitive & Brain Health Charles H. Hillman, Ph.D. Neurocognitive Kinesiology Laboratory Department of Kinesiology & Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- 2. Physical Inactivity Trends • There is a pandemic of physical inactivity in today’s society. • Recent reports forecast that inactivity will continue to rise throughout the industrialized world over the next few decades (Ng & Popkin, 2012). • Although the effects on physical health is well known, cognitive and brain health is only beginning to emerge.
- 3. Physical Fitness & Achievement Test Performance 360 Total ISAT Score 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 0 1 Castelli, Hillman, Buck, & Erwin (2007) JSEP. 2 3 Fitnessgram 4 5
- 4. Aerobic Fitness & Achievement Test Performance 400 350 e oc S T AS l a o T r I t 300 250 R 2 = 0.22 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PACER (# Laps) Castelli, Hillman, Buck, & Erwin (2007) JSEP. 70 80
- 5. Body Mass Index & Achievement Test Performance 400 350 e oc S T AS l a o T r I t 300 250 R 2 = 0.06 200 10 15 Castelli, Hillman, Buck, & Erwin (2007) JSEP. 20 25 Body Mass Index 30 35
- 6. *p < .05 **p < .01 Scudder et al. (in review).
- 7. Cognitive Control Inhibition Working Memory Cognitive Flexibility the ability to ignore distraction & stay focused the ability to hold information in mind and manipulate it the ability to switch perspectives, focus of attention, or response mappings
- 9. Fitness & Basal Ganglia Volume [r = -.33] [r = -.25] 6000 * * 5000 4000 * Higher Fit Lower Fit 3000 [r = -.26] [r = -.35] * 2000 * 1000 0 Left Right Caudate Nucleus Left Right Putamen Chaddock et al. (2010). Developmental Neuroscience,32, 249-256. Left Right Globus Pallidus Left Right Nucleus Accumbens
- 11. Fitness, Hippocampus, & Memory 80 Memory Performance 75 Low Fit High Fit 70 * 65 60 55 50 Item Accuracy Chaddock et al. (2010). Brain Research, 1358, 172-183 Relational Accuracy
- 12. The FITKids Randomized Trial An after-school physical activity program occurring on 150 of the 170 day school year. 221 Children (Rx = 109, Control = 112) participated intermittent in >70 moderate minutes to of vigorous physical activity following each school day.
- 13. Modified Flanker Task 200 ms 12 00 m s 12 00 m s 12 00 m s
- 14. Change Flanker Task Performance
- 16. Change in Heterogeneous Response Accuracy
- 17. Change in P3 Amplitude
- 18. Flanker Incongruent P3 Relationship with Attendance
- 19. Switch Heterogeneous Response Accuracy Relationship with Attendance
- 20. Acute Exercise in Preadolescent Children Baseline Congruent Baseline Incongruent Post Exercise Congruent Post Exercise Incongruent Amplitude (uV) -3 0 3 6 0 200 400 600 Time (ms) 800 Hillman et al. (2009). Neuroscience, 159, 1044-1054. 1000
- 21. Acute Exercise & Academic Achievement Pontifex et al. (in press). J. Pediatrics.
- 22. Adiposity, Cognition, & Achievement Kamijo et al. (in press). Obesity.
- 23. Obesity & Inhibition Go NoGo Healthy Weight Obese %) 100 90 * e R spo ( y a r u c A e s n 80 70 Go Kamijo et al. (2012). Psychophysiology. NoGo
- 24. Obesity & ERPs (NoGo-Go P3 Amplitude) Healthy Weight Obese -2 µV 2 Kamijo et al. (2012). Psychophysiology.
- 25. Encoding (Day 1) Study Only Test Study Test: 4 sec Clay Study: 6 sec Taft Study: 2 sec Clay Raine et al. (2013) PLOS ONE.
- 26. Rate of Learning (Day 1) Accuracy (% Correct) Higher Fit Lower Fit Block Raine et al. (2013) PLOS ONE.
- 27. Recall (Day 2) Free Cued Pell Bond Ross Taft Dane Owen Glen Cass Nash Mack Raine et al. (2013) PLOS ONE.
- 28. Accuracy (% Correct) Fitness Affects on Recall (Day 2) Higher Fit Lower Fit Raine et al. (2013) PLOS ONE. *
- 29. Fitness x Learning (Day 2) Accuracy (% Correct) Higher Fit Lower Fit Raine et al. (2013) PLOS ONE. * * Study Only Test Study
- 30. Conclusions • Fitness may benefit brain health and academic performance. • Fitness has been linked to changes in cognition that are disproportionately larger for tasks requiring cognitive control. • Early PA experience may shape cognition and its neural underpinnings. • Excess adiposity is related to decrements in cognitive & brain health, and scholastic achievement. • Single bouts of aerobic exercise benefit basic and applied aspects of cognitive performance. • Collectively, these data suggest that time spent engaged in physically active does not detract from academic performance. • Thus, early intervention is crucial toward lifespan health and effective function of brain and cognition.
