This is the first part of the lecture in Community Health Nursing. This course provides an overview of the Philippine Health Care Delivery System and the different programs implemented by the Philippine Department of Health to promote and protect the health of the people.
This presents the trends, issues, and challenges in the Philippine Health Care Delivery System. The data were mostly taken from the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) website and DOH Region VI Office.
This presents the trends, issues, and challenges in the Philippine Health Care Delivery System. The data were mostly taken from the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) website and DOH Region VI Office.
The Philippines has accredited hospitals and well-trained medical providers. In most cities, healthcare in the Philippines will be just as good, if not better, than in your home country.
However, the Philippines is made up of more than 7,500 islands, and the country has more than 20,000 miles of coastline. There are many remote areas within this geography. Remote locations may not have up-to-date equipment or adequate staffing levels, though the quality of health services will vary by facility and region.
Yet the healthcare system in the Philippines is steadily improving. The Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, known as PhilHealth, aims to provide universal coverage; expats and foreigners who legally reside in the Philippines can join this system for very low premiums. With a range of public and private options, you’ll find that every kind of healthcare need can be met in the Philippines.
Easy to discuss and understand by the summarize topics of 3 which is Community Health Nursing, COPAR and Primary Health Care. Sources from different presentations and Shield book. MOSTLY COMPLETE AND COMPREHENSIBLE!!!
Nursing students face numerous stresses and challenges that pose threat to their well-being. They require guidance in order to attain satisfactory adjustment in all aspects of daily life in this critical stage of their development. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the guidance needs of nursing students in selected schools in Iloilo City. The sample of this descriptive, comparative study consisted of 283 randomly selected students from four nursing schools in Iloilo City. The Guidance Needs Inventory for Nursing Students (GNINS) developed by the researchers was used to gather data. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, and rank were used to describe the data. Independent Samples t-Test and ANOVA set at 0.05 alpha were employed to find out significant differences between variables. The study revealed that nursing students need guidance to a moderate extent. They need more guidance on the aspects of career and academic. Further, results indicated no significant differences in the guidance needs of nursing students when grouped according to sex, gender, year level, residence, type of school, living arrangement, employment status of parents, monthly family income, number of siblings, birth order and type of family. Guidance remains to be an integral part of nursing education. Continued provision of guidance responsive and relevant to the needs of nursing student cohort is therefore necessary.
The Philippines has accredited hospitals and well-trained medical providers. In most cities, healthcare in the Philippines will be just as good, if not better, than in your home country.
However, the Philippines is made up of more than 7,500 islands, and the country has more than 20,000 miles of coastline. There are many remote areas within this geography. Remote locations may not have up-to-date equipment or adequate staffing levels, though the quality of health services will vary by facility and region.
Yet the healthcare system in the Philippines is steadily improving. The Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, known as PhilHealth, aims to provide universal coverage; expats and foreigners who legally reside in the Philippines can join this system for very low premiums. With a range of public and private options, you’ll find that every kind of healthcare need can be met in the Philippines.
Easy to discuss and understand by the summarize topics of 3 which is Community Health Nursing, COPAR and Primary Health Care. Sources from different presentations and Shield book. MOSTLY COMPLETE AND COMPREHENSIBLE!!!
Nursing students face numerous stresses and challenges that pose threat to their well-being. They require guidance in order to attain satisfactory adjustment in all aspects of daily life in this critical stage of their development. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the guidance needs of nursing students in selected schools in Iloilo City. The sample of this descriptive, comparative study consisted of 283 randomly selected students from four nursing schools in Iloilo City. The Guidance Needs Inventory for Nursing Students (GNINS) developed by the researchers was used to gather data. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, and rank were used to describe the data. Independent Samples t-Test and ANOVA set at 0.05 alpha were employed to find out significant differences between variables. The study revealed that nursing students need guidance to a moderate extent. They need more guidance on the aspects of career and academic. Further, results indicated no significant differences in the guidance needs of nursing students when grouped according to sex, gender, year level, residence, type of school, living arrangement, employment status of parents, monthly family income, number of siblings, birth order and type of family. Guidance remains to be an integral part of nursing education. Continued provision of guidance responsive and relevant to the needs of nursing student cohort is therefore necessary.
The Reproductive Health Bills, popularly known as the RH Bills, are legislative bills aiming to guarantee universal access to reproductive health care services, supplies and information in the Philippines. There are presently six bills with the same goals, the most prominent of which is House Bill 96 but they are all referred to in the country as "the RH Bill" as they have the common purpose of promoting reproductive health, responsible parenthood and informed choice in conformity with internationally recognized human rights standards. The contentious aspect of the bill which has spawned a national debate is its key proposal that the government funds and undertakes widespread distribution of family planning devices such as oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and IUDs, dissemination of information on their use, and enforcement of their provision in all health care centers and private companies, as a way of controlling the population of the Philippines. The bill is based on the premise that present population growth impedes economic development and exacerbates poverty.
