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Hernia
The document defines hernia as a protrusion of an organ through the body wall that contains it, discusses the most common types of hernias including their risk factors, classifications, clinical features, and management through both non-operative and operative approaches such as open and laparoscopic repair. Specific hernia configurations and other rare types are also reviewed, with comparisons in characteristics and treatments.
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Hernia
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- 2. Content • Definition • Epidemiology •Risk factors • Classification • Clinical features • Management • Specific configurations • Other types • Q&A
- 3. Definition • Protrusion, bulgeor projection of organ through the body wall which normally contains it
- 4. Epidemiology • Between 5– 10% in the US • Inguinal > femoral > other abdominal wall hernias
- 5. Risk factors Modifiable Non-modifiable Obesity Chronicstraining on defecation or urination Chronic coughing Chronic heavy lifting Ascites Previous surgery Male Prematurity Patent procesus vaginalis Maldescended testis Associated urogenital disorders (ambiguous genitalia, epispadias, hypospadias) Connective tissue disease Aging Family history of hernia
- 6. Classification • Anatomical – External •Anterior abdominal wall – Epigastric – Spigelian – Umbilical – Inguinal – Femoral – Obturator • Posterior abdominal wall – Lumbar – Sciatic – Internal • Hiatal hernia • Cerebral herniation • Clinical features – Uncomplicated – Complicated
- 7. Clinical features • Impulseon coughing/straining • Uncomplicated – easily reducible • Complicated – usually irreducible – Incarcerated • Contents entrapped within hernia sac, usually large and for years without much symptoms – Obstructed • Bowel luminal obstruction – Strangulated • Blood supply compromised • Causative factors
- 8. Physical examination • Location –Femoral – infero-lateral to pubic tubercle – Inguinal – supero-medial to pubic tubercle • Extent – Bubonocele, funicular, complete inguino-scrotal • Deep ring occlusion test – indirect inguinal hernia • Testes within scrotal sac • Optional – Little finger test – Zimmer’s test
- 9. Management • Non-operative – Trusses,binders – Criteria • Young (<65 year-old) • No significant co-morbidities • Easily reducible bubonocele • Minimal or no symptoms • Understands the features of complications to present quickly
- 10. • Operative – Open •Mesh repair (hernioplasty) – Lichtenstein repair – Kugel (pre-peritoneal) repair • Tissue repair (herniorraphy) – Bassini repair ± Tanner modification – Shouldice repair – Mc Vay repair • Herniotomy – Hernia sac ligation – Reserved for paediatric patients – Laparoscopic • TEP • TAPP
- 11. TEP • Avoids theattendant risks of entering peritoneal cavity, therefore minimising risk of adhesions, bowel injury TAPP • Larger working space • Ready access to both inguinal regions • Allows inspection of peritoneal organs • Possible for patients with previous lower abdominal surgery or hernioplasty
- 14. Specific configurations • Richter •Amyand • Littre • Maydl • Reduction en-masse • Intestinal stenosis of Garre
- 15. Other hernia types n.b.incisional & parastomal hernia not included
- 16. Giant inguinal hernia •Inguinal hernia that extends below the midpoint of inner thigh when the patient is in standing position • Complications of reduction – Abdominal compartment syndrome (loss of domain >20%) – Seroma – Haematoma
- 17. Management • Pre-operatively – Increaseintra-abdominal volume • Progressive pneumoperitoneum – Ensure adequate room in abdominal cavity by pneumoperitoneum before reduction of the hernia contents – Gradually insufflating gas into abdominal cavity via placed catheter in situ, usually in increments of between 500 – 2000cc/day over 7 –14 days4 – Ambient air, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide – Multiple sittings needed • Intra-operatively – Resection of contents • Resected organs usually the colon, small bowel or omentum • Single-stage operation • Risk of anatomotic leak & mesh infection – Rotation of viable tissue5, 6 • Scrotal skin flap, tensor fascia latae musculocutaneous flap & component separation technique • Single-stage procedure but specific surgical expertise required to prevent complications
- 20. Umbilical hernia • Mid-abdominallocation, centered around the umbilicus • Typically small Umbilical (Direct) Paraumbilical (Indirect) Patient Paediatric majority Adult majority Clinical The whole umbilicus is symmetrically effaced & it loses its characteristic shape Umbilicus has crescent appearance due to an asymmetrical effacement Defect Thru the umbilical ring Superior or inferior to the umbilical ring Pathophysiology Failure of umbilical ring to close Congenital weak point between umbiical ring and linea alba Differential diagnosis Omphalocele Port site hernia post laparoscopic surgery Adapted from Compendium of 100 Surgical Cases in Sibu Hospital
- 22. • Management – Elective •Open – Mesh repair: Onlay vs. inlay vs. sublay repair – Non-mesh repair: anatomical vs. Mayo repair • Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (IPOM) – Emergency • Transverse incision feasible
- 23. Type Pros Cons Onlay Meshplaced anterior to fascia Relatively simple Acceptable recurrence rate 5 – 15% Skin flaps created to accommodate mesh might be devascularised, predisposing to seroma and infection For large defects (>10cm), repair in combination with component separation Inlay Mesh placed to bridge the fascial defect Relatively simple Abdominal pressure exerted directly on mesh, detaching it away from fascial edges Need a composite mesh (expensive) as mesh in direct contact with peritoneal content Does not allow tissue-mesh integration Obsolete due to high (3x) recurrence & SSI rates Sublay Mesh placed posterior to recti muscles where the force of abdominal pressure holds the mesh against the posterior surface of muscles Lowest recurrence rate (3.5%) Tissue integration superficial & deep to mesh Mesh protected from superficial SSI & intra-abdominal adhesion/contamination Technically challenging Large dead space posterior to recti with resultant seroma Adapted from Compendium of 100 Surgical Cases in Sibu Hospital
- 25. Epigastric hernia • AKAepiplocele • Along linea alba • Usually small • Differentiate from divarication of recti
- 26. Obturator hernia • Hyperesthesiaor pain in the medial thigh or in the region of the greater trochanter • Relieved by thigh flexion • Worsened by medial rotation, adduction, or extension at the hip • Typically an elderly, frail lady who had lost signifcant body fat thus opening up the obturator foramen • Management – Elective • Laparoscopic repair – Emergency • Laparotomy (bowel gangrene common)
- 28. Spigelian hernia • Thrulinea semilunaris • Pain worsens with abdominal wall muscle contraction • Prone to incarcerate or obstruct • Management – Transverse incision over hernia sac – Midline laparotomy seldom
- 29. Lumbar hernia • Thrulumbar triangles – Superior (Grynfeltt-Lesshaft) – Inferior (Petit) • Vague flank discomfort + mass • Seldom incarcerate • Management – Non-operative – Open posterior mesh repair via skin-line oblique incision from 12th rib – iliac crest
- 31. Sciatic hernia • Intestinalobstruction • Ureteric obstruction • Sciatic pain • Tender mass in the gluteal area • Differentials – Lipoma – Tuberculoma – Soft tissue malignancy • Management – Elective • Open transgluteal – Emergency • Open transperitoneal
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