- 31. Acknowledgements Collaborators Sarah Buck (Chicago State U) Darla Castelli (U Texas) Neal Cohen (UIUC) Eco de Geus (Vrije U) Joe Donnelly (U Kansas Med) Kirk Erickson (U Pitt) Ellen Evans (U Georgia) Bo Fernhall (UIC) Eric Hall (Elon College) Keita Kamijo (Waseda U) Art Kramer (UIUC) Eddie McAuley (UIUC) Rob Motl (UIUC) Matthew Pontifex (MSU) Jason Themanson (IL Weslyan U) Michelle Voss (U Iowa) Students Laura Chaddock Eric Drollette Chris Johnson Naiman Khan Davis Moore Kevin O’Leary Lauren Raine Mark Scudder Kelvin Wu Funding NICHD HD055352 NICHD HD069381 NIDDK DK085317 CNLM/Abbott Labs Nike Foundation IARPA
- 32. Virtual Crosswalk • Why do we care about attention and memory performance in children? • Motor vehicle accidents are among the leading causes of death among children under the age of 16 years in the U.S. • Given the importance of fitness to cognition, might fitness lead to better decision making at the crosswalk? 90 80 Lower-Fit Higher-Fit 70 60 50 Chaddock et al. (2012). MMSE, 44, 749-753 40 Undistracted Music Phone
- 33. Mechanisms for PA & Cognition • Neurogenesis • Angiogenesis & synaptogenesis in the cerebellum (Isaacs et al., • • • 1992) Increased density of capillaries in the molecular layer to support increased metabolic demands (Black et al., 1990) Enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (van Praag et al., 1999) • Increased LTP and Morris water maze performance Increase levels of neurochemicals that improve plasticity and neuronal survival • Brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF; Cotman & Berchtold, 2002) • e.g., 7 days of voluntary wheel running increased BDNF mRNA levels in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex (Neeper et al., 1996). • Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; Carro et al., 2001) • Serotonin (Blomstrand et al., 1989) • Dopamine (Spirduso & Farrar, 1981) • Brain Metabolism • Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygenization (Dustman et al., 1984) • Glucose and lactate consumption associated with ∆ in neuronal pH
Editor's Notes
- Learning Objectives: To understand the relation of chronic participation in physical activity and greater amounts of aerobic fitness on brain structure and function To understand the role of physical activity on cognitive health and function To understand the acute, transient effects of a short bout of moderate exercise on cognitive and brain health To demonstrate the relationship between excess adiposity on brain and cognition To indicate the relationship between these health factors and scholastic achievement
- N = 259 3-5th graders, Age, Sex, SES, physical fitness Fitnessgram = Aerobic capacity (PACER), muscle (strength, flexibility), BMI Pos relationship btw. Total ISAT score & the number of fitnessgram tests in which student scored in the healthy fitness zone
- When digging deeper into the relationship The effect was carried by aerobic capacity
- When digging deeper into the relationship The effect was carried by aerobic capacity
- N = 397 2nd and 3rd grade children Children’s inhibitory control and spatial working memory were investigated in a large sample of preadolescent children whose aerobic fitness was determined using the PACER test. Importantly, even using a field test of aerobic fitness, we replicate the beneficial relation between children’s cognitive control and fitness that previous investigations have uncovered using primarily laboratory measures. While selective findings were not observed for flanker, they were for working memory.
- Executive control is required to meet desired outcomes and intended goals. It refers to a subset of processes associated with the selection, scheduling, and coordination of computational processes that are responsible for perception, memory, and action. Situations in which executive control is required include: Novel tasks, planning, problem solving, conscious choices among alternatives, overriding a strong internal or external pull, etc.
- The flanker task has been used to assess interference control Relates to the ability to suppress irrelevant information in the environment while maintaining attentional control on relevant information. Participants discriminate between two centrally-located targets, which are flanked by an array of other letters that have different action schemas associated with them. Variable amounts of interference control are required based on the compatibility of the target and flankers.
- The striatum (i.e., the largest component of the basal ganglia) plays an integral role in the refinement and control of movement through the selection and maintenance of purposeful motor activity, while suppressing unwanted or useless movement. The basal ganglia is part of a cortical-striatal loop that involves projections from the prefrontal, frontal, and parietal cortices, which functions in the selection and initiation of willed action. In particular, the dorsal striatum (CN, Put, GP) contributes to ECF, especially decision making, action selection, inhibition, & the integration of sensorimotor & cognitive information. The nucleus accumbens (part of the ventral striatum) is involved in affect and reward associated with reinforcement learning and motivational states 55 ten year olds (30 = lower fit, 25 = higher fit) performed a flanker task Higher fit performed better on the flanker task (i.e., better interference control) and had greater dorsal striatum volume (after controlling for intracranial volume). No group differences observed in the ventral striatum Doral striatum volume correlated with flanker task performance. Ventral striatum did not. Findings suggest selective effects of fitness on brain structure, and that fitness serves to promote increased brain health and better cognitive function.
- Item and Relational Memory Conditions High Fit had greater bilateral hippocampal volume Hippocampal volume was correlated with relational memory, but not item memory N = 49 (21 High vs. 28 Low)
- 102 females (53 in Rx)
- N = 122 children, 7-9 years old. Accounted for age, sex, fitness, SES, and IQ BMI & DXA (total body and ROI of abdominal adipose tissue)
- 37 Obese & 37 Healthy Weight Children (19 girls in each grp) Obese BMI = 25.3 kg/m2 (98%), Healthy Weight BMI = 16.8 (58%) 8-10 years old (mean age = 9 yrs) Matched on VO2, SES, IQ, Age, Sex, etc.
- In both conditions: initial exposure showed all names on a single map In study only: name of one region appeared at a time. They tapped to indicate that they saw each name-region combo In test study: name appeared on side of map, and they tapped where they thought the correct region was, and received feedback Accuracy was recorded for each block w/in each condition
- This is only the test-study encoding condition (these data were from their learning day)
- Free Recall – empty map, fill in all names using the keyboard Cued Recall – same, except they had a word bank Free recall always occurred before the cued recall condition (for each map – order was free (map1), free (map2), cued (map1), cued (map2)
- ON THE RECALL DAY…There was a learning effect, such that higher fit learned more regions in the study only condition, regardless of recall strategy.
- Higher fit participants had greater accuracy than lower fit participants The test study condition resulted in higher accuracy than the study only condition Tests involving free recall resulted in lower accuracy than the cued recall test