Recommendation 1
In the general population aged ≥60 years, initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower blood pressure (BP) at systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥150 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg and treat to a goal SBP <150><90><140><60><90><60><140><140><90><140><90 mm Hg. (Expert Opinion – Grade E)
Recommendation 6
In the general nonblack population, including those with diabetes, initial antihypertensive treatment should include a thiazide-type diuretic, calcium channel blocker (CCB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). (Moderate Recommendation – Grade B)
Recommendation 7
In the general black population, including those with diabetes, initial antihypertensive treatment should include a thiazide-type diuretic or CCB. (For general black population: Moderate Recommendation – Grade B; for black patients with diabetes: Weak Recommendation – Grade C)
Recommendation 8
In the population aged ≥18 years with CKD, initial (or add-on) antihypertensive treatment should include an ACEI or ARB to improve kidney outcomes. This applies to all CKD patients with hypertension regardless of race or diabetes status. (Moderate Recommendation – Grade B)
Recommendation 9
The main objective of hypertension treatment is to attain and maintain goal BP. If goal BP is not reached within a month of treatment, increase the dose of the initial drug or add a second drug from one of the classes in recommendation 6 (thiazide-type diuretic, CCB, ACEI, or ARB). The clinician should continue to assess BP and adjust the treatment regimen until goal BP is reached. If goal BP cannot be reached with 2 drugs, add and titrate a third drug from the list provided. Do not use an ACEI and an ARB together in the same patient. If goal BP cannot be reached using only the drugs in recommendation 6 because of a contraindication or the need to use more than 3 drugs to reach goal BP, antihypertensive drugs from other classes can be used. Referral to a hypertension specialist may be indicated for patients in whom goal BP cannot be attained using the above strategy or for the management of complicated patients for whom additional clinical consultation is needed. (Expert Opinion – Grade E)
Medical Governance and Health Policy in the PhilippinesAlbert Domingo
An overview of key concepts and present trends in medical governance, health policy, and health sector reform in the Philippines, presented by Dr. Albert Domingo at the De La Salle Health Sciences Institute - College of Medicine on Sep. 26, 2013 for the subject "Perspectives in Medicine".
Includes the broad concept of medical governance as applied to various settings, from the point of care between provider and client/patient, to national and global health systems. Also touches on the practice of evidence-based healthcare as applied to the scale-up of innovations necessary to accelerate reform implementation, with grounding in the operational realities of implementation arrangements faced by sector managers on a day-to-day basis.
Suggested Citation:
Domingo, Albert Francis E. "Medical Governance, Health Policy, and Health Sector Reform in the Philippines: An Overview of Key Concepts and Present Trends." De La Salle Health Sciences Institute (DLSHSI). DLSHSI College of Medicine, Dasmarinas, Cavite. 26 Sep. 2013. Lecture.
This presentation was created before the bill was passed. The RH is now a law so it is definitely no longer called as RH BILL but rather RH LAW. I hope this will still be useful esp. to those who do not know the law itself.
To accomplish community health goals and its aims the following approaches are to be utilized by community health professionals:-
1)persuasive approach 2)enforcement 3)team approach 4)community involvement 5)Intersectorial approach
For adventurous travel blog please visit http://wilsontom.blogspot.com
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
Health systems are responsible for delivering services that improve, maintain or restore the health of individuals and their communities.
Common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
Advancing Nursing Research to Address Global Health ChallengesRyan Michael Oducado
I this presentation, I will delve into the significance
of nursing research, some of the global health challenges that demand our attention,
the current state of nursing research, the vital role of studies conducted by nurses in
addressing these challenges, and how we can collectively advance the cause of
nursing research. We will also explore the challenges and the hurdles that often
accompany our research journey. Furthermore, we will discuss the power of
research, the strengths of collaboration, the availability of resources, and the
dissemination of research findings to create a positive, lasting impact.
Exploring the Technology Acceptance Model in the Use of Videoconferencing Too...Ryan Michael Oducado
This study determined the influence of perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude toward use on students’ behavioral intention and actual use of videoconferencing tools.
Perceived Competence and Transition Experience of New Graduate NursesRyan Michael Oducado
Recruitment and hiring of new graduate nurses is seen as a potential strategy to mitigate the problem of nurse shortage. However, previous studies disclosed that new graduate nurses are inadequately prepared to enter practice and experience transition difficulties. This study aimed to determine the perceived competence and transition experience of new graduate Filipino nurses. Seventy-nine conveniently chosen new graduate nurses were surveyed in this descriptive cross-sectional research. Self-administered instruments were used to gather data. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis test were the statistical tools employed. Results indicated that new graduate nurses had a high level of self-reported fundamental nursing skills (M= 7.99) and core competence (M= 8.16), although areas needing improvement were identified. There were no significant differences in the perceived competence based on the length of experience, year graduated, area of assignment, sex, type of school graduated, CPD participation, and hospital bed capacity (p> .05). The major difficulty experienced by new graduates during their transition was related to changes in role expectations (72.2%). Majority expressed the need for increased support during their transition (83.5%). The most satisfying aspects of their working environment were ongoing learning (81%) and peer support (74.7%), while the least satisfying was the negative nursing work environment (55.7%). New graduate nurses are equipped with the necessary nursing skills and core competencies. However, there are still gaps and areas needing improvement that should be addressed and supported to assist them in their transition to the world of professional nursing practice. Follow up, feedback, mentoring, and preceptorship are beneficial to enhance the competencies of new graduate nurses and facilitate their successful transition into the nursing workforce.
