The document discusses abortion, including what it is, different types (induced and spontaneous), methods (medical and surgical), risks, and perspectives on the issue. Abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy using medicine or surgery. There are two main types - induced abortions are intentionally terminated, while spontaneous abortions occur unintentionally. The two methods are medical, using abortion pills, or surgical vacuum aspiration or dilation and evacuation. Risks include infection, hemorrhaging, and damage to the uterus. Views on abortion consider both pros of access and health, and cons regarding moral and social impacts.

1. Report by: Hannah Gabrielle Lledo and Jasmine Rivera

2. What is Abortion?
Abortion is a procedure to end a
pregnancy. It uses medicine or
surgery to remove embryo or
fetus and placenta from the
uterus. It is often called
miscarriage.

3. Types of Abortion
Induced
Spontaneous

4. Induced Abortion
It is also called as self-induced
miscarriage. Induced abortion is an
abortion performed by the pregnant
women herself outside the recognized
medical system. Most induced abortions
are done in the first 12 weeks of
pregnancy.

5. Risks of this type of abortion:
 Incomplete abortion
 Infection
 Hemorrhage
 Damage to the uterus
 Death

6. Spontaneous Abortion
Spontaneous abortion, also known as
unintended miscarriage, is the
unintentional expulsion of an embryo or
fetus. It occurs in at least 15-20% of all
recognized pregnancies and usually
takes place before the 13th week of
pregnancy.

7. Causes:
 Chromosome problems
 Drug and alcohol abuse
 Exposure to environmental toxins
 Hormone problems
 Infection
 Obesity
 Physical problems with the
mother’s reproductive organs

8. Causes:
 Problem with the body’s immune
response
 Serious body-wide diseases in the
mother
 Smoking
 Trauma
 Stress

9. Methods
Medical
Surgical

10. Medical
The medical abortion method is also
referred to as the “abortion pill”
method. Medical abortion is an abortion
caused by medicine rather than surgery.
Two medications are used in medical
abortions: methotrexate and misoprostol.
It is only available in women who are
less than 7 weeks pregnant.

11. Methotrexate
Methotrexate tablets are taken by mouth or an
injection of methotrexate is given by your
doctor. Methotrexate interferes with the
growth of the placenta, which allows it to
separate from the endometrium. This is
an unlabelled use of methotrexate.

12. Misoprostol
Misoprostol are taken by mouth or inserted
vaginally, usually 5 to 7 days later. Some doctors
may give misoprostol ducally (dissolved between
the gums and cheek). This medicine causes
uterine contractions so that your body passes the
uterine contents. The pregnancy usually ends at
home within a day or two when the tissue from
the uterus is passed.

13. Side effects:
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Fever
 Chills
 Haemorrhage
 Incomplete abortion
 Uterine or pelvic infection

14. Side effects:
 On-going intrauteine pregnancy,
requiring a surgical abortion for
completion

15. Surgical
A surgical abortion also known as
aspiration abortion, empties the contents
of your uterus and is usually performed
within 12-14 weeks from your last
normal menstrual period.

16. Two types of surgical
abortion:
Vacuum Aspiration
 Manual Vacuum Aspiration
(MVA)
 Electric Vacuum Aspiration (EVA)
Dilation and Evacuation

17. Vacuum Aspiration
Vacuum aspiration (also called
suction curettage abortion) is the
most common abortion procedure in
the world. It falls under the broader
banner of dilation and curettage
(D&C), which can also be performed
with a sharp curette.

21. Manual Vacuum Aspiration
(MVA)
 removes the
fetus/embryo by suction
using a manual syringe

22. Electric Vacuum Aspiration
(EVA)
 which uses an electric pump to remove
the fetus/embryo.

23. Dilation and Evacuation
 Dilation and evacuation (D&E) is done in the second 12
weeks (second trimester) of pregnancy. It usually includes
a combination of vacuum aspiration, dilation and
curettage (D&C), and the use of surgical instruments (such
as forceps).
 An ultrasound is done before a D&E to determine the size
of the uterus and the number of weeks of the pregnancy.
 A device called a cervical (osmotic) dilator is often inserted
in the cervix 24 hours before the procedure to help slowly
open (dilate) the cervix. Dilating the cervix reduces the
risk of any injury to the cervix during the
procedure. Misoprostol may also be given several hours
before surgery. This medicine can help soften the cervix.

28. Why the procedure is performed?
 The baby has a birth defect or
genetic problem.
 Your pregnancy is harmful to your
health.
 The pregnancy resulted after a
traumatic event such as rape or
incest.

29. Risks:
 Damage to the womb or cervix
 Uterine perforation
 Excessive bleeding
 Infection of the uterus or fallopian
tubes
 Scarring of the inside of the uterus
 Reaction to the medicines or
anesthesia

30. Risks:
 Not removing all of the tissue, with
the need for another procedure

31. Further Possible Complications
include:
 urinary tract infections (UTI)
 cervical trauma
 peritonitis
 endometritis
 salpingitis
 renal trauma
 pelvic inflammation
 embolism
 sterility

32. Motivation
 Personal
 Societal
 Maternal and fetal health
 Cancer

33. Society and Culture
 Abortion debate
 Abortion-rights movement
 Modern abortion law
 Sex-selective abortion
 Anti-abortion violence

34. PROS
 Safe & Low Risk
 Minimizes Illegal Abortion Risks
 Abortion is Non-Cancerous
 Minimizes Unwanted Children Abuse
 Financial & Success Stability
 Limiting Life-Threatening Suffering
 Fetus is Not a Separate Entity
 Population Control

35. CONS
 High Abortion Costs
 State Limitations & Restrictions
 Religious Influence
 Effect on Children Adoption
 Effect on Contraceptive Use
 Effect on Relationships
 Psychological Stress
 Future Contributions

36. Abortion in the Philippines
 470,000 induced abortions were
performed in the Philippines in
2000
 Researchers have shown that 90%
of the women who have abortions
are Catholic and that 70% have
some high school education

37. Abortion in the Philippines
 Metro Manila has the highest rate
at 53 per 1,000 women.
 Luzon has a rate of 2 per 1,000
women, while Visayas and
Mindanao have a similar rate of 18
per 1,000 women.
 800-1,000 women die because of
abortion complications.