Stress, Satisfaction, and Academic Performance in Online Learning among Sopho...Ryan Michael Oducado
This descriptive-correlational determined the undergraduate nursing students’ stress, satisfaction, and academic performance in online learning during COVID-19 pandemic. The research participants were the 108 second-year undergraduate nursing students from one nursing school in the Philippines. The data were collected using a web-based survey questionnaire and then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rho correlation. The results revealed that the undergraduate nursing students considered having online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak to be stressful (44.4%) and very stressful (47.2%). Moreover, the undergraduate nursing students had low satisfaction (37%) and moderate satisfaction (46.3%) having the online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak. The undergraduate nursing students’ academic performance were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and resulted in poor (37%) to fair (50%) academic performance and were considerably (43.6%) and greatly (30.6%) affected by the pandemic. Online learning stress had a significant and inverse correlation with online learning satisfaction (rs=-.370, p=.000) and academic performance (rs=-.240, p=.012). Stress negatively impacts the undergraduate nursing students’ satisfaction and academic performance. This research suggests that certain measures should be performed to reduce stress and improve the online teaching–learning processes during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Perceived stress due to COVID1-9 Pandemic among Employed Professional TeachersRyan Michael Oducado
The unexpected occurrence of the COVID-19 outbreak has undeniably disrupted the normalcy of life. Stress has become an important concern in education since the COVID-19 outbreak. This descriptive-correlational online survey administered in August 2020 utilized the COVID-19 Perceived Stress Scale (COVID-19 PSS-10) to assess the COVID-19 perceived stress among employed Filipino teachers. Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tested for differences while Spearman’s rho was used to analyze correlation between variables. Results demonstrated that more than half of teachers experienced moderate COVID-19 stress. Females experienced significantly higher COVID-19 stress compared to males. A negative correlation was noted between self-rated health and COVID-19 stress while a positive correlation was found between perceive risk of getting COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 stress. This study highlights that steps must be undertaken to help teachers deal with the stress of the COVID-19 crisis as well as they must be provided or taught with stress management interventions during this pandemic. This study could be used as a baseline for future research to assess the impact of COVID-19 stress among professional teachers.
Nursing Students’ Attitude Toward Responsible Use of Social Media: Toward Soc...Ryan Michael Oducado
As future professionals, nursing students are expected to exhibit online professionalism and to be responsible users of social media. However, the rapid sharing of information on social media exposes nursing students to the risk and danger of spreading unprofessional behaviors. This study aimed to determine the nursing students’ attitude toward responsible use of social media. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized among nursing students (N=298) in a College of Nursing in Iloilo City, Philippines. The Responsible Use of Social Media Attitude Scale (RUSMAS) was used to collect the data and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Results revealed that while majority of nursing students had positive attitude, there were still a few who were ambivalent toward responsible use of social media. A significant difference was found in the attitude of nursing students when grouped according to year level. Academic nursing institutions should continually educate students on responsible use of social media and develop approaches promoting social media literacy in nursing education.
Correlation between Theoretical Classroom Instruction and Related Learning Ex...Ryan Michael Oducado
To determine the relationship between performance in theoretical classroom instruction and related learning experience (RLE) of nursing students of WVSU.
Facebook for Educational Purposes among Gen Z Nursing Students: A Positive or...Ryan Michael Oducado
The Gen Z has started to enter the portals of nursing classrooms. They are technology and socially-savvy consumers who grew up in the world of internet and smartphones. Yet, little is known about this generation particularly among Gen Z nursing students and how they use Facebook for academic purposes. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine nursing students’ usage, perception, satisfaction and difficulties with Facebook for educational purposes. A total of 113 second year students in a Nursing College in the Philippines participated in the survey. Data were collected using an adopted questionnaire administered via online survey. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that majority of nursing students moderately use Facebook for educational purposes to communicate, collaborate, and share academic or learning materials. They generally had a good perception of and were highly satisfied with using Facebook for educational purposes. The main challenge reported by four out five nursing students in the use of Facebook as an educational platform was distraction from other Facebook contents. There was a significant positive relationship between usage and perception in the use of Facebook for educational purposes. While Facebook showcases promising potential as a positive disruptive innovation for learning, challenges associated with its use in education must be properly addressed. Careful consideration and thoughtful planning when integrating Facebook in nursing education are necessary for nursing schools to maximize the benefits of Facebook as a supplemental educational tool.
This informational pamphlet was created by the authors as an output for the study on zika virus disease.
Disclaimer: Photographs, illustrations and other images are not owned by authors and are available in the world wide web. References are also provided regarding the written contents of this informational brochure.
This brochure was created by the authors as an output for the study on health literacy.
Disclaimer: Photographs, illustrations and other images are not owned by authors and are available in the world wide web. References are also provided regarding the written contents of this informational brochure.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Community Health Nursing Part 1
1. COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
RYAN MICHAEL F. ODUCADO, MAN, MAEd, RN, RM, RPT
Lead Faculty, Community Health Nursing
West Visayas State University
College of Nursing
The DOH &
Selected Public
Health Programs
Philippine Health Care Delivery System, Global and
Country Health Imperatives, The Philippine DOH, Local
Health Systems and Primary Health Care
3. Definition of Terms
Health System
– Interrelated system in which a country organizes
available resources for the maintenance and
improvement of the health of its citizens and
communities.
– A health system comprises all organizations,
institutions and resources devoted to producing
actions whose primary intent is to improve health.
4. Health Care System
– An organized plan of health services (Miller- Keane,
1987).
Health Care Delivery
– Rendering health care services to the people
(Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).
5. Health Care Delivery System
– The network of health facilities and personnel which
carries out the task of rendering health care to the
people (Williams- Tungpalan, 1981).
Philippine Health Care System
– It is a complex set of organizations interacting to
provide an array of health services (Dizon, 1977).
6. Philippine Health Care System Context
• Health as a basic human right.
• Department of Health is the lead agency.
• Local Government Code
– The Philippine Government devolved the
management and delivery of health services from the
National Department of Health to locally elected
provincial, city and municipal governments.
7. Philippine Health Care System Context
• Access to health care hampered by:
high cost,
physical and socio-cultural barriers, and
health workforce crisis.
8. 4 Essential Functions of Health System
1. Service provision
2. Resource generation
3. Financing
4. Stewardship
9. Health Care System Models
1. Private Enterprise Health Care Model
2. Social Security Health Model
3. Publicly Funded Health Model
4. Social Health Insurance
10. 1. Private Enterprise Health Care Model
– Purely private enterprise health care systems are
comparatively rare
– Where they exist, it is usually for a comparatively well
–off subpopulation in a poorer country with a poorer
standard of health care.
– E.g. private clinics for a small, wealthy expatriate
population in an otherwise poor country
11. 2. Social Security Health Model
– Where workers and their families are insured by the
state
– Refers to social welfare service concerned with social
protection, or protection against socially recognized
conditions, including poverty, old age, disability,
unemployment and others.
12. 3. Publicly Funded Health Model
– Where the residents of the country are insured by the
state
– Health care that is financed entirely or in majority part
by citizens’ tax payments instead of through private
payments made to insurance companies or directly to
health care providers.
13. 4. Social Health Insurance
– Where the whole population or most of the population is a
member of a sickness insurance company
– SHI is a method for financing health care costs through a
social insurance program based on the collection of funds
contributed by individuals, employers and sometimes
government subsidies.
– Characterized by the presence of sickness funds which
usually receive a proportional contribution of their
members’ wages.
– With this insurance contributions, these funds pay medical
costs of their members
– Affiliation to such funds is usually based on professional,
geographic, religious, political and/or nonpartisan criteria
14. Health Care Utilization
• Physical barriers
– geographical location patterns of health care
consumers in relation to health providers
• Financial factors
– also exists that affect health seeking patterns of the
Filipinos
15. Multisectoral Approach to Health
• The level of health of a community is largely the
result of a combination of factors.
• Health, therefore, cannot work in isolation.
Neither can one sector or discipline claim
monopoly to the solution of community health
problems.
• Health has now become a multisectoral concern.
16. Health System Structure/Composition
PopulationHealth Status
HEALTH SECTOR
HEALTH-RELATED SECTORS
Birth
Death
Morbidity
Mortality
Nutrition
Demographic
Socio-cultural
Political
Economic
Environmental
•Direct provision of health services
•Development and provision of manpower, supplies; financing support
•Research and development
•Coordinating, controlling and directing organizations and activities
L ocal Governments
E ducation
A griculture
P ublic Works
P opulation Control
S ocial Welfare
INTRAsectoral linkages
INTERsectoral linkages
17. Philippine Health Delivery System
It is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services.
Public Private
Largely financed through tax-based system Largely market-oriented
National Local Profit Non-profit
DOH
Specialty, retained and
regional hospitals,
medical centers, DOH
representatives
LGU
Provincial and district
hospitals, RHUs, BHSs
Commercial, market
orientation
Private practitioners,
private clinics and
laboratories
Non-commercial,
service orientation
Socio-civic groups,
religious
organizations, or
foundations
19. Ongoing changes which exert a number
of pressures on the public health system
1. Shift in demographic and epidemiologic
trends in disease
2. New technologies for health care,
communication and information
3. Existing and emerging environmental hazards
with globalization
4. Health Reforms
20. In response, United Nations General Assembly
Common vision:
Poverty Reduction and
Sustainable Development
21. UNITED NATIONS MDGs
Target: Reduce global poverty and hunger
based on the fundamental values of:
• Freedom
• Equality
• Solidarity
• Tolerance
• Health
• Respect for nature
• Shared responsibility
22. UN
Millennium
DevelopmentGoals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and
empower women
– eliminate gender disparities in
primary/secondary education
4. Reduce child mortality by 2/3 among
children under 5 yrs. old
5. Improve maternal health
– reduce by ¾ the ratio of women dying in
childbirth
6. Combat HIV/AIDs, malaria and other
diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
– reduce to ½ proportion of people without
access to safe drinking water
8. Develop a global partnership
23. Sustainable Development Goals
Countries adopted a set of goals to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all
as part of a new sustainable development
agenda.
Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over
the next 15 years.
For the goals to be reached, everyone
needs to do their part.
26. Government agency mandated to
PROTECT THE HEATLH OF THE
PEOPLE
Formerly known as:
• Bureau of Health
• Bureau of Health under Bureau of
Public Welfare
• Ministry of Health
• DEPARTMENT HEALTH (EO No.
119 “Reorganizing Ministry of
Health”
27. Primary Function
Promotion, protection, preservation or restoration
of the health of the people through the provision
and delivery of health services and through the
regulation and encouragement of providers of
health goods and services (E.O. No. 119, Sec. 3).
28. A policy and regulatory body for
health.
A technical resource, a catalyzer for
health policy and a political sponsor
and advocate for health issues in
behalf of the health sector.
Provides the direction and national
plans for health programs and
activities
29. With other health providers and stakeholders, the
DOH shall pursue and assure the following:
• Promotion of the health and well-being for every
Filipino;
• Prevention and control of diseases among population
at risk;
• Protection of individuals, families and communities
exposed to health hazards & risks; and
• Treatment, management and rehabilitation of
individuals affected by diseases and disability.
30. Vision by 2030
A global leader for attaining better health outcomes,
competitive and responsive health care system, and
equitable health financing.
Mission
To guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health
for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the
quest for excellence in health.
31. CoreValues
Integrity
The Department believes in upholding truth and pursuing honesty,
accountability, and consistency in performing its functions.
Excellence
The DOH continuously strive for the best by fostering innovation,
effectiveness and efficiency, pro-action, dynamism, and openness to
change.
Compassion and Respect for Human Dignity
Whilst DOH upholds the quality of life, respect for human dignity is
encouraged by working with sympathy and benevolence for the
people in need.
Commitment
With all our hearts and minds, the Department commits to achieve its
vision for the health and development of future generations.
Professionalism
The DOH performs its functions in accordance with the highest ethical
standards, principles of accountability, and full responsibility.
Teamwork
The DOH employees work together with a result-oriented mindset.
Stewardship of the Health of the People
Being stewards of health for the people, the Department shall pursue
sustainable development and care for the environment since it
impinges on the health of the Filipinos.
32. Roles and Functions (EO 102)
1. Leadership in Health
2. Enabler and Capacity Builder
3. Administrator of Specific
Services
33. DOH Offices
The DOH is composed of:
17 central offices
16 Centers for Health Development
70 hospitals
4 attached agencies
34. Center for Health Development/DOH
Regional Office
• Responsible for field operations of the Department in its
administrative region and for providing catchment area with
efficient and effective medical services.
• Tasked to implement laws, regulation, policies and programs.
• Tasked to coordinate with regional offices of the other Departments,
offices and agencies as well as with the local governments.
• Act as main catalyst and organizer in the ILHZ formation
• Provide technical support and advocacy for the development of
local health management systems and their integration in the
context of the ILHZ.
• Review and approve ILHZ proposals for funding.
• Integrate local health plans into regional plans.
• Undertake monitoring of the development and implementation of
ILHS.
35. DOH Hospitals
– Provides hospital-based care; specialized or general services,
some conduct research on clinical priorities and training
hospitals for medical specialization.
Attached Agencies
1. The Philippine Health Insurance Corporation is
implementing the national health insurance law,
administers the medicare program for both public and
private sectors.
2. The Dangerous Drugs Board on the other hand,
coordinates and manages the dangerous drugs control
program.
3. Philippine Institute of Traditional and
Alternative Health Care
4. Philippine National AIDS
Council
36.
37. Goal: Health Sector Reformed Agenda
Describes the
major strategies
organizational and policy changes and
public investments
needed to improve the way health care is
delivered, regulated and financed.
38. Rationale for HSRA
• Slowing down in the reduction in the IMR and the MMR.
• Persistence of large variations in health status across the
population groups and geographic areas.
• High burden from infectious diseases.
• Rising burden from chronic and degenerative diseases.
• Unattended emerging health risks from environmental
and work related factors.
• Burden disease is heaviest on the poor.
39. R
e
a
s
o
n
s
1. Inappropriate health delivery
system as shown by an
inefficient and poorly targeted hospital system
ineffective mechanism for providing public health
programs on top of health human resources
maldistribution.
2. Inadequate regulatory mechanisms
for health services resulting to:
poor quality health care
high cost of privately provided health services
high cost of drugs and
presence of low quality of drugs in the market
3. Poor health care financing and
inefficient sourcing or generation of
funds for health care.
40. FOURmula One for Health
Framework for HRSA
Intends to implement critical interventions as a
single package.
Directed to ensuring
• ACCESSIBLE
• AFFORDABLE
• QUALITY health care especially for the more disadvantage
and vulnerable sectors of the population.
41. Goals of HSRA
1. Better health
outcomes
2. More responsive
health systems
3. Equitable health care
financing
42. 1. Health Financing
2. Health Regulation
3. Health Service Delivery
4. Good Governance
Elements of HSRA
43. 1. Health Financing
Goal: To foster greater, better and sustained health
investments in health
Key feature: Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
through the NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE
PROGRAM
– Expand enrolment
– Improve benefits
– Leverage payments for quality of care
44. 2. Health regulation
Goal: To ensure the quality and affordability of
health goods and services
Components for Implementation: Quality seals
for products and services (enhancing Pharma or
GMA 50)- expanded
3. Health service delivery
Goal: To improve and ensure the accessibility and
availability of basic and essential health care in both
public and private facilities and services
Components for Implementation: Quality seals for
health provider
45. 4. Good governance
Goal: To enhance health system performance at
the national and local levels
Components for Implementation:
• Implement HSRA & FOURmula One as a single
package
• Develop LGU score card
• Local & management support (ILHZ, LHB, Councils)
46. • Sets target and the critical
indicators, current strategies based
on field experiences and laying
down new avenues for improved
interventions.
National Objectives for Health (NOH)
2005 to 2010
47. 1. Improve the general health status if the
population
2. Reduce morbidity and mortality of certain
diseases
3. Eliminate certain diseases as public health
problems
4. Promote healthy lifestyle and environmental
health
5. Protect vulnerable groups with special
health and nutrition needs
6. Strengthen national and local health systems
to ensure better health service delivery
Objectives of the Health Sector
48. 7. Pursue public health and hospital reforms
8. Reduce the cost and ensure the quality of
essential drugs
9. Institute health regulatory reforms to ensure
quality and safety of health goods and services
10.Strengthen health governance and management
support systems
11.Institute safety nets for the vulnerable and
marginalized groups
12.Expand the coverage of social health insurance
13.Improve efficiency in the allocation, production
and utilization of resources for health
49. • Is a long-term directional plan/blueprint for
health covering the period of 1995-2020
• Formulation coordinated and facilitated by:
– National Health Planning Program
• A special project lunch by the DOH in line with the
government’s thrust for PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT
• County plan originated from multisectoral effort
involving various disciplines and sectors
• Indicates general directions and broad strategies
for an EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE HEALTH CARE
DELIVERY in the country.
National Health Plan
50. • Health is a basic human right.
• Health is both a means and an end of
development.
– Health is an integral part of development. It is
affected by and in turn affects other components of
socoi-economic system.
– Healthy population is a prerequisite to achieve
development.
Guiding Principles
51. • A SOCIALLY and ECONOMICALLY productive
population with longer life expectancy, low
infant and maternal mortality, less disability, with
adequate shelter, education and means of
livelihood.
NP Vision
52. Current Goals, Objectives, Strategic
Thrusts & Strategies
To successfully implement the Aquino Health
Agenda (AHA), the Philippine health system will
require the following components:
• enlightened leadership and good governance practices;
• accurate and timely information and feedback on performance;
• financing that lessens the impact of expenditures especially
among the poorest and the marginalized sector; competent
workforce;
• accessible and effective medical products and
technologies; and
• appropriately delivered essential services.
53. Overall Goal
The implementation of Universal Health Care shall
be directed towards ensuring the achievement of
the health system goals of
• Better health outcomes;
• Sustained health financing; and
• Responsive health system
by ensuring that all Filipinos, especially the
disadvantaged group in the spirit of solidarity,
have equitable access to affordable health care.
54. General Objective
Universal Health Care is an approach that seeks
to improve, streamline, and scale up the reform
strategies in Health Sector Reform Agenda
(HSRA) and Fourmula 1 (F1) for Health in order
to address inequities in health outcomes by
ensuring that all Filipinos, especially those
belonging to the lowest two income quintiles,
have equitable access to quality health care.
55. Aquino Health Agenda (AHA) and
National Objectives For Health 2011-2016
• Is a focused approach to health reform implementation in the
context of HSRA and F1, ensuring that all Filipinos especially the
poor receive the benefits of health reform.
56. Universal Health Care
• Also referred to as Kalusugan Pangkalahatan
(KP)
• It is the provision to every Filipino of the highest
possible quality of health care that is accessible,
efficient, equitably distributed, adequately
funded, fairly financed, and appropriately used
by an informed and empowered public.
57. Three Strategic Thrusts of UHC
1.Financial Risk Protection
2.Improved Access to Quality Hospitals
and Health Care Facilities
3.Attainment of the Health-related
MDGs
60. Devolution
Refers to the act by which the National
Government confers power and authority upon
the various local government units to perform
specific functions and responsibilities, including
the provision and delivery of health care services
Devolution made local government executives
responsible to operate local health services.
61. Objectives of the Local Health System
• Establish local health systems for effective and efficient
delivery of health care services.
• Upgrade the health care management and service
capabilities of local health facilities.
• Promote inter-LGU linkages and cost sharing schemes
including local health care financing systems for better
utilization of local health resources.
• Foster participation of the private sector, non-
government organizations (NGOs), and communities in
local health systems development.
• Ensure the quality of health service delivery at the local
level.
62. Local Health Boards
Each local government unit has a local health
board which proposes annual budgetary
allocations for the operations of health services
within the locality.
63. Provincial Health Board
Organizational Structure
Governor
Provincial
Health Office
Provincial
Health Board
Provincial
Hospitals
District
Hospitals
Other
Health and
Medical
Facilities
Chairman: Governor
Vice Chair: Provincial Health Officer
Members:
•Chairman on the Committee on
Health of the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan
•DOH Representative
•NGO Representative
64. Mayor
Municipal
Health Office
Municipal
Health Board
RHU BHS
Chairman: Mayor
Vice Chair: Municipal Health Officer
Members:
•Chairman on the Committee of
Health of the Sangguniang
Panglungsod
•DOH Representative
•NGO Representative
Municipal Health Board
Organizational Structure
65. Restructured Health Care Delivery System
• Adopted primary health care approach that
integrates at the community level all elements
necessary to make impact upon the health status of
the people.
• Is in effect the combination of main
health center and satellite barrio health
stations which is essentially the basis for
the implementation of the new system.
66. Objectives of RHCDS
• To strengthen the rural health services and
to effect a more efficient and effective
delivery care of health services in the
country
67. Main Health Center
– Location:
municipality
– Own catchments
area: 5,000
population more or
less
– Staff: complete
team
Barrio Health Stations
– Located in a strategic
area beyond 3-5
kilometer from MHC
– Catchments area: 5,000
population
– Staffed by RHM
68. Inter Local Health System
• It is a system of health care similar to district health
system in which individuals, communities and all other
health care providers in a well-defined geographical area
participate together in providing quality, equitable and
accessible health care with Inter Local Government Unit
(ILGU) partnership as the basic framework.
• Overall concept is the creation of an Inter
Local Health System by clustering
municipalities into Inter Local Health Zone
(ILHZ).
69. Inter Local Health Zone (ILHZ)
Unit of the health system created for local health service
management and delivery in the Philippines.
Has a defined population within a defined geographical
area and comprises a central or core referral hospital
and a number of primary level facilities such as RHUs
and BHS.
Includes all stakeholders involved in the delivery of health
services
70. Importance of establishing an ILHZ
1. To re-integrate hospital and public health services
for a holistic delivery of health services
2. To identify areas of complementation of the
stakeholders – LGUs at all levels, DOH, PHIC,
communities, NGOs, private sector and others.
71. Composition of ILHZ
1. People
• The number of people may vary from zone to zone
• Community members, NGOs, people’s organizations, local
chief executives, other gov’t officials, private sector
• WHO ideal health district would have a population size
between 100,000 to 500, 000 for optimum efficiency and
effectiveness
2. Boundaries
• Clear boundaries between ILHZ determine the
accountability and responsibility of health care services
providers, geographical locations and access to referral
facilities
3. Health facilities
4. Health workers
72. Core Referral Hospital
– Main hospital for ILHZ and its catchment population
– Main point of referral for hospital services from the
community, private medical practitioner and public
health services at BHS and RHUs
– Minimum services
• Out-patient services
• Lab and radiological diagnostic services
• Inpatient care
• Surgical services sufficient to provide emergency care for
basic life threatening conditions, obstetrics and trauma
73. District Health System
– A contained segment of the national health system
which comprises a well-defined administrative and
geographic area either rural or urban and all
institutions and sectors whose activities contribute to
improve health (WHO).
Two-Way Referral System
– A two-way referral system need to be established
between each level of health.
74. •Devolved in cities and municipalities
•Provided by center physicians, RHNs,
RHMs, BHWs, traditional healers
•First contact between the community
members and other levels of health
facility
•Given by physicians with basic health
training
•Serves a referral center of primary
health care facilities
•Capable of performing minor
surgeries and perform simple
laboratory examinations
•Rendered by specialist
•Referral center of secondary care
facilities
75. New Classification Scheme of Health
Facilities (DOH, 2012)
Classification of Health Facilities
Hospitals Other Health Facilities
General
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Specialty 1. Primary Care Facility
Without in-patient beds like health centers, out-patients clinics and
dental clinics
With in-patient beds – short stay facility where the patient spends 1 to
2 days before discharge like infirmaries and birthing facilities
2. Custodial Care Facility
custodial psychiatric facilities, substance/drug abuse treatment and
rehabilitation centers, sanitaria/leprosaria, and nursing homes
3. Diagnostic Facility
laboratory, radiologic and nuclear medicine facility
4. Specialized Outpatient Facility
dialysis clinic, cancer chemotherapy clinic, cancer radiation facility,
physical medicine and rehabilitation center/clinic
77. Definition
• The essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound
and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally
accessible to individuals and families in the community through
their full participation and at a cost that the community and
country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development
in the spirit of SELF-RELIANCE and self- determination (Alma, Ata).
• An approach to health development which is
carried through a set of activities and whose
ultimate aim is continuous improvement and
maintenance of the health status of the
community (DOH).
78. Definition
• The collective impact of the community health nurses in PHC
concept embraces the provision of basic essential services –
promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative – for the total
population at the local community level (Thompson).
• As an approach, requires the community health
nurse to be competent in a number of
responsibilities including promoting self-reliance in
health care among individuals and families,
collaborating with development sectors in promoting
health and preventing diseases and disability and
extending health care coverage to all segments of
the population especially vulnerable groups
(Rodolfo).
80. Rationale
a. Magnitude of health problems
b. Inadequate and unequal distribution of health
resources
c. Increasing cost of medical care
d. Isolation of health care activities from other
development
81. Objectives
a. To develop and maximize people potential and
self-reliance of the community for the
improvement of their own health.
b. To maximize the contributions of other sectors
of health.
c. To maximize the extension of effective health
care services to the periphery.
82. Objectives
Others
– Improvement in the level of health care of the community.
– Favorable population growth structure.
– Reduction in the prevalence of preventable, communicable
and other disease.
– Reduction in morbidity and mortality rates especially
among infants and children.
– Extension of essential health services with priority given to
the underserved sectors.
– Improvement in basic sanitation.
– Development of the capability of the community aimed at
self- reliance.
– Maximizing the contribution of the other sectors for the
social and economic development of the community.
83. Mission: To strengthen the health care system by
increasing opportunities and supporting the
conditions wherein people will manage their
own health care.
Goal: Health for All by the Year 2000
Theme: Health for All and Health in the Hands of
the People by the Year 2020
Key Strategy to Achieve Goal: Partnership with
empowerment of the People
84. The strategy for achieving health for all is based on
four basic points
a. Use of technology that is scientifically and socially
acceptable as well as economically sound.
b. Political efforts to improve health, thus improving
people’s economic and social status.
c. Cooperation of the health sector with other sectors
such as education, agriculture, industry and media.
d. Community and individual participation.
85. Basic Concepts
a. Health is related to social structures. Health
problems are brought about by economic, political
and cultural problems and vice-versa.
b. Health and development are interrelated.
c. People’s participation is essential.
d. Community organizing is the core in PHC.
e. Use of appropriate technology. Making use of
available resources is a step to self-reliance and
making the community aware of its potential and
resources bring about self-appreciation.
86. • Principles
a. People as the Center of Development
b. Center of Equity – Depressed, deprived and underserved
(DDU) individuals, families and communities are high in
the agenda of the Department of Health
c. Respect for area-based knowledge and capacities
d. Social accountability to the Community
e. Devolution as an opportunity for Empowerment
f. Balancing Promotive/Preventive Care and
Curative/Rehabilitative Care
g. Continuing concern for strengthening the capacity for
PHC
h. Paradigm shift as a requirement of PHC
87. E ducation for Health
L ocal Endemic Disease Prevention & Control
E xpanded Program on Immunization
Maternal and Child Health/Family Planning
E ssential Drugs Provision/Herbal Medicines
N utrition
T reatment of Communicable Diseases & Accidents
S afe Water and Sanitation
Components
88. Pillars
1. Use of appropriate technology
– This implies the use of methods, procedures,
techniques, equipment or materials that are not
only scientifically sound, but also provides a
socially and environmentally acceptable service
or product at the least economic cost.
2. Multisectoral approach
a. Intersectoral linkages
b. Intrasectoral linkages
3. Active community participation
4. Support mechanisms made
available
Criteria
a.Effectiveness and Safety –
produces the desired effect
without harm.
b.Complexity – simple and
easy to apply by the health
care providers and clientele.
c.Cost – affordable for all
people.
d.Scope of technology –
directly related to
effectiveness, safety,
appropriateness and
affordability.
e.Acceptability –
understandable and attuning
with the cultural practices of
the people.
f.Feasibility – compatible
with the local condition of the
community.
89. Strategies
a. Reorientation and reorganization of the national health
care system
b. Effective preparation and enabling process for health
action
c. Mobilization of the people to know their communities
and identifying their basic health needs
d. Development and utilization of appropriate technology
e. Organization of communities arising from their
expressed needs
f. Increase opportunities for community participation
g. Development of inter-sectoral linkages with other
government and private agencies
h. Emphasizing partnership
90. • Other major strategies:
– Elevating health to a comprehensive and sustained
national effort
– Promoting and supporting community managed
health care
– Increasing efficiency in health sector
– Advancing essential national health research
91. Social Mobilization
– It is a broad-scale movement to engage people’s
participation in achieving a specific development or
health goal through self-reliant efforts — those that
depend on their own resources and strengths (UNICEF).
– It involves all relevant segments of society:
policymakers and other decision-makers, opinion
leaders, the media, bureaucrats and technical experts,
professional associations, religious groups, the private
sector, NGOs, community members, and individuals.
– It is a planned decentralized process that seeks to
facilitate change through a range of players engaged
in interrelated and complementary efforts.
92. – It takes into account the felt needs of the people,
embraces the critical principle of community
involvement, and seeks to empower individuals and
groups for action.
Can be done by:
• Establishment of an effective health referral system.
• Multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary linkages
• Information, education and communication support
through multimedia.
• Collaboration between government and non-
government organization.
93. Dimension Traditional PHC
Goal Absence of disease Development and preventive health
care
Focus of Care Sick Well and sick
Setting Urban-based hospitals, clinic,
homes
Rural-based satellite clinics
Health of Posts Accessible only to a few Accessible to all community health
center
People Passive recipients and health
care
Active participation in health and
development
Structure Health isolated from other
sectors
Health is an integral part of socio-
economic development
Process Top-Down Bottom-top decision making
Technology Curative services based on
modern technology
Promotive and preventive services
blending traditional and modern
medicine
Jurisdiction Doctor dominated Acceptance of indigenous
practitioner; Appropriate
technology for frontline care
Outcome Reliance on health
practitioner
Self-reliance, socially and
economically productive
94. Types of Primary Health Care Workers
Vary according to:
a. Available health manpower
b. Local health needs and problem
c. Political and financial stability
1. Village Health Workers
2. Intermediate Level Health Workers
3. Health Personnel of First-Line Hospitals
95. Type Characteristics Examples
Village Health
Workers
•Initial link, 1st contact of community
•Works in liaison w/ the local health
services workers
•Provides elementary curative and
preventive health care measures
Trained Community Health
worker
Auxillary health volunteer
Traditional birth attendant
Healers
Intermediate
Level
•1st source of professional health care
•Attends to health problems beyond the
competence of village health workers
•Provides support to the frontline health
workers in terms of supervision, training,
referral services and supplies thru linkages
with other sectors
General Health Practitioners
Public Health Nurses
Midwives
RSI
Health
Personnel of
First-Line
Hospitals
•Establishes close contact with the village
and intermediate level health workers to
promote the continuity of care from
hospital to community to home
•Provides back-up health services for
cases requiring hospitals or diagnostic
facilities not available in health care
Physicians with Specialization
Nurses
Dentists